...Abstract: The increasing demand of international tourists for holidays has resulted in a rapidly increase of the number of tourist destinations. To explain destinations development the life cycle approach has been widely adopted. According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents’ attitudes towards tourism. th Through the presentation of historical data from the start of the 20 century up to now it is the aim of this paper to document these changes by providing evidence from the island of Crete. Five stages of tourism evolution are evident, namely: the era of ‘wealthy’ explorers, the era of cruisers, the Second World War and the Civil War, the reconstruction of the tourism industry, and the era of mass organised tourism. The findings confirm that today the island is on the maturity stage, tourism has resulted on substantial changes on the island’s coastal resorts and various attempts are required by the private and the public sectors to avoid decline. Keywords: Tourism, Tourism Destinations, Life Cycle INTRODUCTION Various studies (e.g. Gilbert, 1939; Defert, 1954; Stansfield, 1978; Young, 1983) have attempted to illustrate the various stages of resort evolution through the concept of the life cycle. However, up to date Butler’s...
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...The Myth of Daedalus and Icarus Summary: The Myth of Daedalus and Icarus is one of the most well-known Greek myths today. Daedalus was a well-known and respected Athenian architect, sculptor, and inventor. He created the plan for the Minoan Palace of Knossos, an important archaeological site today. He also designed the Labyrinth, a maze so complex that no one could escape it. King Minos of Crete had Daedalus build the Labyrinth to contain the Minotaur. The Minotaur was a monster with the body of the man and the head of a bull, who lived in the Labyrinth and fed on humans. The King of Athens (King Theseus) had to send tributes to King Minos, and then would be sent into the Labyrinth and sacrificed to the Minotaur in memory of his dead son Androgenos....
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...1. 7The Minoans were a powerful sea faring people. They lived on Crete, which is an island in the Aegean Sea; the Aegean Sea is located west of Turkey and southeast of Greece. The Minoans lived and dominated Crete from around 3000 BC to 1500 BC. They had a deep culture in the arts. They are assumed to be a peaceful people for excavations done the ruins showed that there were no fortifications. The Minoans had developed significant naval power and for many centuries lived in contact with all the major civilizations of the time without being significantly threatened by external forces. Their commercial contact with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia undeniably influenced their own culture, and the Minoan civilization in turn appeared as the forerunner of the Greek civilization. The Minoan Culture contributed to Greek development by establishing a sea trade. They also produced many mercantile goods including glass blowing, pottery, weaving, jewelry making. They also helped great early languages through written words. The people of Greece had divided themselves amongst various tribes such as Achaeans, Aeolians and Ionians. These were tall, red blonde haired nomadic tribes who grazed cattle and goats. They spoke Greek language and were ruled by Minoans for centuries. Whether Achaeans, Ionians, or Dorians, all of the Greeks in the Homeric Age had essentially the same culture, which was comparatively primitive. Not until the very last century of the period was there any general knowledge...
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...be argued that the Minoans were Europe’s first great civilization. Their culture was very different and complex. There were a number of rituals that was performed. Some say that the Minoans conducted sacrifices of bulls whose horns were made of gold. Whether this is true or false there was one fascinating activity that the Minoans conducted that involved bulls. Bull jumping. Minoan Crete is arguable the first culture in the Agean to provide iconographic evidence of a sporting activity held in the Bronze Age. Representation of the bull as a symbol is in art and decoration in the palace of Knossos. In the Mediterranean civilizations where the bull was the subject of veneration and worship. Some have argued that there was a bull cult, others religion. Bull jumping is thought to have been a key ritual in the religion of the Minoan civilization in Bronze Age Crete. It was a pacific activity. The horns of the bull were used to jump over the bull and turn around. This sport required good athletics and a lot of courage. In today’s society violence often mean individual success and is accepted maybe even encouraged. Killing the bull would mean winning the fight. The ancient ritual of bull jumping and doesn’t share this concept of violence. There was no opponent to the fight and no weapons; still whoever jumped the bull was considered a hero. The individuals who attempted the jump was considered heroes and those who completed the jump a divine athlete. “Minoan bull jumping: it is...
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...Minoan and Mycenaeans- Dark ages and recorvery 18th-12th BCE September 12 2012 Minoan Civilization * 1700-1450 BCE (Ancient Crete) * Arthur Evans excavated in early 20th century * Named after King Minos (had a minotaur child because his wife cheated) * Palace has a lot labyrinths (agglutinative architecture) * Semi-destroyed due to earthquakes * Not really sure how Crete was colonized (speculated that people stopped for supplies but instead stayed) * Most of the labyrinths were for storing items * speculated that early Crete was a place for trading and economy * Tablets that were deciphered very little but indicated currency or a trading basis * stored in giant pots called pithoi or pithos * Government formed around a king and a redistributive Economy * King receives the fruits of the labor (ex. Wheat from farming) and stores it in a safe room and later distributes equally among the people * Tablets kept track of what was in the safe rooms * Many paintings (Frescoes) indicated a peaceful looking people (no armor and weapons) and connection to nature (lots of sea imagery since Crete is on an island as well as a sport called bull hopping) * Palace did not have a defensive wall because they had no expectations of enemies attacking Mycenaeans * 1600-1100 BCE * Discovered by Heinreich and Sophia Schlieman by studying Homer’s Odyssey (also uncovered Trojan ruins) * Invaded the Minoans and decimated most...
