...assignment. Cell Cycle Questions for Cell Cycle 1) . Briefly describe all phases of the cell cycle and tell what happens in each. a) Interphase: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase Interphase: Before a cell can enter cell division, it needs to take in nutrients. All of the preparations are done during the interphase. Interphase proceeds in three stages, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase. Cell division operates in a cycle. Therefore, interphase is preceded by previous cycle mitosis and cytokinesis (Module 3 Readings). a. G1 phase: The cell increases the supply of proteins and increases its organelles. b. S phase: Linear chromosome is replicated. c. G2 phase: Increases protein preparing to replicate. (Module 3 Readings) b) M phase: M phase is a method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. 2) Which phase is the shortest? Anaphase is the shortest phase of mitosis because its where the chromatids twins are all pulled apart at the centromere by the spindle fibers. 3) What is G0 (Gap 0/Resting phase)? A resting phase is when or where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing. 4) If a cell never entered the resting phase would it be a problem? Why? It would continually reproduce, bypassing all the reproduction checkpoints, which would greatly increase the chance of it becoming cancerous or making defects and...
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...Ruth Lin, 47985106 FRST302 Assignment 2 Jan 31, 2015 Describe the activities of chromosomes and microtubules in the cell cycle, including all phases of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a part of the M phase in a cell’s life cycle process whereby cellular division occurs to form two genetically identical daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of the interphase phase and the M phase. The interphase phase represents the period between cells divisions, where the cell grows and develops. The M phase (mitotic phase) represents the period of active cell division, whereby copies of the cell’s chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate, so that a duplicate set of genetic information can be passed down to each of the daughter cells. Mitosis is often...
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...Check Point Mitosis and Meiosis Joni Groves SCI/230 Yasmin Henry 08/10/2011 Check Point Mitosis and Meiosis The process of Mitosis and Meiosis are very important in their own individual ways. As stated in our reading material these are the differences between the two processes: Mitosis is a form of cellular reproduction in which the parent cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. Mitosis does not involve combining genetic information from two different parents; hence, it is a form of asexual cellular reproduction. It occurs when an organism grows, or when damaged or worn cells are replaced. Many unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis and mitosis have some similarities, but they differ in important ways that reflect the special role that gametes play in the life history of organisms. Whereas mitosis is asexual cellular reproduction, meiosis is a prelude to sexual reproduction. Meiosis results not only in multiplying the number of cells by cell division, but also in reducing the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to exactly one-half of the number before meiosis. An organism would have to undergo Mitosis when the organism needs to repair itself, when the organism grows, or unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis is what happens to cells when forming a person or animal. This cell division is in the bases of sexual reproduction...
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...Unit 5: Mitosis and Meiosis SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Processes of Transcription and Translation A. Genetic information from DNA in transcription is transcribed in RNA. Using the mRNA instruction translation makes body structures. SC.912.L.16.14 Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome numbers during asexual reproduction. Cell Cycle and Mitosis A. The cell cycle is the growth and division of cells. There are three main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase,mitosis, and cytokinesis. 1. In Interphase the cell begins to grow...
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...division meiosis and gamete production via meiosis. Explain why the process of mitosis and meiosis are both important to a living organism. When would an organism need to undergo the process of mitosis? Meiosis? What would happen if meiosis did not occur? Mitosis is the cell process of growth and division whereas meiosis is the process of developing reproductive cells. The sperm and egg are critical components for almost all living organisms. Every living organism begins with one cell that came from our father’s sperm fertilizing our mother’s egg. This beginning cell then divided by mitosis into two cells (called daughter cells) which then grow and divided into four cells. Mitosis continues through when we were born and continues again until we “fully” grown. Mitosis occurs regularly to replace old dead skin cells. “Mitosis has five stages which include: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, which constitute the period in which the cell makes preparations for cell division.” (Sparknotes, 2009) Meiosis is a special form that is similar to mitosis. Meiosis occurs only in a special arrangement of our cells to create eggs and sperm. In meiosis, one cell is divided twice in a row to form four daughter cells from one cell. The divided cells are then tailored to become eggs or sperm. If meiosis did not occur there would be an elimination of reproduction and all living organism would die. Life would not exist as we know it today. Mitosis and meiosis...
