...An example of a cognitive process is memory, remembering things. Flashbulb memories (FBM) are highly detailed, exceptionally vivid ‘snapshots’ of the moment and circumstances in which surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) events happened or news was heard. Brown and Kulik (1997) who were the first modern psychologists to study FBMs, defined them as ‘memories of the circumstances in which one first learned of a very surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) event’. The defining feature of an FBM is not the memory of the event, but memory of its reception context- the circumstance of the news’s reception. Brown and Kulik proposed a theory of the formation and the maintenance of FBMs. FBMs form in situations where...
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...a poor man is for a jest treated as a mighty monarch, and it is contrived that he should afterwards think that all the honourable treatment he had actually received was merely a vivid dream. Sometimes even after waking, we may be doubtful whether our dream was a reality or not, especially if we happen to fall asleep in our chair and do not remember the circumstance of having fallen to sleep. Of course this doubt can only arise when there has been nothing in our dream that seems impossible to our wakened mind. It is, however, only in rare cases that a dream exactly copies the experience of our waking hours. As a rule, in our sleep all kinds of events seem to happen which in our waking hours we should know to be impossible. In our dreams we see and converse with friends who are at the other side of the world or have been long dead. We may even meet historical or fictitious characters that we have read about in books. We often lose our identity and dreams that we are someone else, and in the course of a single dream may be in turn several different persons. Space and time to the dreamer lose their reality. It is possible in a dream that lasts a few seconds to appear to have gone through the experience of many years. The limitations of space may also vanish into nothing, so that we seem to travel the most distant parts of the universe with the rapidity of thought. Our imagination gains in some cases such complete control over our reason that we can contemplate all such...
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... B. Occurs in the cycle for about 90-120 minutes throughout the night 1. REM sleep dominates the latter half of the sleep cycle 2. Five minutes after you wake up half of your dream is forgotten and 10 minutes 90% of it is gone. C. The eye movements may relate to internal visual images of the dreams that occurs during this stage of sleep 3. Associated with the brain wave spikes in the regions of the brain that is involved with vision 4. Studies have shown that your brain waves are more active when you are dreaming than when we are awake. D. Majority of dreams happen in the REM Sleep 5. the most memorable and vivid dreams 6. muscular atonia that accompanies the protection of us from self-damage which could occur while physically acting out these vivid dreams E. Stage 5 - REM - breathing becomes rapider,...
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...The use of vivid description in the novel Wine to Water- How one Man Saved Himself While Trying to Save the World as an argument successfully portrays Doc Hendley perspective about the water crisis. This was especially clear when implemented in the first half of the book when Doc installed the first bladder in the Marla Camp. By describing the moment right after Doc installed the first bladder in vivid detail he captivated the audience with intense emotion and satisfaction despite just reading the moment. Doc made the reader feel like they were there with him when he installed the bladder and he walk them through that moment. Ultimately allowing the reader to gain more perspective and form a definitive opinion on the topic at hand. Throughout...
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...MEMORY ACCURACY: THEORETICAL MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION Human memory has been on many occasions compared to the operations of a computer on the basis of their multifunctional systems. Memory is critical and plays a central role in our everyday information processes. Several models of information processes have in-time being proposed. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model (1968) is the most popular is and widely used by many memory researchers. The model indicates the transfer of information from the environment into the sensory memory which is very brief that some information is forgotten before it reaches the second storage. Short-term memory is the second temporary store which is also fragile. The short-term memory is very similar to working memory responsible for higher cognitive functioning which is also temporary. Information is then finally encoded onto the long-term memory where it is assumed to be a permanent storage for longer periods. Baddeley (2000) proposed the episodic buffer as the new forth component of the working memory model. This model was initially proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) with three components, the central executive assisted by the phonological loop and the visuo-sketchpad assumed to be temporary storage faculties. The episodic buffer is assumed to play a very central role of binding features into objects and it is assumed to be a temporary limited store which links all systems together for the purposes of multi-dimensional coding (Baddeley...
