...that cause schizophrenia: genetics, brain chemistry, and your environment. Heredity is a major constituent when it comes to schizophrenia. An individual, whose parents or siblings have the illness, is at a ten percent higher risk of developing schizophrenia. According to scientists, there is no specific gene that causes the illness, but rather that several genes are related to the increased risk of schizophrenia (“What Causes Schizophrenia?”). Genetics allows us to understand how the brain uses specific chemicals. The brain consists of neurons and neurotransmitters. Individuals with schizophrenia have a chemical disparity of neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. These neurotransmitters authorize for nerve cells located...
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...This essay will focus on paranoid schizophrenia as a mental disorder and its various causes that include social withdrawal; cognitive dysfunction, genetics, psychological and biological considerations. It will briefly analyse the stress vulnerability model and the criteria for schizophrenic diagnosis used primarily to test the symptom of schizophrenia by physicians. During the demonstration of this topic the epidemiology, prevalence and prognosis will be discussed as well as the concepts of recovery and prevention. In addition, this essay will examine communication and professionalism together with the treatment and intervention process. The essay will discussed the use of drugs in treating or managing the condition and the effects upon the...
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...Schizophrenia is a mental disorder involving the breakdown of thought processes and emotional responsiveness, and symptoms can range from paranoia and disorganized thoughts to more severe Hallucinations and delusions.Often confused in the public eye, Schizophrenia is not a split personality disorder or a "multiple personality disorder", it is best described as a "splitting of mental functions. The history of schizophrenia has not been particularly easy to record. First off, the word schizophrenia was used to describe the separation of function between thinking, personality, perception, and memory. Some scientists believe that the disease has always existed, only to be used as a diagnosis in the early 1900s. Before the modern term came to...
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...Issue date: March 2009 Schizophrenia Core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in adults in primary and secondary care This is an update of NICE clinical guideline 1 NICE clinical guideline 82 Developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health NICE clinical guideline 82 Schizophrenia Ordering information You can download the following documents from www.nice.org.uk/CG82 • The NICE guideline (this document) – all the recommendations. • A quick reference guide – a summary of the recommendations for healthcare professionals. • ‘Understanding NICE guidance’ – a summary for patients and carers. • The full guideline – all the recommendations, details of how they were developed, and reviews of the evidence they were based on. For printed copies of the quick reference guide or ‘Understanding NICE guidance’, phone NICE publications on 0845 003 7783 or email publications@nice.org.uk and quote: • N1823 (quick reference guide) • N1824 (‘Understanding NICE guidance’). NICE clinical guidelines are recommendations about the treatment and care of people with specific diseases and conditions in the NHS in England and Wales. This guidance represents the view of NICE, which was arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. Healthcare professionals are expected to take it fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement. However, the guidance does not override the individual responsibility of healthcare professionals...
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...Psychiatric disorders, diseases, and drugs Psychological disorders and diseases are common among people throughout the world as well as it being a common situation people also have to suffer or deal with the consequences. Psychological disorders are disorders that can be consider malfunctions of the brain that interrupt or interfere with their daily living. Many people have suffered with different disorders and diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, mania, anxiety disorder and Tourette syndrome. There are some treatments of psychological disorders that range from cognitive or behavioral therapy to medication treatment. Research has shown that some psychological disorders can be passed down from generation to future generations. Through research it has been proven that mental disorders can often be related to violence or higher rates of aggression. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that makes it difficult to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses and to behave normally in social situations. Commonly associated with the concept of madness, schizophrenia attacks about 1% of people of all races and cultural groups that typically begins in the adolescence stages of life or early adulthood (Pinel, 2009). When being diagnosed with schizophrenia, psychiatrists are guided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) which is produced by the American Psychiatric Association...
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...Health Condition and Diagnosis Schizophrenia is a widely recognized chronic and severe psychiatric disorder which according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2009) guidelines, affects one per-cent of the UK population. Schizophrenia can be classified as an overall category for the mental illness; however, diagnostic tools such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) reveal the variations of the psychiatric disorder. This essay will explore and focus on one specific subtype of the mental illness. Paranoid Schizophrenia. According to T.Davies and T.Craig (2009, p45), Paranoid Schizophrenia is one of the most common subtypes of the psychotic illness which affects the individuals variation of emotion, thinking and behaviour. Through extensive research, this essay will uncover the definition of paranoid schizophrenia, its manifestations and possible causes. Key issues such as symptoms, epidemiology, prevalence, co-morbidity, prognosis, treatment and interventions will also be critically reviewed and discussed. Lastly, this essay will also analyse guidelines, policies and regulations that influence interventions and the effects of paranoid schizophrenia on the individual, their families, carers and friends. There are various subtypes of schizophrenia such as undifferentiated, residual, simple, other and unspecified schizophrenia with the three most common being Paranoid...
