...Student Name: Instructors Name: Date: Supply vs Demand Abstract Supply and demand are two important concepts in a marketplace. These concepts are dynamic and vary from market to market. The objective of this paper is to compare and contrast the supply and demand concepts based on available scholar material. The comparison involves reviewing the literature material under the definitions of demand and supply; the relationship between supply and demand; the effect of supply and demand on the market; and the factors affecting demand and supply in the United States of America. The review uses book materials in economics including the classical economics. Definition of demand and supply The demand in economics is defined as the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price during a given period of time, (Richard Ely, 1919). In economics, demand is greater than a desire to purchase. Richard argues that a beggar, for instance, may desire a good house, but due to lack of money to pay for the house, the demand becomes ineffective. Such a demand has no purchasing power. Thus, demand in a market is dependent on desire, affordability and willingness to purchase. Supply is defined as the number of goods and services that the seller is willing to sell at a given price, (Richard Ely, 1919). Richard clearly states that supply is seller-centered. Like the demand concept, supply depends on the availability of goods, the price of the goods...
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...Executive summery This literature review discusses objectives of financial development and economic growth as well as existing relationship of this concept. Financial development is strongly connected with economic situation, but we do not know for sure if this always implies economic growth. There are many factors which influence relationship between financial development and economic growth and its effects such as financial liberalization, government ownership of the banks, monetary policy and rate of inflation, institutional and regulatory framework of financial markets in particular countries. Many researchers are trying to give the right questions and explanations on this field but still there are unresolved issues and implications which give open space for future investigations. Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………….2 2. Literature Review……………………………………………………2 2.1. Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth………2 2.2. Empirical methodologies……………………………………………………..5 2.3. Effects of Merger and Acquisitions in Bank Industry on relationship between financial development and economic growth…………………………………7 3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………....8 4. Reference List………………………………………………………..9 1. Introduction Financial system is a basis of current economic trends and there...
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...In theoretical and empirical literature as well as in practice both market pioneering and later entrant strategy are outlined to lead to superior product performance. This literature review analyzes which strategy leads to superior product performance under which circumstances. Therefore, a conceptual framework is developed which illustrates the complex relationships of the integrated parameters. A detailed literature review is conducted to analyze theoretical as well as empirical approaches of strategy superiority. A holistic framework is introduced which depicts the superiority of a market strategy under given circumstances. Results suggest that being a pioneer or later entrant is not only a strategic decision on the company’s side but depends on various factors. The superiority of a market entry strategy needs to be evaluated individually for a new product. Finally, recommendations for future research are given. 1. Introduction Nokia’s communicator phones were the first smartphones on the market, including all essential characteristics: online access, navigation as well as apps to facilitate usage. However, being first on the market does not lead to a long-term success of Nokia smartphones. In 2007 Nokia had a market share of 49.4 % of the worldwide smartphone market, in 2012 the market share only adds up to 4.9 %. In April 2014, Nokia’s devices and services business was acquired by Microsoft. However, there are also first mover on the market who are still very profitable...
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...1.8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A Literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. Most often associated with science-oriented literature, such as a thesis, the literature review usually precedes a research proposal, methodology and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. A good literature review is characterized by: a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. Here we discuss on different reviews related to the following: 2.1 Investors and Investment 2.2 Mutual funds 2.3 Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund 2.1 Investors and Investments Investors in emerging markets say that they look at market volatility as a good opportunity to increase the level of risk in their portfolio. On the other hand those in the developed markets say that volatility would make them go for an increased allocation in cash and exercise increased caution with regard to investment. “Investors increasing allocation of cash is not because their ability to bear that risk has been impacted”, says Bansal. [1] JOHN C. BOGLE [2] the former CEO of Vangaurd Group Of...
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...in a n ce (H on ou r s) 2010 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Stock market is a place for listed companies to raise capital .Companies can use the capital for continuing operating activities and expand business. However, the investors are explained to get a positive return from dividend and capital gain in the stock market. Based on the history, the economic condition will influence stock market. For instances, Malaysia faced deflation during the Asian crisis in years 1997. It caused the KLCI index sharply reduced from 1207.43 to 470.43. It have been shown that the investors need to predict the stock prices based on the macro factors to get an abnormal return from stock market There were a lot of researches to study the relationship between macroeconomics variables and stock returns. It is important to study the interaction of macroeconomics factor and stock return. Based on the study, the public can identify which factors can influence the stock market and use the knowledge to predict movement of stock price. According to Wongbangpo & Sharma (2002), the research can reveal the functions of stock market in identify the change in economic condition and also can predict the future performance of stock market. Besides, the study will be useful for the stock market participators. Clare & Priestley (1998) said that the study of the risk factor relationship of stock market will be useful for corporate manager to undertake cost of capital calculation. Moreover...