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...reactions can lead to undue distress and be manifested in psychological disorders such post-traumatic stress disorder as well as anxiety disorders. One source of unwanted emotional reactions is memories of stressful or traumatic events. Past research has found that highly emotional memories can be difficult to forget, and can be frequently brought into conscious awareness without volition. Traumatic memories may well be remembered due to unique organizational and structural features in memory. Whether such memories lack proper coherence and organization, or whether they are overly integrated into the life story, stressful memories appear to differ from everyday memories their structure and organizational features. As a result, once a stressful experience has ended, the experience can continue to affect an individual through his or her memory of the event. In spite of the ongoing controversy surrounding how the organizational aspects of stressful and traumatic events differ from those of non-traumatic memories; most researchers agree that emotion is a central aspect of traumatic events. Many factors influence which moments from our past are remembered best, and the affect experienced during an event is an important contributor. “Flashbulb memories” which are events of emotional significance are more likely to be recalled vividly than mundane experiences, and neurobiological research has confirmed...
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...‘Memory ‘by Chris van Wyk Critically examine the poem’s use of childhood detail, allusion and metaphor to render ‘Memory’ in moving way. That is what makes this such a powerful yet tender poem of childhood? Critically examine the poem’s use of childhood detail, allusion and metaphor to render ‘Memory’ in moving way. That is what makes this such a powerful yet tender poem of childhood? The poem ‘Memory’ written by Chris van Wyk (1957-) is a powerful yet tender poem of childhood, it is also disturbing in a sense that it describes a traumatic part of the poets childhood. The title ‘Memory’ invokes feelings such as nostalgia and reminiscence for what has past. The language used in the poem is relatively simple comparing it to that of a four year old child. It also displays the four year old child’s curiousity and innocence through the language used as well as the imagery mentioned. The imagery in the poem can be compared to that of childhood imagination, which is displayed when children play games or pretend, which involves role playing. The first stanza of the poem sets the stage concerning what is to follow in the poem. In stanza one, ‘shuffling about in a flutter of flour’ (line 2) describes the fidgeting and hyper-active movement of the speaker of the poem, who is a four year old boy. Through the eyes of this four year old boy, we are introduced to his younger brother Derek. In line one, Derek is described as dangling on the kitchen...
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...logically expected to lead to optimal results given an accurate assessment of the decision maker’s values and risk preferences. The rational decision procedure consists of six stages. The first stage is to define the problem using an accurate judgment. Secondly, a rational decision maker identifies all the relevant criteria in the decision making process. In the third stage, a rational decision maker has to weigh all the criteria regarding his decision. The weight of these criteria varies in importance and the decision maker knows the values they place on each one of them. The decision maker, in the fourth stage, can search and generate for alternatives until the time that the cost of the search outweighs the value of the added information. The most difficult stage of the decision maker is the fifth stage, where the decision maker has to carefully assess potential consequences of each identified criteria of selecting each of the alternatives. Rating each alternative on each criterion requires forecast of future events. The last and sixth stage is to compute the optimal decision. In this stage, the decision maker multiplies the ratings in the previous stage by weighing each criterion. Then, he adds up all the weighted ratings and in the end, he chooses the solution with the highest sum of weighted ratings. This model of decision making assumes that people follow these six steps in a fully rational...
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...Nightmares are most common to be dreamed during the REM cycle of sleep. In the REM cycle, the dreamer is unable to move because all moving functions in the body are shut off during this stage of sleep. Nightmares can be the result of our minds and bodies dealing with change, stress or emotions. Children can be the most vulnerable to nightmares because they have more things that scare them than adults do. What the children do not know yet, such as that all of the monsters and characters they are exposed to are not real. If the same nightmare keeps recurring in your sleep, that could be your mind telling you something is wrong. Most nightmares create the sense of vulnerability in the dreamer and that sense helps to create the feeling that the dreamer is helpless to do or change anything. “”Recurring nightmares will keep coming back to force you to pay attentions to something important in your emotional life.”” (Karriem-Norwood). “Keep in mind that no matter how scary a nightmare is, it is not real and most likely will not happen to you in real life.” (Karriem-Norwood). The top seven things that nightmares are often caused by are, “Stress, conflict, fear, trauma, emotional problems, medication and drug use, [and/or some] illnesses.” (Karriem-Norwood)...
