...INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 8 his chapter presents levels, trends, and differentials in perinatal, neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality in Uganda. The information enhances understanding of population dynamics and will assist in the planning and evaluation of health policies and programmes. Estimates of infant and child mortality rates can be used to develop population projections. Information on childhood mortality also serves the need of the health sector to identify population groups that are at high risk. One of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to reduce the under-5 mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Results from the 2011 UDHS can be used to monitor the impact of major interventions, strategies, and policies at the national level. Policies that affect the under 5 mortality rate are the National Health Policy (NHP II 2010/19) and the Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan (HSSIP 2010/11-2014/15). The data used to estimate mortality were collected in the birth history section of the Woman’s Questionnaire. The birth history section begins with questions about the respondent’s experience with childbearing (i.e., the number of sons and daughters who live with the mother, the number who live elsewhere, and the number who have died). These questions are followed by a retrospective birth history, in which each respondent is asked to list each of her births, starting with the first birth. For each birth, data...
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...| Age-specific fertility | Number of live births in a particular age-group ---------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year female population of the same age-group | General fertility rate (GFR) | Number of live births in a year ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year female population in the age-group (15-49) years | Total fertility rate (TFR) | 45-49 5 x ASFR 15-19 ----------------------- 1000 | Gross reproduction rate (GRR) | 45-49 5 x ASFR for female live births 15-19 --------------------------------------- 1000 | Age-specific marital ertility rate (ASMFR) | Number of live births in a particular age-group ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year married female population of the same age-group | General marital fertility Fertility rate (GMFR) | Number of live births in a year -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year married female population in the age group (15-49) year | Total marital fertility rate (TMFR) | 45-49 5 x ASMFR 15-19 ------------------------------ 1000 | Crude death rate (CDR) | Number of deaths during the year -------------------------------------------------- x 1000 Mid-year population | Age-specific mortality rate...
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...Forum met in May 2000 to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. Child mortality continues to decline worldwide. The total number of deaths of children below five years of age fell from 12.4 million in 1990 to 7.7 million in 2010. Mortality in children below five years of age (under-five mortality) has fallen from 89 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 60 per 1000 live births in 2009, representing a reduction of...
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...used by each organisation. After thorough analysis of the population projections created by the Australian Intergenerational Report, the United Nations (UN), the World Bank (WB), US Census Bureau (USCB), IIASA- INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE for Applied Systems Analysis, and the Population Reference Bureau (PRB), it is highly apparent that each organisation employs the cohort-component method in terms of the development of their population projections. This can be seen as each population projection utilises the grouping of cohorts to update the age and sex specific components of population change fertility, mortality, and migration. (Idea/concept Provided from DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH, VOLUME 4, ARTICLE 8, PAGES 203-288 PUBLISHED 13 JUNE 2001). However it is evident that each organisation also has subtle variations within their form of the cohort-component method in comparison to each other. These are only subtle differences such as Different age grouping. ii. Compare and contrast the main characteristics of the long term population projections produced by the UN, the WB, USCB, IIASA and PRB (mention at least two points for each organisation) It is highly clear that amongst all the population projections produced by the UN, the WB, USCB, IIASA and PRB that there are both similarities and differences, which occur in terms of the characteristics of each population projection. Both the USCB and UN are similar terms of both their population projections where last introduced in 1998...
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...LIFE TABLES Life tables are statistical tools constructed for measuring the mortality of a population. They provide a description of the most important aspects of the state of human mortality. They try to show, for a person at a particular age, what the probability is that they die before their next birthday. TYPES OF LIFE TABLES Life tables have been classified into several types: 1. Conventional/period/cross-sectional life tables- these tables are based on age specific mortality rates for a specific period of time for the whole population. These rates are derived from deaths occurring over a selected period of time and the population at the mid-point of this period, a period of one year is mostly considered. 2. Generation/cohort life tables- these are based on a cohort throughout its life. We should remember a cohort is a group of individuals all born during the same time interval. The table shows the probability of death of people from a given cohort over the course of their lifetime. 3. Complete life tables- these are tables in which the mortality experience is considered in each single year throughout the life span. It is a more detailed method of measuring mortality since these tables are constructed on yearly basis. 4. Abridged life tables- are tables in which the measures are given for age groups and not for every single year of age. Its values are mostly in general terms and it is used to simplify the complete life tables whose construction is very laborious....
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...health will be explored by focussing on child mortality in two countries; Nigeria and UK. This paper will examine the influence of social class, race, culture, gender and age. It will also examine and try to explain the difference in mortality and mortality rates in UK and in Nigeria with the focus on analysing why health is socially determined. For example in Nigeria the life expectancy at birth is 51years whereas in UK is 80 (UNICEF 2010). Infant mortality (death) rate refer to number of children who died before they reaches the age of 1 years per 1000 birth live. Globally, infant mortality has decreased by 35 per cent from 88 per cent death per 1000 live birth to 57 per cent in 2010, The number of children under five of age who died yearly, has declined from more than 12 million death in 1990 to 7.6 million death in 2010, which shown that fewer children who are dying each day are closely to 12,000 than in 1990 according to the figure released by UNICEF and World Health Organisation in September 2011. The major causes of infant mortality rate in the world are respiration distress syndrome this leads to low oxygen absorption, collapsed lungs. Congenital disorder associated to immaturity (premature births), low birth weight ( child weighting less than the average gram) and lack of importance of life I.e. malnutrition, shelter, clear water, poor hospital infrastructure, sanitation, and HIV/AIDS contribute to child mortality (death) in typical population. W.H.O and...
