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Midland Energy Resources

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Índice Midland Energy Resources, Inc. 3 Exploración y Producción de Hidrocarburos 3 Refinación y Comercialización 3 Petroquímica 3 Problemática del Caso 3 Solución 4 Escenario 1 5 Supuestos: 5 Cálculo: 5 Escenario 2 5 Supuestos: 5 Calculo: 6 Conclusiones y Recomendaciones 6

Midland Energy Resources, Inc.
Midland Energy Resources, es una compañía global de energía con operaciones en exploración y producción de petróleo & gas (E&P), refinación y comercialización (R&M) y petroquímica (P). En 2006, la empresa obtuvo ingresos y utilidades operacionales por $248.5 y $42.2 mil millones de dólares.
Esta empresa tiene 120 años en el mercado y opera con más de 80,000 empleados.

Exploración y Producción de Hidrocarburos
Durante 2006, Midland extrajo 2.10 millones de barriles de petróleo por día, lo que representa un incremento del 6.3% con respecto al 2005 y cerca de 7.28 mil millones de pies cúbicos de gas natural por día, con apenas un incremento del 1% con respecto al 2005.
Con estos precios en su nivel record, Midland anticipa seguir invirtiendo en propiedades prometedoras para el incremento de su producción.
Refinación y Comercialización
Midland es propietario de 40 refinerías en el mundo con una capacidad de refinación de 5.0 millones de barriles por día. Sus ingresos en el 2006 fueron de $203.0 mil millones, 1.8% por debajo del 2005 y un resultado, después de impuestos, de $4.0 mil millones. Midland proyectó que la inversión en esta división permanecería estable, sin un crecimiento sustancial en 2007-08.
Petroquímica
La Petroquímica es la división más pequeña de Midland, incluye productos como: polietileno, polipropilenos, estirenos y poliestirenos, así como olefinas, 1-hexenos, aromáticos y aditivos para aceites y combustibles. En 2006 los ingresos y las utilidades después de impuestos fueron de $23.2 y $2.1 mil millones de dólares, respectivamente.
Problemática del Caso
Desde comienzos de los ´80, la tesorería del corporativo ha preparado anualmente la estimación del costo de capital para cada una de las divisiones en lo referente a: estimación de activos, tanto para el presupuesto de capital como proyecciones financieras, evaluación de desempeño y decisiones para recompra de acciones. Los estimados producidos por la tesorería eran frecuentemente criticados, y los presidentes de las divisiones a veces cuestionaban las asunciones hechas en las estimaciones.
En el 2002, se le solicitó a la analista Mortensen un ejercicio para estimar el costo de capital para una recompra de acciones. Seis meses después el corporativo le solicita que calcule el costo de capital para que el consejo pueda evaluar las decisiones planeadas. Desde entonces, Mortensen ha llevado a cabo ejercicios similares cada año y sus estimaciones se han convertido en un estándar en muchos de los análisis de la compañía.
En este caso, debemos desempeñar el rol de Janet Mortensen y preparar las estimaciones de costo de capital para Midland y cada una de las tres divisiones para el año 2007.
Solución
Para dar respuesta a la problemática, decidimos plantear dos escenarios y comparar los resultados al modificar ciertos criterios al valuar el costo de capital.
En ambos escenarios, se utilizó el método Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) para estimar el costo accionario. Para ello, se utilizaron las siguientes fórmulas: re=rf+β(EMRP) Para calcular el costo de la deuda, la tasa rd, se calculó, tomando la tasa libre de riesgo incrementada por un estímulo para ajustar el rendimiento por encima de los bonos de la tesorería de los EUA. rd=rf+Spread to treasury
Finalmente, para calcular el Costo Promedio Ponderado de Capital (WACC, por sus siglas en inglés), utilizamos la siguiente fórmula:
WACC=rdDV1-t+reEV
La tasa de impuestos se obtuvo de la información del Anexo 1: t=ImpuestosIngresos antes de impuestos
Dado que las tasas son similares para los tres años proporcionados, decidimos utilizar la misma tasa que la del año 2006. t=11,74730,447=38.58% 1-t=61.42%

Escenario 1
Supuestos:
a) Como tasa libre de riesgo, se utilizará la tasa de un bono de tesorería a 1 año.
El modelo de CAPM es un modelo de periodo a periodo, por lo que en el campo financiero se considera como acuerdo general tomar una tasa de corto plazo. b) Como incentivo adicional para obtener el costo de la deuda, utilizamos el “spread to treasury” correspondiente a cada división definido en la Tabla 1 del caso. c) Como EMRP se utiliza el periodo de 1987-2006, que corresponde al 6.4% (Anexo 6A). Decidimos utilizar este valor basados en el hecho de que Midland ha usado premios de entre el 6.0% y el 6.5% en el pasado y usando la información histórica proporcionada en el caso.
Cálculo:

Escenario 2
Supuestos:
a) Como tasa libre de riesgo, se utilizará la tasa de un bono de tesorería a 10 años.
Al utilizar un plazo mayor, se pretende cubrir los cambios que pudiera haber en las tasas. b) Como incentivo adicional para obtener el costo de la deuda, utilizamos el “spread to treasury” correspondiente a cada división definido en la Tabla 1 del caso. c) Como EMRP se utiliza 5%, tomando en cuenta la siguiente cita "Midland adopted its current estimate of 5.0% after a review of recent research".

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