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...World Cultures I Professor Friedrich November 2, 2015 Minoan Civilization Throughout history the Minoan civilization was very major during its time. “Prior to the classical Greek culture, during the Bronze Age, lived the Minoans.” The Minoans was credited as being Europe’s first great civilization. “Named after the legendary King Minos, the Minoans were an advanced society made up of highly cultivated artists and extremely intelligent engineers.” While researching, it showed the Minoans were primarily mercantilist people, engaged in overseas trade and managed a lucrative maritime empire, dominating the Mediterranean, the Greek islands, Greece, and expanded all the way out to the Black Sea. “A sophisticated group of people, they were also the first Europeans to use a written language, “known as Linear A, as well as the first to construct paved roads.” Located in the Middle of the eastern Mediterranean, at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe, “was the mountainous islands of Crete.” It was there were the magnificent civilization, “flourished.” Archeological evidence shows there was a habitation on the islands since the seventh millennium.” After the fifth millennium B.C., they found the first evidence of handmade pottery, marking the beginning of the civilization. “History showed that the Crete had 90 cities, of which Knossos was the most important one. “However, research shows the palaces of the Minoans were destroyed by forces unknown to us in 1700 B.C.” There...
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...with strange markings; it was not normal Greek language on coin and coin wasn’t wedge shape. Evans asked where she got it, she repeats “Minos” a lot to him; actually, she meant “The Legend of King Minos”: the wife had bestiality with a bull, people sent people as sacrifices. Legendary King Mino was minotaur. In 1893, Evans began his journey to search of the legendary kingdom of Minos. He went to largest island, Crete, in Mediterranean Sea with couple 1,000 men. He went and paid with own money to search for kingdom of Minos because Evans was very rich. Once he dis, he was arrested with the men because Crete was owned by Turkish empire, Ottoman Turks; they were on foreign soil. He was on his own, not with his country since he paid for the trip himself); he bought his way out of prison by purchasing North East section of the island of Crete. In 1899, he continued the actual dig and spent about 40 years there. Finally, he discovered oldest Greek and European civilizations: “Minoans”. In1936, he wrote a book with 4 volumes. The achievements and characteristics of Minoan civilization were: there were over 250 rooms, littered with palaces. The society of palaces was a very urban society dotted the country side. There was legendary palace and maze where the bull from story roamed. Its capital city was Knossus which was the biggest city, palace of King Minos. It had 7-12 major palaces. There were no walls like Indus River Valley then no fear of war or foreign attack. It was urban...
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...The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC. It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of the British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. Will Durant referred to it as "the first link in the European chain." The early inhabitants of Crete settled as early as 128,000 BC, during the Middle Paleolithic age. However it was not until 5000 BC that the first signs of advanced agriculture appeared, marking the beginning of the civilization. Overview What the Minoans called themselves is unknown. The term "Minoan" was coined by Arthur Evans after the mythic "king" Minos. Minos was associated in Greek myth with the labyrinth, which Evans identified with the site at Knossos. It has sometimes been argued that the Egyptian place name "Keftiu" (*Káftiu kftiw) and the Semitic "Kaftor" or "Caphtor" and "Kaptara" in the Mari archives refer to the island of Crete; "On the other hand some acknowledged facts about Caphtor/Keftiu can only with difficulty be reconciled with Crete," observes John Strange. In the Odyssey, composed centuries after the destruction of the Minoan civilization, Homer calls the natives of Crete Eteocretans ("true Cretans"); these may have been descendants of the Minoans. Minoan palaces (anaktora) are the best known building types to have been excavated on the island. They are monumental buildings serving administrative...
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...A Study of Civilization and Isolation Transformations in the way early humans developed their culture and society led to the marked distinctions that define their civilization. Intellectual, cultural and material developments are the driving factors behind the formation of the Mesopotamian civilization. Civilization in the West states that the Mesopotamians had survival in mind when they began forming a civilization ; however, I believe that they envisioned a greater existence in forming a civilization. The Minoan civilization was destined to remain isolated on the island of Crete. In contrast, the Mesopotamians' option of migrating anywhere in the Middle East proves conclusively that they sought a better life for themselves through the formation of a centralized civilization. Mesopotamia is considered the first civilization ever created and it was no accident that it formed. One could say that the people of Mesopotamia came together to fight the powers of Mother Nature. It was obvious that Mother Nature was not on their side, whether it be the thin soil in the north or the lack of rain in the south. Mesopotamians that once settled in scattered towns and villages came together to form small settlements and towns that they used to build irrigation systems. In centralizing their population, they benefited from the additional manpower that was necessary to carry on the irrigation systems that gave them a better day to day life. Organization of an agriculture system was...