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...716 Index major depressive disorder, brain imaging studies, 70–71 malignant catatonia, 333 malingering, 530–531 ‘manic depressive insanity’, 45 manic states, 250, 253 abnormal beliefs and perceptions, 254 amphetamines and, 266 course and outcome, 274 delusional, 16 in HIV patients, 345 in ICD-10, 42 in old age aetiology, 369 clinical features, 370 treatment, 370 in old age, 369–370 mixed state with depression, 255 sensations in, 6 stroke and, 344 stupor in, 31 manic states, 15–17 Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 206, 338 Marijuana Anonymous, 239 marital status, and suicide, 454 masculinity drunkenness and, 428 sense of, 395 Massachusetts Male Aging Study, 402 Massachusetts Women’s Health Study (MWHS), 442 masturbation, 396 McNaughton Rules, 558 McNaughton, Daniel, 558 m-CPP 435 , MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; ‘ecstasy’), 328 medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer’s disease, 359 MRI for detecting, 75 medical conditions anxiety disorders in, 170 depression treatment, 521 detection of psychiatric illness, 483 feigned illness, 530–531 mental disorders due to, 327 anxiety disorders, 333 cannabis and psychosis, 330 catatonia, 332 cognitive disorders, 334 delusions, 329 depression and Parkinson’s disease, 332 general principles, 327 hallucinations, 328 mood disorders, 330 personality disorder, 333 psychotic disorder, 328 stimulant psychosis, 329 mental disorders due to, 326–335 relationship to affective change...
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...Introduction Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide despite evidence suggesting a number of harmful effects (Caspi, 2005). It has attracted copious amounts of media attention regarding the possible long-term effects of smoking cannabis, as it has been suggested it can mediate a number of mental health issues, ranging from psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations (visual and auditory) and to the chronic clinical disorder, Schizophrenia. There has been great discrepancy about the harmful effects of cannabis use, reflected in the constant debate about whether it should be classified as a class B or class C in the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act (Mcleod, 2010) whereas some even believe it should be legalized. Legalizing cannabis has caused uproar within in social and even scientific settings because some believe its use provokes Schizophrenia, however, there a large number of users who never develop this psychotic illness. Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness characterised by delusions (loss of contact with reality) and hallucinations (visual and auditory) i.e. perceiving stimuli which aren’t present. Schizophrenia has a global prevalence of 1.5%, although, it is unclear what percentage of this is caused by cannabis use. It is huge financial public health issue in both human and material aspects (Murray, 2003) and although it has been reported for many years, ts aetiology is still poorly understood This article aims to evaluate recent evidence concerning this...
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...Introduction Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health condition that can cause a range of psychological symptoms which include hallucinations and delusions. There is no exact cause of schizophrenia and no current cure yet it is one of the most common serious mental health conditions with one in one hundred people experiencing an episode of schizophrenia within their lifetime (Butcher, Hooley and Mineka 2014) Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with many possible causes that can predispose individuals to it or trigger it in them. The Mayo Clinic : “It's not known what causes schizophrenia, but researchers believe that a combination of genetics and environment contributes to development of the disorder. Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, also may contribute to schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. While researchers aren't certain about the significance of these changes, they support evidence that schizophrenia is a brain disease”. Biological Causes; Genes, Environment, Biochemical, Drug Misuse Genetics S is influenced by genetics but not determined by it. Genetic factors can be researched using twin studies, especially...
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...the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among metal health consumers. Approach: Selective Article Reviews are being used. Findings and Implications: Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects such as weight gain, diabetes and hypertension are some of the risks of Antipsychotic drugs; however, there are other underlying factors that cause this such abnormalities such as genetic factors, lifestyle, and other medications. Hence, education, early monitoring and lifestyle modification is highly recommended. Conclusion: Atypical drugs are the frequently used treatment for mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia; but despite of its metabolic and cardiovascular side effects still it’s used is increasing. Therefore, early intervention and monitoring must be implemented, with the promotions of education, lifestyle and diet management. Introduction It is well known that psychotropic drugs, in general and antipsychotic drugs, in particular have as one of their side effect liabilities and potential to cause weight gain and disturbances in metabolic parameters; and the prevalence of these risk is high among patients taking these drugs. At this point, it is still unclear why these drugs caused this such abnormalities and we don't know the way in which the potential to cause weight gain, hyperglycemia,...
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...What causes the epidemic of mental illness in US? According to the World Health Organization, over one’s entire lifetime, the average American has a 47.4 percent chance of having any kind of mental health illness. Over a past few decades, psychiatry has made a great progress in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses and pharmaceutical companies developed effective medications to treat these conditions. Then why the number of people diagnosed with mental illnesses and disorders not decreases, but dramatically increases each year? A documentary The Marketing of Madness investigates how psychiatric diagnoses are created and how doctors make their decisions to recognize someone afflicted. The documentary emphasize, that when regular physicians have tests to diagnose illness, there is no objective testing in psychiatry. Even many psychiatrists admit that diagnosing in psychiatry is totally subjective. Psychiatrists, normally, just evaluate a patients’ mental health using descriptions in DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders from the American Psychiatric Association. The first DSM, was published in 1952 and listed 106 disorders. The second edition was published in 1968, and the number of disorders increased to 182. DSM-3 was published in 1980, and though homosexuality was excluded, the list of diagnoses was expanded to 265. DSM-4, published in 1994, expanded to 365 diagnoses and contained a wide range of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder...