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...Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The creation of offspring carrying genetic information from a single parent is called A) asexual reproduction. B) sexual reproduction. C) a life cycle. D) regeneration. E) spontaneous generation. Answer: A 2) Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true? A) Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction. B) Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents. C) Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs. D) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction. E) Only asexual reproduction results from the union of a sperm and an egg. Answer: D 3) Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to A) all forms of reproduction. B) sexual reproduction only. C) asexual reproduction only. D) production of gametes from a premeiotic cell. E) sexual reproduction between different species. Answer: C 4) Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual (s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 Answer B 5) With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because we have A) identical chromosomes, but different genes. B) identical genes but different chromosomes. C) the same combination of traits...
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...Cellular reproduction is the process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield two cells with similar, if not duplicate contents. Life as we know it depends on the ability of cells to store, retrieve and translate the genetic instructions required to make and maintain a living organism. In this assignment, I will discuss two different types of cell reproduction, mitosis and meiosis and, include the different stages required in order for the reproduction to take place. Mitosis Mitosis is a process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells and produces an almost carbon copy of the parent cell. The daughter cells will consist of the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other. Although cell division is the defining characteristic of mitosis, a number of events must take place during mitosis prior to the splitting of the cell. There are four phases that constitute the period in which cells make preparation for cell division. The four phases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase, the first stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes become shorter, thicker and consist of two chromatids. At this time, the chromosomes are still enclosed in the cell nucleus within the nuclear envelope. The chromosomes also contain a centromere, which is necessary in later phases for attachment to microtubules for migration. Late in prophase, kinetochores assemble on the centromeres. Specialized microtubules...
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...Therefore increasing substrate concentration will have no effect of rate of reaction * Enzymes tolerate wider range of conditions such as temperature/ph * Enzymes are easily reused thus reducing costs * Several enzymes can be used together * Product is not contaminated * Enzymes are easily added or removed Describe the functions and importance of mitosis to living organism using example where appropriate Describe how meiosis differs from mitosis and explain the significance of these differences * Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical * That have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell * The division allows the production of cells that are genetically identical to the parent and so gives genetic stability * By producing new cells, mitosis is important in growth of an organism * And also allows for repair of tissues and the replacement of cells and repair to wounds etc * Mitosis is an Asexual reproduction, this...
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...Complete the Cell Cycle charts below. Describe the events in each phase for Cell Cycle A. Compare the steps in mitosis and meiosis for Cell Cycle B. Cell Cycle A |Phase |Describe the events in each phase | |G1 (1st growth stage) |This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this| | |time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles. | |S (Synthesis) |DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each | | |chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister | | |chromatids | |G2 (2nd growth stage) |This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this | | |phase the cell makes final preparations for division. | |Prophase of mitosis |Prophase occupies over half of mitosis. The nuclear membrane breaks down to form a number of | | |small...
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...DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher, but it was not until the 1950s while studying viral replication did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase determine DNA was Genetic material. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA was a double helix (a double helix looks like a twisted ladder). The discovery of Watson and Crick opened the door helping describe the significance and importance of DNA as the molecule of inheritance while addressing the structure of the DNA molecule, and why is a molecule of DNA so perfect for the job it performs. I will look at what exactly does DNA code for, how is that translated into actual traits, what are mitosis and meiosis, what are the similarities and differences, and what do mitosis and meiosis allow for. I will show how traits are passed from parents to offspring and lastly describe how knowledge of DNA and genetics can help in my life. The Significance and Importance of deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as the Molecule of Inheritance The significance and importance of DNA “is the body’s instruction manual for making you who you are. It is present in any living being. It carries all the instructions and materials the body needs to function”(Leving, 2008). The DNA in cells is all the same for individuals, which create a specific identity for each individual. Discuss Briefly the structure of the DNA Molecule and Why is a Molecule of DNA so Perfect for the Job it performs? DNA contains...
