...Cell division is the basic of reproduction for all living things. It is important and indeed in all living organisms. It enables the multicellular organisms to grow until the adult size, when the cell division plays role in reproducing cell into more new cells. Besides, cell division also replaces the worn-out or damaged cells in order to maintain the total cells numbers in a mature individual relatively constant. For instance is, there are millions of cells in human’s body will divide themselves every second, keeping the total number of them in about 100 trillion (Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon & Dickey, 2012). Process of cell division is a main component of the cell cycle. A cell cycle is known as an ordered sequence of events that extends...
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...Leukemia The body is composed of little cells, such as skin cells, muscle cells, heart cells, nerve cells, and bone cells. These cells turn a bit bigger, then divides to shape new cells as the body needs them (1,2). After that, when cells become old or get to be harmed, they die then a new cells take their place (2). On the other hand, in a cancerous cell this systematic breaks down (2). These cancerous cells turn out to be abnormal, old, or harmed. As a result, the process of normal cell division is different from the process of cancer cell division. Leukemia begins in the soft, inward part of the bones (bone marrow), yet regularly moves rapidly into the blood. It can then spread to different parts of the body, for example, the lymph hubs, spleen, liver, and the central nervous system (3)....
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...Author Tutor Course Date Child Development Film Review: The Miracle of Life (1983) The film entitled “The Miracle of Life” is a NOVA based documentary that offers a revolution in understanding the process of child development. Advanced medical technologies are used in microscopic and endoscopic illustrations to grasp the critical details, whereas vivid narrations offer explanations for the most complex components and processes of development. The film begins by describing the cell as the basic unit of life having existed from the earliest origin of life to the present. The human body cell division is described where the resulting daughter cells have a similar structure and information as the parent cell. Subsequently, the DNA within the cell nucleus is shown through chromosomes that directly participate in the process of cell division. The journey of life is depicted through the process of human conception, development and birth. The film shows the ovulation process where a mature egg is shed from the ovary containing numerous eggs; which is propelled by blood-engorged fimbriae to the fallopian tube. Consequently, the diagram showing the female reproductive system helps to describe the process of fertilization, after which the muscular contraction and cilia propels the fertilized egg from fallopian tube into the uterus. It also reveals the importance of female sex hormones in regulating the woman’s reproductive cycle during the process...
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...two types of cell divisions in eukaryotes: mitosis, regarding somatic cells and which provides an identical cell to the parent cell during the asexual multiplication cells (it thus preserves genetic information) and meiosis resulting in production of sexual cells or gametes for reproduction. For animals, meiosis is a process that takes place during gametogenesis (spermatogenesis or ovogenesis), that is to say during the development of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) in the so-called species diploid. In plants, meiosis produces spores which give by mitosis haploid generation (pollen, leafy foot foam, etc. . ) It gives haploid cells (cells containing n chromosomes) from diploid cells (cell containing 2n chromosomes - in humans, a normal cell contains 2n = 46 chromosomes (ie 23 pairs), while a gamete contains n = 23 chromosomes in two divisions). In haploid species (such as Sordaria macrospora ), meiosis occurs after fertilization to divide the egg cell ( 2n chromosomes). But in addition to the role of division, meiosis has an important role in genetic mixing (miscegenation), thanks to two mechanisms shuffling: the interchromosomal and intrachromosomal shuffling) . Thus, during meiosis, the amount of DNA within the cell varies over time. Each cell will therefore separate genetic heritage (contained in chromosomes) in two to transmit only half of their genes to daughter cells. It takes place in several stages forming a set of two cell divisions, successive...
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...mitosis are two processes forms of eukaryotic cell division, together they distribute the genes in the cell that results in producing different daughter cells. Durin mitosis, two identical daugther cells are created and each contain the same number of chromosomes as their parents. In the other hand, meiosis creaes four unidentical daughter cells, and each one of them has the half number of chromosomes as their parents cells. In meiosis I, a process in which the first cycle of nuclear division occurs during the formation of gamets, it results in reducing the number of chromosomes to the half as their parents. It consists of four phases: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. The chromosomes condense and become visible...