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...THE EVOLUTION OF STOCK MARKET EFFICIENCY OVER TIME: A SURVEY OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE Kian-Ping Lim Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Monash University and Robert Brooks Monash University Background This paper provides an insight into the empirical literature as pertains the evolution of stock market efficiency over time, with a keen focus on the weak form Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The authors provide a systematic review of the correlation between several financial factors namely: Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (AMH), Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH), Evolving Return Predictability, Stock markets and Weak-form EMH. The authors pay keen attention on how return predictability from past price changes is affected by key players and determinants on the stock markets. From the survey they conduct, the posit that the bulk of the empirical studies examine whether the stock market under study is or is not weak-form efficient in the absolute sense, assuming that the level of market efficiency remains unchanged throughout the estimation period. The authors acknowledge that one field that has drawn extensive investigation by scholars and other players alike is the predictability of stock returns on the basis of past price changes. This is partly due to its direct implication on weak-form market efficiency. They find that a vast majority of the literature implicitly assumes the level of market efficiency remains unchanged throughout the estimation period. However, the possibility...
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...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive Optimal choice of an exchange rate regime: a critical literature review Mariam Ouchen Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Economics Marrakesh Morocco, University of Basel 17. January 2013 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43907/ MPRA Paper No. 43907, posted 21. January 2013 12:56 UTC Optimal Choice of an Exchange Rate Regime: A Critical Literature Review 1 Mariam OUCHEN Laboratory of innovation, responsibility and sustainable development Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Economics Marrakesh Morocco Center of Macroeconomics and economic theory University of Basel Abstract :This paper set out to review the main theories and empirical methods employed in selecting an appropriate exchange rate regime.In order to achieve this, the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 introduces the distinct classifications of exchange regimes(de jure exchange rate regimes versus the facto exchange rate regimes), and the different theoretical approaches which illustrate how an optimal exchange rate regime is determined . Despite their initial popularity, the theoretical considerations have not escaped criticism.Section 3 reviews the criticism of these theories.A conclusion is provided in Section 4. Keywords : Exchange rate regime, the structural approach, credibility, flexibility, the bipolar view. 1 - Introduction The literature on the selection of exchange rate regimes can be divided into three main groups : the structural approach, the trade-off...
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...Literature Review on Bangladesh Stock Market Literature Review: 1 Before the decade of eighty much of the stock market literature viewed the present value of dividends to be the principal determinant of market return of stocks. LeRoy and Porter (1981) and Shiller (1981) found that under the assumption of constant discount factor stock prices were too volatile to be consistent with movement in future dividends. The decomposition of stock price movements is very sensitive to what assumption is made about the presence of permanent changes in either real dividend growth or excess stock return (Wohar & Mark, 2006). Cochrane (1992) Timmerman (1995) have argued that fluctuation in stock prices can be explained by time-varying discount rates and future excess returns. Cochrane (1992) by using an alternative methodology to decompose the variability of stock prices also found the variability of excess return to be more important than the variability of dividend growth. A lower degree of efficiency in less developed countries market might be caused by common characteristics of loose disclosure requirements as well as thinness and discontinuity of trading. It is generally assumed that the emerging markets are less efficient than the developed markets. Raihan, et al (2007) found that in Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE) in Bangladesh, stock return series do not follow random walk model and the significant autocorrelation co-efficient at different lags do not accept the hypothesis...
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...Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Literature review 1 1.2. Theoretical review of financial development and economic growth nexus 1 1.3 Review of the empirical literature 4 1.3.1 Time series 5 1.3.2 Cross-country studies 6 1.3.3 Panel data studies 7 3 Conclusions 8 4 References 9 1 Introduction “Finance is powerful. The financial system can be an engine of economic prosperity – or a destructive cause of economic decline and misery.” Levine, R. (2011) p.85 Obviously, financial system and economy are related. But what is the nature of this relationship? The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the existing theoretical and empirical literature on the finance-growth nexus. What is the role of the financial sector in economic growth? Does finance cause growth or simply follows it? There is no wide agreement about this task among recognised economists. Even Nobel Prize winners disagree in regard to the role of finance in economic development. Levine (2003) states that the role of finance as a major determinant of economic growth is over-stressed. Moreover Levine (2003) argued that where enterprise leads finance follows. Quite the opposite, important acknowledgment should be taken into account and it follows as “[the idea] that financial markets contribute to economic growth is a proposition too obvious for serious discussion.” Levine (2003) p.1 Similar to that, he also declared that the finance growth...
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...| 4 | Literature Review | 7 | 5 | Research Methodology | 9 | 6 | Research Outcome | 10 | 7 | Conclusion | 11 | 8 | References | 12 | 9 | Annexure-Questionnaire | 13 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The service industry is one the fastest growing sectors in India today. The upcoming sectors which are really showing the graph towards upwards are - Telecom, Banking, and Insurance. These, Sectors have really a lot of responsibility towards the economy. Amongst the above-mentioned areas insurance is one sector, which took a lot of time in positioning itself. The insurance business of non-life insurance companies was not much in problems but the major problem was with life insurance. Life Insurance Corporation, of India had monopoly for more than 45 years, but the picture then was completely different. Previously people felt that “Insurance is only for classes not for masses” but now the picture is vice-versa. This research paper title named “Awareness of Life Insurance Policies is in context of Life Insurance Corporation and its significant presence in the life insurance industry” details, the scope Life Insurance Corporation for which is having the great opportunity, to cover the market and can insure the customer for the benefited returns. New private players have entered the market and with their innovative approaches and better use of distribution channels and technology, they are eating in to the shares of established public sector companies in Indian Insurance Market. This...