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...The Decline of the Minoan Civilization Makeeba Charstaon Strayer University Professor Anne Keyes Hum111 11/3/2015 The Decline of the Minoan Civilization Minoan Crete was a major civilization in its time, but several theories have been advanced to explain its demise, including speculations associating it with mythical Atlantis. What were the causes of the Minoan Civilization’s decline? State the mystery and provide a brief summary of 2 reasonable scholarly theories. Identify one of the theories as the most plausible and provide at least two convincing reasons. In researching this topic “there are essentially two main theories that have been invoked to explain the demise of Minoan civilization, but neither matches the observed gradual decline that took place. One is the explosion of the volcano in Thera (Santorini) and the other is invasion and occupation by the Mycenaean’s.” (Tsonis, Swanson, Sugihara, & Tsonis, 2010) Many who thought that the destruction of the Minoan Civilization was provoked by something as violent and as sudden as the eruption of Santorini Volcano. (Minoan Civilization, 2015) “It was believed that the eruption took place in 1450 BC, when the Minoan Civilization perished, but newest findings and theories set it somewhere between 1627BC and 1600BC. The cosmogonic event of the eruption has perplexed historians for years. Until today, the scientific world is trying to explain and reconstruct the sequence of events that led to the destruction of...
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...In the story Icarus by Edward Field, the author makes a story from Greek Mythology. Edward created an allusion, to the old myth and put the story in the present. The story is a poem the author used different literary devices, which are diction, imagery, and tone. The old poem is mostly about Daedalus and Icarus. Daedalus told Icarus don’t fly to high son or you will fall because your wings will melt. Icarus flew too high, he fell down into water and survived. This modern poem of Icarus is about how, he falls in society and negativity in society’s. In the poem, he is shown as a man in suburbs. The man wears a gray suit, which shows he was once a powerful man at one point in his life. The main character shows imagery about himself, by...
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...The Disappearance of the Minoan Civilization Isaac Asimov once said that “The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' (I found it!), but “That's funny ...” and that seems to be how the mystery of the disappearance of the Minoan civilization was finally solved. The disappearance of the Minoan civilization has often been referred to as Plato’s Atlantis in his writings from Timaeus about the fabled city that was swallowed by the sea. Some argued that the Minoan demise came from the possible invasion by outside forces, such as the Myceneans. Others say that the Minoan city on the Isle of Crete that lie close to the volcano Thera on Santorini was devastated by its violent eruption that spewed more than 10 million tons of ash, gas, and rock 25 miles into the atmosphere. For more than five centuries speculations have abounded but the truth remained a mystery. Then in 1997 a young geologist analyzed a sample of earth that he had taken from the inland on the isle of Crete. The sample was taken from deep within the earth to capture numerous layers of sediment going back thousands of years. Dr. Dominey-Howes found what he was looking for but he also found more; along with the volcanic ash and palace ruins he found tiny fossilized shell that only lives in very deep sea water. That’s funny … how could these shells possibly have gotten so far inland from the deep sea? By investigating the evidence further to answer the question...
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...wings and softened the wax”(33). Maybe flight just isn’t right for humans; isn’t it why the Wright brothers invented airplanes. This well-liked myth is about a builder whose name is Daedalus and his beloved son Icarus. When Theseus escape from King Minos, the ruler becomes greatly vexed at Daedalus and locks him in a tall tower in the middle of the ocean. But, Daedalus does indeed escape from the tower but he then becomes incarcerate on an island near Crete. The builder then constructs an incredible idea of creating wings and flying through the...
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... “Icarus” Poem Analysis The poem “Icarus” by Edward Field tells the story of Icarus’s life after his wings fall to pieces and he plummets into the ocean. In the poem, unlike in the myth, Icarus swims ashore and grows up to live a mundane life in the modern world. Field adapts the myth to a contemporary setting so that a modern audience can better understand the inner turmoil Icarus experiences on a daily basis in his new life. Icarus was once capable of great things; he and his father were the first men to fly. Now he is older and stuck in a dull, meaningless life and is unable to relearn how to fly. The poem uses the story of Icarus as a metaphor for the experiences of many people as they become adults. When they are young, there are no bounds to what they believe they can accomplish; they feel they could reach the sun if they wanted too. But when they enter adulthood they are hit with the hard reality of how difficult it is to accomplish great things or make a difference. These people, now shaped into adults by their struggles, seek to accomplish the most mundane of goals and are too afraid of failure to strive for anything greater. Field uses modern diction, dark tone, and imagery of modern times to adapt the Icarus myth to a contemporary setting and to help the reader understand how Icarus lost his dreams when he became an adult in the modern world up and now struggles to live an average life, just like many young adults today. With his use of modern diction, Field transports...
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...The Flight of Icarus and Daedalus The myth of the adventure of Daedalus and his son Icarus is often told and holds a lesson many parents try to instill in their children. According to Edith Hamilton, author of Mythology, it shows that “what elders say youth disregards” (193). Many people have heard about the myth of the Labyrinth, which held the Minotaur, but what most don’t know is that it was built by Daedalus, who was, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, a great “inventor, architect, and sculptor” (“Daedalus”). Clearly, Daedalus was quite talented. Karen Carr, author of the article “Daedalus and Icarus”, says that Daedalus invented many things, but the great Labyrinth was his greatest achievement. After he built it, King Minos,...
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