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...Cancer Strategy #3: Lack Of Methylglyoxal Causes Cancer... Getting Methylglyoxal Into Cells Puts The Brakes On Cancer Dr. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi was the Nobel Laureate in Medicine in 1937 for the isolation and discovery of Vitamin C. Known as the "Father of Nutritional Science", he also discovered iso-flavones and vitamin P. In his last 40 years, he researched the regulatory processes of cell growth, and thereby the regulation of cancer itself. He made a rather amazing breakthrough about cancer. In 1963 the prestigious magazine "Science" published a remarkable article about his research. In it Dr. Szent-Gyorgyi identified two substances, one called Retine, which inhibited cancer growth, and the other called Promine, which promoted cell growth and made cancerous cells grow faster. He explained that these were very small molecules that were highly potent in controlling cell division. His research using mice achieved shrinkage of tumors by increasing the ratio of Retine to Promine with daily injections of Retine. Other researchers obtained similar results. There were no harmful or toxic side effects. In another "Science" article in 1967 he announced that his laboratory had isolated and manufactured Retine, which retards cell growth, in the form of a Carbonyl compound called Methylglyoxal. Again, in animal studies he showed that injecting Methylglyoxal daily into mice with cancer was highly effective. The study was divided up into 5 groups of 20 mice each. Every mouse in the...
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...Growth can begin anyplace in the human body, which is comprised of trillions of cells. Ordinarily, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. At the point when cells grow old or get to be damaged, they pass on, and new cells take their spot. When these cells wear out and need to be replaced cells divide and copy themselves. The most common type of cell division is called mitosis. It is utilized for growth and repair. Amid mitosis, a cell makes an exact duplicate of itself and parts into two new cells. Mitosis is controlled by the genes inside every cell. Once in a while this control goes horribly wrong. In the event that that happens in only a cell, it can duplicate itself to make new cells that are additionally wild. These are cancer cells. They keep on reproducing quickly without the control frameworks that ordinary govern cells. Prostate cancer is a common form of cancer among men. It is estimated that 1 out of 6 men will develop this form of cancer. Prostate growth is just found in guys on the grounds that it is a part of the male reproductive system that makes a portion of the liquid that protects and nourishes the sperm. There are often no early prostate cancer symptoms. There are no definite causes however they are risks factors connected with this growth, for example, age, race, diet, and so forth. Prostate disease is more improbable among men 40 and younger, Caucasians, and with an eating routine absent of red meat and high fat dairy...
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...mechanisms of how they work toward its target cell to produce a response. 3. What is ADH and oxytocin? Where is it produced? Where it is stored? What is considered the master gland of the body which controls various other glands/parts of the body with the hormones produced from this structure? 4. What structure of the body is thyroxin secreted from? Where is this structure located? What does thyroxin do? If you have too much or too little of this hormone, what is it termed and what are some symptoms associated with each of these terms. 5. What structure secretes parathyroid hormone and where is it located? What does this hormone do? 6. What is the name of the gland located on top of the kidneys? What hormones are secreted here? What is the function of cortisol? 7. What is the name of the cells that secrete insulin in the pancreas? What is the function of insulin? What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and which one is more prevalent in today’s society? What are the name of the cells that secrete glucagon in the pancreas and what is glucagon’s function? 8. What is the name of the gonad for the male and female, respectively? What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone in males and females? What is the function of estrogen and progesterone in females and the function of testosterone and progesterone in males? 9. Understand the pathways of mitosis and meiosis. How many daughter cells do you get in mitosis and in...
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...Researchers from the School of Molecular Sciences at Arizona State University have discovered a unknown step in the telomerase enzyme catalytic cycle. The enzyme telomerase is known for lengthening telomeres and adding to the DNA chain, therefore making it somewhat immortal. Although this may sound intriguing, this can come with a negative side effect. Since the telomerase is adding to the lifespan of the telomere, some adult stem cells may become weak and the healing process that is associated with stem cells may end up taking longer. Another negative effect with increasing telomere length is a higher chance of cancer development. A positive impact of this process is a longer lifespan of chromosomes that will ultimately lead to a longer lifespan of an individual....
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...Cancer or Neoplasma is the appearance of a tumor. A tumor is an uncharacteristic gathering of a tissue, the enlargement of which is extreme as well as ungraceful and persists even after the cessation of the stimulus which provokes the changes. It is an abnormal mass because the tumor cells are not governed by laws of growth and nutrition. The growth is uncoordinated because cellular proliferation is endless, purposeless and at the cost of nutrition of other parts of the body. The fact that it persists even after the cessation of stimulus, indicate an irreversible alteration in the genetic set-up of the cell. A tumor may be benign (tumor growth rate is slow, constant, remains capsulated and do not undergo infiltration or metastasis) or malignant (tumor growth rate is fast, irregular, uncapsulated and undergoes infiltration or metastasis. 1.1 What is Cancer? Cancer is a disease which occurs when changes in a group of normal cells within the body lead to uncontrolled growth causing a lump called a tumour; this is true of all cancers except leukaemia (cancer of the blood). If left untreated, tumours can grow and spread into the surrounding normal tissue, or to other parts of the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic systems, and can affect the digestive, nervous and circulatory...