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...Calculators, lemmings or frame-makers? The intermediary role of securities analysts Daniel Beunza and Raghu Garud Introduction As Wall Street specialists in valuation, sell-side securities analysts constitute a particularly important class of market actor.1 Analysts produce the reports, recommendations and price targets that professional investors utilize to inform their buy and sell decisions, which means that understanding analysts’ work can provide crucial insights on the determinants of value in the capital markets. Yet our knowledge of analysts is limited by insufficient attention to Knightian uncertainty. Analysts estimate the value of stocks by calculating their net present value or by folding the future back into the present. In so doing, they are faced with the fundamental challenge identified by Frank Knight, that is, with the difficulty of making decisions that entail a future that is unknown. These decisions, as Knight wrote, are characterized by ‘neither entire ignorance nor complete . . . information, but partial knowledge’ of the world (Knight, [1921] 1971: 199). The finance literature has not examined the Knightian challenge faced by analysts. Indeed, existing treatments circumvent the problem by adopting one of two extreme positions. In the first, put forward by orthodox economists, it is assumed that Knightian uncertainty is non-existent and that calculative decision-making is straightforward. Analysts are presented as mere calculators in a probabilistic world...
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...Capital structure is such a general things in finance, however, we will still confuse about it. Hence, we are going to write a literature review about the capital structure. Capital structure can be explained in many ways as it can be divided into many parts. Our main focus is the effect on capital structure and the imperfection of the market. The most general effect of the capital structure is the trade-off theory, pecking-order theory and agency cost. Besides, capital structure may influence towards the shareholders and the company taxes. An argument also occurred since there is different explanation about capital structure between Miller Theorem and Myer Theorem. The purpose of the literature review is to gain our knowledge and have a truly...
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...University of Southampton Winchester School of Art MA Design Fashion Management ARTD 6086:Research Skills Literature Review Assignment Student Name: Mengfei Gu Student Number: @25468014 Word Count: 1313 Date Submitted: 2nd Nov 2012 Introduction The luxury goods may be are fatal temptation for each girl. In economics, luxury goods are good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises. It present a striking contrast to "necessity goods". As the demand of "necessity goods" are not related to income increasing or decreasing. On the other hand, Begin with 2007, global economy has been stumbling under recession. As known to all, financial crisis brought to United States economy slowing down and it has spread globally effecting all countries. Economic recession directly influenced on income level and employment. In addition, consumption levels have fall off drastically. Such two characteristic factors make me interested in the relationship between luxury brand and Economic recession. So I researched the ideas and found a few books which talked about the luxury brands in Asia under economic recession. The literature review will pay attention to a book on the cult of Luxury Brand, Impact of Personal Orientation on Luxury Brand Purchase Value, Shopper Behaviour in Recession...
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...studies even have analyzed the relation by considering some of the other variables (like FDI, interest rate, inflation rate ect), to see if these variables have any influence on the fluctuating exchange rate and stock prices. The current literature provides year by year explanation about the Different opinions and arguments of various researches on the relationship between exchange rate and stock prices. For the easy understanding the chapter will be divided into two sections. The first section will cover all the research papers published prior to 1990's. one can observe that most of the studies in section one had established the relationship by measuring the exposure from fluctuating exchange rates to stock prices, so we will name this part as “literature review on measuring the exposure'. And in second section; we cover all the research papers which are published after 1990's and one can observe that some of the studies have established the relation by measuring the causal relation between the exchange rate and stock prices, so we would name the second part as” literature review on measuring the causality relation between the exchange rate and stock prices'. The reason for considering empirical evidence from these two model in our literature is because; as many of the previous studies, to establish the relation between the exchange rate and stock prices, have considered different models (to name few GARCH, ARCH etc). However, they have failed to find strong evidence with these...
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...will be used to analyze the effect of change in OCR on economic activities. Furthermore, some previous literature will be used in this essay which is relative to some problem happened during the recession. Introduction There is a big impact on the economic environment following the 2008 financial crisis. New Zealand faced a negative effect on unemployment rate, income, inflation and output and etc. as an important part of developed country. The main aim of this essay is to investigate what monetary policy has been used in response to the recession and whether it is useful to make a significant recovery. The financial crisis can be seen as a very serious problem in New Zealand. The stock market got hit seriously because the investment, income, confidence, employment rate etc. all fall. During the recession, the unemployment rate rose from a low of 3.5% in December of 2008 to a high level of 7.3% in June of 2012. (TRADING ECONOMICS, 2013) The New Zealand GDP had a negative growth during 2008 and 2010 because many businesses shut down and the unemployment rate increased. The economy was going to recover after 2010. However, the GDP growth rate was very slow. The graph below shows the annual GDP growth rate. It is clearly that the GDP of NZ got a serious hit by the global financial crisis. (TRADING ECONOMICS, 2013) The following part of essay will include literatures which regard to the effect of financial crisis on NZ economy. It will contain...
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