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...SIM AI A STATISTICAL STUDY OF INCREASED MORTALITY AMONG WIDOWERS A STATISTICAL STUDY OF INCREASED MORTALITY AMONG WIDOWERS Have you ever wondered what it really means when someone tells you they have a “broken heart”? Most people understand that having a “broken heart” references a state of extreme grief or sorrow, typically caused by the death of a loved one or the ending of a romantic relationship. But is there any additional truth to this saying? This study examines the medical implications of having a ‘broken heart’ by establishing a correlational relationship between the loss of a romantic partner and the mortality rates of widowers due to heart-related diseases. By tracking the mortality rates of 4,486 widowers of 55 years of age and older, over a period of 9 years, the researchers made some interesting findings: that within the first 6 months of bereavement, the mortality rate for widowers was 40% above that for matched controls, and that the greatest increase in mortality during these first 6 months came from heart-related diseases. No significant conclusions could be made about the relationship between the cause of wife’s death and the cause of her widower’s, nor about the impact of social class on widower’s mortality rate. We also examine the study’s methodology and provide reasonable recommendations to some of its shortcomings. One practical application of statistics and probability is...
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...How is low birth weight defined? Gestational age? Identify 5 risks factors associated with LBW and preterm birth. Low birth weight is defined as babies weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth. Gestational age is defined as a way of saying how far along the pregnancy of a woman is. It is several factors that are associated with LBW and preterm birth (Kotch, 2013). The five risk factors associated with LBW (Low Birth Weight) are: Demographic risks Medical risk predating pregnancy Medical risks in current pregnancy Behavioral and environmental risks Health care risks. The five risk factors associated with Preterm Birth are: Established risk factors- Black race Probable risk factors- No prenatal care or inadequate prenatal care Inconclusive risk factors- Psychosocial stress Maternal age Alcohol assumption Define infant mortality. Define maternal mortality and morbidity....
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...Sex and Age related to the Distribution of the Black Death: The Black Death has been considered one of the most deadly and terrifying epidemics in human history, killing over 30% of the Chinese population as well as 30-50% of the European population. Starting in 1347 and lasting through 1351, the Black Death epidemic rapidly spread, first starting in China and Central Asia and then moving westward. The Black Death has been extensively researched by thousands of historians, scientists, demographers and anthropologists and based on decades of research; the spread of the disease is believed to have originated from the Yersinia Pestis bacterium. The Yersinia Pestis bacterium is commonly found in flees which originates in the skin of various ground rodents. The bacterium comes in three forms bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. It initially spread from trading vessels and then to cities, villages, and eventually the countryside. The plague arouse so fast, people didn’t know what to do and assumed leaving their home was the best option, when in reality it caused even more of a problem. The effects of the plague lasted several decades after it was gone by causing major social, cultural, and economic problems all over the world. Despite all of the studies, researchers still have many questions on why and how the disease chose its victims and how it escalated so quickly. In order to understand the sexual mortality pattern of the Black Death plague one must look at two questions...
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...Mortality Rate and Risk Management Mortality rates are widely used to predict the risks a certain population is exposed to death. Mortality can also be used to compare how many deaths occur due to illness in an age population. According to Fleming, “Mortality rates can be compared across time, place, or population groups, which are three dimensions from which epidemiologists describe important patterns and make inferences regarding risk factors, disease, and longevity.” (pg. 129, 2008). “Mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) are a fundamental source of demographic, geographic, and cause-of-death information… The data are also used to present the characteristics of those dying in the United States, to determine life expectancy, and to compare mortality trends with other countries.” ("Mortality data," 2013). Furthermore, Fleming notes three different kinds of rates, which are crude rates, specific rates and adjusted rates (2008). Based on the statistics from table 6.7 (Fleming, Pg. 141, 2008), the managed care organization BGE has a higher mortality rate (290 per 100,000) when compared to the managed care BGW (160 per 100,000) by 130 cases. To calculate which MCO has the higher morality rate (Age-specific mortality data, table 6.7), we first have to compare the results from the following equation: a) For BGW: (968,800/280,000,000) x 100,000 = 346 per 100,000. b) For BGE: (956,200/280,000,000) x 100,000 = 341.5 per 100,000. After comparing...