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...Basic Processes of Reproduction Bacteria: Bacteria reproduce asexually, under positive environment settings this process is carried out through the method binary fission, where the most bacterial reproduction occurs in prokaryotic cells. The second method is through mitosis in eukaryotic cells except gametes (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Binary fission is asexual by nature and involves the splitting of the parent cells into two equal parts which once the split can be capable of independent existence (MediLexicon, 2004-2011). Grasshopper: Grasshoppers sexually reproduce when the male grasshopper introduces his spermatozoa through his aedeagus (reproductive organ) into the females ovipositor. The sperm sack contains a large packet of proteins known as spermatophylax that helps keep the eggs properly nourished (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Once fertilized the female lays the eggs with her ovipositor and stomach one to two inches underground to keep them protected during the winter months until they hatch in warmer weather (New World Encyclopedia). Fish: Fish reproduce is, based on the location, time of year, and the presence of a proper mate (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Depending on the type of fish they gather in huge schools, and females expel eggs and the males follow behind discharging Milt (sperm) into the water. Some of the eggs float some sink to the bottom, and others are, laid in nests. Once the eggs are laid, they are commonly...
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...ran every test possible to see where the cancer cells were, so that they could locate and get rid before the cancer progressed any further (Vagenas, 2015). This came as a shock to everyone in our family but it had hit my grandmother the hardest, she fell into deep depression because of the constant fear that she would die at any moment. We then made the call to have her hospitalized they kept her there for week, and after being released, she started to attend group therapy twice a week. Now that she looks back she told me, “I noticed that my faith had grown...
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...are the differences between the two processes: Mitosis is a form of cellular reproduction in which the parent cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. Mitosis does not involve combining genetic information from two different parents; hence, it is a form of asexual cellular reproduction. It occurs when an organism grows, or when damaged or worn cells are replaced. Many unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis and mitosis have some similarities, but they differ in important ways that reflect the special role that gametes play in the life history of organisms. Whereas mitosis is asexual cellular reproduction, meiosis is a prelude to sexual reproduction. Meiosis results not only in multiplying the number of cells by cell division, but also in reducing the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to exactly one-half of the number before meiosis. An organism would have to undergo Mitosis when the organism needs to repair itself, when the organism grows, or unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis is what happens to cells when forming a person or animal. This cell division is in the bases of sexual reproduction. If cellular Meiosis did not occur it would mean the end of most living things because without this type of cellular division we would not be able to multiply. References: Chromosomes: Where Are the Genes...
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...stone and fountain of youth were only ancient myths, modern biological research might have uncovered a process that might help humans live longer, healthier lives. This process involves an, until recently, little-known enzyme called telomerase. However, before telomerase can be defined, one must understand the aging process in which it’s used and why it’s so important. Human cells are constantly dividing. Whether they’re skin cells attempting to help replenish the epidermis or bone cells participating in bone remodeling, cells constantly need to replicate. When somatic cells divide, they do so through a process known as mitosis. During this process, chromosomes create duplicates of themselves in order to make a new cell. Chromosomes are able to accurately replicate themselves many times because of protective “caps” on their ends called telomeres. According to Scientific American, “Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes which act as protective caps” (Rehman, 2014). When cells divide during mitosis, the chromosomes duplicate in order to ensure that both “daughter” cells receive the same amount of DNA. The telomeres protect the chromosomes during this process to ensure the integrity of the DNA. Telomeres do an excellent job of helping to secure our genetic material, unfortunately they don’t last forever. According to Scientific American, “During the DNA replication and the separation of the newly formed chromosomes, small chunks of DNA are trimmed...
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...Normal cell division meiosis and gamete production via meiosis. Explain why the process of mitosis and meiosis are both important to a living organism. When would an organism need to undergo the process of mitosis? Meiosis? What would happen if meiosis did not occur? Mitosis is the cell process of growth and division whereas meiosis is the process of developing reproductive cells. The sperm and egg are critical components for almost all living organisms. Every living organism begins with one cell that came from our father’s sperm fertilizing our mother’s egg. This beginning cell then divided by mitosis into two cells (called daughter cells) which then grow and divided into four cells. Mitosis continues through when we were born and continues again until we “fully” grown. Mitosis occurs regularly to replace old dead skin cells. “Mitosis has five stages which include: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, which constitute the period in which the cell makes preparations for cell division.” (Sparknotes, 2009) Meiosis is a special form that is similar to mitosis. Meiosis occurs only in a special arrangement of our cells to create eggs and sperm. In meiosis, one cell is divided twice in a row to form four daughter cells from one cell. The divided cells are then tailored to become eggs or sperm. If meiosis did not occur there would be an elimination of reproduction and all living organism would die. Life would not exist as we know it today. Mitosis...
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