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...the process of a cell splitting to form two similar cells; this is known as cell division. Eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis or meiosis; and prokaryotic cells use binary fission as a means of cell reproduction. (Simon,Reece,Dickey.(2010)) Mitosis is defined as a process of asexual reproduction in which the parent cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in a haploid cell. The product of mitosis is two diploid daughter cells. The process of mitosis creates everything accept sex cells; and occurs in all organisms. The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis. In the prophase step of mitosis the chromosomes duplicate into two sister chromatids. In metaphase the chromosomes align in the center of the cell, the spindle microtubes attach to the two sister chromatids are pulled toward the opposite poles of the cell. In anaphase the two sister chromatids separate and are considered full daughter chromosome; the mirotubes push toward opposite poles cause the cell to elongate. In telophase the chromosomes are at the far point of the opposite poles of the cell; the nucleus separates into two separate but identical daughter nuclei. In the final stage cytokinesis the cytoplasm divides forming two separate but genetically identical daughter cells. (Simon,Reece,Dickey.(2010)) Meiosis is a process of sexual reproduction which creates sex cells only either female egg cells or male sperm cells which are...
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... | |2.3 Cell continuity + Mitosis |Explain the terms: cell continuity & chromosomes. | | |Define the terms: haploid & diploid number. | | |Describe the cell activities in the state of non-division: Interphase and | | |Division (mitosis). | | |Define the term: mitosis. | | |Define cancer and state causes. | | |State the primary function of mitosis for single-celled vs multi-cell. Organisms.| | |Define the term: meiosis. | | |State the functions of meiosis. ...
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...organisms to grow and reproduce. Through a sequence of steps, the replicated genetic material (chromosomes) in a parent cell is equally distributed to two daughter cells. While there are some subtle differences, mitosis is remarkably similar across organisms. Before a dividing cell enters mitosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase. Interphase is the "holding" stage or the stage between two successive cell divisions. In this stage, the cell replicates its genetic material and organelles in preparation for division. The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication). The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's chromosomes are divided between the two daughter cells, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides forming distinct cells. Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one. Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G0 phase. Mitosis is composed of several stages: * Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase Prophase In prophase, the chromatin (DNA) condenses into discrete chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down...
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...For L18: 8.19, 21.4, 11.1 , 6.13, 10.9, 11.3, 3.16 For L19: 11.3, 8.9, 8.1, 8.2, 4.3 For L20: 8.8, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7 For L22: 8.7, 8.8 and 11.17 For L23: 4.16, 8.8, 10.4, 11.10, 11.17, 11.18 For L24: 27.1, 27.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.12 For L25: 8.1, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13 For L26: 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15 and 27.3 For L27: 8.12, 8.13, 8.15 and 27.3 For L28: 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 27.9, and 27.15 For L29: 27.7, 27.8, 27.15, 27.16 and 27.17 Exam 3 (11/9/15) Supplemental Reading: 26.4 (Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands) 27.6 (Menstrual cycle) For each question below you need to be able to write a paragraph answer that is clear, accurate and detailed and in many cases draw, label and explain an answer with detail, clarity and accuracy, or create a detailed accurate table. Have someone who will give you honest feedback read your paragraphs and listen to your explanations for clarity, especially those that you are having trouble with. Check your notes and book for accuracy, or have someone who knows confirm you are accurate. To confirm you have enough detail, make sure you use all of the terms that follow each question in your paragraph and in your drawing and explanation. If you are missing or incorrectly use one term in ten that is a grade of A-, two terms in ten is a B, three terms in ten is a C, and if you miss or incorrectly use more than four terms in ten you are headed for failing the exam and need to study more. Before the exam you need to be able to...
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...Meiosis Quiz Question 1 Cats have a diploid number of 38. How many chromosomes are in a cat egg? * 76 24 38 19 Question 2 Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes during what stage of cell division? (Read each option carefully.) Interphase Prophase II of meiosis Prophase of mitosis * Prophase I of meiosis Question 3 A child with Down Syndrome has 3 copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). Which statement could be true in regards to this child? The sperm could have had 2 copies of chromosome 21. One gamete had 2 copies of chromosome 21 and the other gamete had 1 copy. * All these answers could be true. The egg could have had 2 copies of chromosome 21. None of these answers could be true. Question 4 What is the purpose of meiosis? To allow an organism to replace damaged cells * To enable an organism to produce gametes To allow for growth Question 5 What advantage does sexual reproduction have over asexual reproduction? All other selections are true. Sexual reproduction doubles the number of chromosomes in a species Sexual reproduction is more efficient * Sexual reproduction provides more genetic variability Question 6 Mitosis results in ______ cells and meiosis results in _______ cells. haploid, haploid diploid, diploid * diploid, haploid haploid, diploid Question 7 Mitosis results in ________ and meiosis results in ________. gametes, somatic...
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