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...From the data observed, it was observed that when the bee is in its larval stage, it has high chances of mortality. This is due to the low population density of worker bees present on the hive. Worker bees are vital to the broods’ development since they are the ones feeding them. Small number of nurse bees ultimately leads to the deprivation of food. Temperature could have affected them too. Lack of food for larva leads to starvation and definitely, to death. Type III survivorship curve was found to be prevalent given the data plotted on the grid. Mortality rates were at its peak during the juvenile stages, while a high survival rate during the later stages. The curve reflects the opposite pattern of survival and mortality. The curve begins with a very steep slope, which indicates low survival (high mortality) among the juveniles. The shallow slope in middle part and old ages indicates that most of the individuals that survive their youth survive to old age. Mortality was observed on each of the life stages and these mortalities are caused by different factors. Eggs of the test species are generally temperature sensitive. Varying weather conditions which cause temperature changes may have caused the eggs to degenerate, and fail to develop. Some eggs also failed to develop due to its non-viability. Eggs that developed into the larval stage are also at risk of being infected with chalk brood, which is caused by a fungus. A low population density of nurse bees may also cause the...
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...Biology 155 Fall 2013 Demography Exercise Instructions Go to http://www.biologylabsonline.com, click Demography Lab and logon. Part 1: Demographic Differences Among Nations Countries differ with respect to population numbers, age structure, and fertility and mortality rates. These differences are caused by many factors, such as geographic size and location, level of economic development, government policies, and religious practices. The following exercises are designed to help you understand the influence of some of these factors on the size and growth of human populations. 1. Click the Population Structure button on the left side of the Demography Lab window. Using the Country popup menu, examine the estimated 1998 population structure of each nation. Question 1. How would you describe the population structures of India and Sweden? a. India has a young population; Sweden is evenly distributed. b. India is evenly distributed; Sweden has a young population. c. India has a young population; Sweden has an old population. d. Both India and Sweden have young populations. Question 2. Consider what you know about each of these countries. What do you think is the biggest factor distinguishing these two nations? a. Public health practices b. Medical care c. Education level of the overall population d. All of the above e. None of the above 2. Click...
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...Explain how health is affected by behaviors, economics, and social structure. Our health is affected by the factors: lifestyle and behavior. For instance, our personal decisions and behaviors might have big impact on health and the country’s economy. Lifestyle and health are directly connected regarding to practices like smoking (tobacco products), drinking (alcohol consumption), usage of illicit drugs, and sexual behavior. Cigarette and alcohol consumption has been related with many illnesses including numerous types of cancers, brain function deterioration, and intestinal disorders, besides cirrhosis of the liver and cardiovascular disease. Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD) such as gonorrhea, AIDS, syphilis, and high levels of infertility, cancer, and other complications are results of bad sexual behavior (Williams & Torrens 2008). Social and economic structure have as consequence for the decision making and patterns of behavior: violent crime, to global social dysfunction, besides many other untoward consequences likewise vehicular accidents, workplace injuries, divorce, poor job performance, poor fetal outcomes associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, spousal and child abuse are also common (Williams & Torrens 2008). Furthermore, economics and social structures affect health in the sense that a person’s ability to access quality healthcare in a timely manner is affected by whether that person can afford to pay health insurance or pay cash on his or her own and that person’s...
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...discuss the relationship between education and mortality rates across the world. Regardless of the measure of your socioeconomic status, such as income and race, or the measure of health, morbidity rates and self-reported health status, there is a strong and significant correlation between education and health (Clark & Royer, 2013). Given the effects of education measured at large scale, investments in education may prove to be a cost-effective means of achieving better health (Clark & Royer, 2013). “If the effects of education are large enough, then education policies might be powerful tools for improving health, especially in comparison to additional health care spending, the returns to which are uncertain” (Clark & Royer 2010). There are three mechanisms through which education may affect health and mortality. First, a higher level of educational attainment helps individuals acquire better and more stable employment, increasing their earnings power. Second, a higher level of education helps individuals build psychosocial resources, such as heightened sense of personal control, more supportive social relationships and active participation in cognitive stimulating activities, all which improve health stock. Third, more educated people are more likely to adopt positive health behaviors, such as exercising regularly, drinking moderately, and avoiding or quitting smoking, which in turn lead to better health and lower mortality (Liu, Hermalin, & Chuang, 1998)....
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...1. Analysis of Research Report Paper Mary Ellen Strout HCS/438 Ann Impen April 11, 2011 2. Analysis of a Research Report Paper The article I chose was from the Annals of Surgery, called Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Death Following Gastric Bypass for Treatment. I chose this article, because I did have this surgery done with no complications, and it is also a fascinating procedure and hope to one day work in this area. Pre operative mortality is the most feared outcome of bariatric surgery, it is reported to happen between 0.5 ad 1.5% of patients. In this article it identifies mortality fore either open or laparoscopic Roux-en-y bypass. The database is from Virginia Commonwealth university and was queried for patients who had undergone either an open gastric bypass (O-GBP) or a laparoscopic gastric bypass (L-GBP). A multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors related to perioperative mortality was performed. The factors examined included was age, gender, body mass index, preoperative weight, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, venous 3. Analysis of a Research Report Article stasis ulcers, intestinal leak, small bowel obstruction, and pulmonary embolus. The data was found to find independent factors related to early death. Early death was defined as death that occurs within 30 days of the initial procedure or as a direct result of a complication of the original procedure (Annals...
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