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...seizure as a means of treating certain psychological disorders. Electroconvulsive therapy, also known as ECT and electroshock therapy, was established in the 1930s , at this time various observations led physicians to conclude that epileptic seizures are capable to prevent or relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia. Experiments were conducted with insulin and other seizure-inducing drugs, and Italian physicians learned that the use of an electric current can create seizures in schizophrenic patients. ECT was used frequently to treat schizophrenia, depression, and, in some cases, mania. It eventually became a source of arguement due to misuse and many negative side effects. ECT was misused and was often prescribed for treating disorders that had no real effect, such as alcohol dependence. Patients generally experienced confusion and loss of memory after treatments, and those whose condition improved eventually relapsed. Other side effects include speech defects, physical injury from the force of the convulsions, and cardiac arrest. According to the aunthors the use of electroconvulsive therapy was dissmissed after 1960 , and we were introduced to antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. The authors inform the reader that ECT is still used today but with less frequency and alterations that make the procedure safer and less painful. Patients receiving the therapy go to 4 to 10 treatments perfrmed over a period of about two weeks. Confusion and memory loss are reduced by the common...
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...Evidence-Informed Practice: An Evaluation of the David Bennett Inquiry Report In this essay I will evaluate the David Bennett Inquiry Report, which was set up by the North, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority (NSCSHA) to investigate the death of Mr David Bennett. I will define evidence-informed practice (EIP) and summarise the inquiry report. I shall highlight and critically analyse some of the key issues raised in the report in relation to ethnic minority issues. Finally, I will discuss the implications of evidence-informed practice for social work as well as my own future practice. EIP in social work began in the early 1990s when contemporary writers Geraldine MacDonald and her colleagues wrote articles very much in contrast to earlier reviews; they looked at results from studies such as quasi-experimental studies and client opinion studies about the effectiveness of social work practice. This led to good outcomes for social work practice (Webber, 2011) [Online]. Evidence-informed practice in social work has been described as: ‘Evidence based social care is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions regarding the welfare of those in need of social services.’ (Sheldon and Chilvers, 2000, p.5, adapted from Sackett et al., 1996 cited in Webber, 2011, p.3) Webber (2011) and Sheldon and Chilvers (2000, p.5, adapted from Sackett et al., 1996 cited in Webber, 2011, p.3) both define EIP as using effective interventions...
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...Addiction is specifically concern with the process by which drug-taking behavior, in certain individuals, evolves into compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior that take place at the expense of most other activities and the inability to cease drug-taking. THERE ARE FIVE THEORIES OF ADDICTION NAMELY; * MEDICAL MODEL * PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL * SOCIAL MODEL * MORAL MODEL * BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL MEDICAL MODEL This involves * Addiction as a “brain disease” * Neurotransmitter imbalance * Disease model: * Agent: drug * Vector: dealers * Host: addict PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL This involves the following * Drug abusers who are self-medicating * Drug abuse which is a symptom of underlying psychological problems * Drug use is also a maladaptive psychological coping strategy * Drug abusers also need to resolve internal conflict, and when they do, drug use will be unnecessary. SOCIAL MODEL This involves * Drug use as a learned behavior * People using drugs because drug use is modeled by others * Peer pressure * Environmental effects leading to drug use MORAL MODEL * Addicts are usually weak and can overcome a compulsion to use with willpower * Drug abusers are anti-social and should be punished for that * Drug are generally evil BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL * All the above are true, to greater or lesser degrees * Each person’s drug use is a result of some aspects of some or all the other models...
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...trigger at the time. It changed to be used in India and Persia for leisure and recreational purposes. From its stronghold in India, moved westward through Persia, Assyria and Arabia by 500 A.D. With the rising power of Islam, marijuana flourished and flourished in a popular form as hashish. Humans have used marijuana, whose botanical name is cannabis, for thousands of years. Marijuana refers to the dried flowers and subtending leaves and stems of the female cannabis plant. It was classified as an illegal drug by many countries in the 20th century. It became illegal because of misuse and overuse and this was featured and high lightened by the 6os and 70s, during the hippy movement, where the use of recreational drugs widespread, and post Vietnam War. In most of the countries and cities marijuana is still considered as a “hard drug” where in some exceptional countries like the Netherlands marijuana is legal and sold through coffee shops because it is considered to be a “soft drug”. The policy for marijuana has caused a lot of frictions between several countries such as Netherlands, France and Germany during these past years around whether or not it should be legalized. Well, I think that marijuana should be taken much more...
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