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- Competencia de precios contra competencia ajena al precio: Al desarrollar un programa de marketing, la administración debe decidir si va a competir sobre la base del precio o de elementos fuera del precio.
• Competencia por precio: una compañía entra en la competencia de precio al ofrecer regularmente productos a precios lo más bajos posible.
• Competencia ajena al precio: los vendedores mantienen los precios estables y tratan de mejorar sus posiciones de mercado poniendo de relieve otros aspectos de sus programas de marketing.

- Estrategias de entrada al mercado: la administración debe decidir si adoptarán una estrategia de asignación de precios descremadas o de penetración.
• Asignación de precio descremado: poner un precio inicial relativamente alto para un producto nuevo. Tiene varios propósitos: proveer márgenes de utilidades para recuperar los costos de investigación y desarrollo.
• Asignación de precios de penetración: se establece un precio inicial relativamente bajo para un nuevo producto. Tiene sentido en las siguientes condiciones:
Mercado masivo existente para el producto
1)
2) Demanda flexible
3) Que se logre reducir costos unitarios mediante operaciones de gran escala.
4) Que ya exista gran competencia.

- Descuentos y rebajas: dan como resultado una deducción del precio base.
• Descuentos por volumen: reducciones del precio de lista de un vendedor cuya finalidad es animar a los clientes a comprar en grandes cantidades o a comprar más de lo que necesiten.
• Descuentos comerciales: reducciones del precio de lista ofrecido a los compradores en pago por funciones de marketing que estos realizarán.
• Descuentos por pronto pago: deducción que se otorga a los compradores por pagar sus cuentas dentro de un plazo específico. Este descuento incluye tres elementos:
1) Porcentaje de descuento
2) Periodo durante el cual se puede tomar el descuento
3) Tiempo de vencimiento de la cuenta

- Otros descuentos y rebajas:
• Cupón: pequeño certificado impreso que el cliente presenta cuando adquiere el producto a fin de obtener un descuento igual al valor que ampara el certificado.
• Bonificaciones postales: el cliente llena un breve formulario, adjunta prueba de la compra y envía ambas cosas a una dirección especificada. Si está bien, después llega un cheque de reembolso.
La intención de la individualización del precio es establecer precios diversos sobre la base de cuánto valor asignan diferentes personas a un producto. Una rebaja promocional es una reducción del precio otorgada por un vendedor en pago por servicios promocionales realizados por los compradores.

- La ley Robinson- Patman y la discriminación de precios:
Las diferenciaciones de precios representan discriminaciones de precios. Ésta está prohibida por la Ley Robinson- Patman.

Diferenciación de precios + Daño a la competencia = Violación a la Ley
A MENOS QUE: Diferenciación de precios = Diferenciación de costos

- Estrategias geográficas de asignación de precios: el vendedor debe considerar los costos de enviarle los bienes al comprador.
• Asignación de precios de punto de producción: el vendedor pone el precio de venta en el punto de producción y el comprador selecciona el modo de transportación y paga todos los costos de flete.
• Asignación de precios de entrega uniforme: se da el mismo precio de entrega a todos los compradores, independientemente de sus ubicaciones.
• Asignación de precios de entrega por zona: divide el mercado de un vendedor en un número limitado de amplias zonas geográficas y luego pone un precio uniforme con entrega para cada zona.
• Asignación de precios de absorción de fletes: el fabricante cotiza al cliente un precio de entrega igual a su precio de fábrica más los costos de envío que cobraría un vendedor competitivo situado cerca de ese cliente.

- Estrategias y situaciones especiales de asignación de precios:
• Estrategias de un precio: el vendedor cobra el mismo precio a todos los clientes similares que compren cantidades idénticas de un producto.
• Estrategias de precio flexible: clientes similares pueden pagar precios diferentes cuando compran cantidades idénticas de un producto.
• La asignación de precios de tasa fija, una variante de la estrategia de un solo precio.
• La estrategia de precio único es una variación extrema de la estrategia de un precio.

- Alineación de precios: consiste en elegir un número limitado de precios a los cuales la empresa venderá productos relacionados entre sí.
- Asignación de precios impares: estrategia psicológica, se usa comúnmente en las ventas detallistas. - Asignación de precios de líder: reducir temporalmente los precios de unos cuantos artículos para atraer clientes. Los artículos a los que se reducen los precios se les llaman líderes.
- Leyes de prácticas desleales: regulan la asignación de precios líderes.
- Asignación de precios altos- bajos: consiste en alternar entre los precios regulares y los de “venta” en los productos más visibles que ofrece un detallista.

- Sostenimiento del precio de reventa: controlar los precios con que los intermediarios revenden sus productos.
- Precio de lista sugerido: los productores tienen un poco de control y brindan alguna orientación a los detallistas.
- Cambios reactivos y de anticipación: después de poner un precio inicial, varias situaciones pueden hacer que una empresa cambie su precio.
- Una guerra de precio puede empezar cuando una empresa baja su precio en un afán de incrementar su volumen de ventas o su participación de mercado.

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