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...are not definitively understood, though they have been a topic of scientific speculation, as well as a subject of philosophical and religious interest, throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology.[2] Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.[3] The length of a dream can vary; they may last for a few seconds, or approximately 20–30 minutes.[3] People are more likely to remember the dream if they are awakened during the REM phase. The average person has three to five dreams per night, but some may have up to seven dreams in one night.[4] The dreams tend to last longer as the night progresses. During a full eight-hour night sleep, most dreams occur in the typical two hours of REM.[5] In modern times, dreams have been seen as a connection to the unconscious mind. They range from normal and ordinary to overly surreal and bizarre. Dreams can have varying natures, such as frightening, exciting, magical, melancholic, adventurous, or sexual. The events in dreams are generally outside the control of the dreamer, with the exception of lucid dreaming, where the dreamer is self-aware. Dreams can at times make a creative thought occur to the person or give a sense of inspiration...
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...accidents or illnesses, most commonly cerebrovascular incidents or Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia is marked by memory loss, inability to relate with others, and an inability to manage everyday activities. With Alzheimer’s disease a person experiences confusion, irritability, aggression, mood swings, trouble with language, and long-term memory loss. Even though these diseases do occur, not all older adults experience the same severe cognitive decline. Zarit and Zatir (1998) conclude that Alzheimer’s disease affects about one percent of 65-year-olds in the United States, but that rate increases to about 20 to 25% of 85-year-olds (as cited in Broderick & Blewitt, 2010, p. 486). Interestingly, numerous studies have found that lifelong learning and cognitive simulation may decrease the risk of Alzheimer’s (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010, p. 487). Older adults remember recent experiences better than earlier ones. The features of memory change in older adults are recency and what is called “the bump.” The strength of memories fade with time, so older adult memories are more oriented to the recent past. This is why Fitzgerald (1999) concludes that, “The remembered self is largely a now-self, not a distant-self.” “The bump” in adult memory refers to a higher rate of recollection of events from the 18 to 22 years of age period of young adulthood. When older adults are asked to talk about their most vivid and important memories they are more likely to draw on memories from young adulthood...
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...While Long-term memory is relatively permanent, there not specify duration for long-term memory it can be last a matter of days to decades. Memory is a complex process and six year old kids are elaborating a range of strategies to help them information. Is unbelievable to see the amount of information a person put into his memory and how much he or she must retrieve to perform all of life’s activities. Long term memory holds a vast among of information for long periods of time and that includes children personal memories and general experiences. There have being some misconception about long term memory, some people thing that when you remember the word you just read a few minutes ago, that you are putting in practice you long term memory,...
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...had exploded there. Snowflakes hung from the doorway windows, silver tinsel garland adorned the Promethean Board and whiteboards, soft white lights shimmered along the trim of the room, cool-hued decorations dotted all other available surfaces. In the course of two class periods my room had become a winter wonderland of learning (pardon the corny sentiment). I greeted each class warmly as they entered and were enveloped by the soft glowing lights and sweet cinnamon scented air. Even my most cynical students were delighted. The pleasant change in atmosphere served multiple purposes. Not only was it a fun way to welcome the season, it also set...
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...Before reading and watching the videos about memory, I would have confidently stated that most of my memories were quite accurate, maybe a nine on a scale of one to ten. I now understand that although I have some vivid memories of certain events in my life, they may not be reliable recollections of the actual experiences. An explanation for this is that memories are not perfect reproductions of events because our brains are not recording devices capturing information with precise accuracy. Instead, memories are reconstructive, where we put the pieces of information together and fill in the blanks of our perceptions in order to make sense of the world. In other words we only encode some of the details of an experience and may rely upon schemas to interpret the information stored so that we can comprehend the particular situation. Although helpful, schemas potentially oversimplify information that may lead to errors in memory when retrieved. Some of these retrieved recollections of past experiences may be falsely reconstructed memories. A real-life consequence as a result of falsely reconstructed memories could be the potential for an individual to confuse their imagination with reality. For instance, the person may experience source monitoring confusion, where they feel they are experiencing an episodic memory such as having had an argument with a friend, but not being too sure if the argument actually occurred or whether it was just a dream. The individual may not have...
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...Kenan-Flagler Business School Khan Masud Marketing 741 SECTION 8:00am Executive Summary I recommend that PepsiCo select the Cheetah and Mock Opera for their super bowl commercials. The two commercials are most in line with the image of mountain dew, and are the perfect blend of humor, action, and memorability for the brand. This strategy will give them the best return on investment and brand positioning. Developing Criteria for Communications Assessment: Mountain dew is currently successful in the younger 18-30 year old market segment and PepsiCo should pick ads that covey they brand message while appealing to their target group. The competition is gearing up to position themselves in order to gain acceptance in the extreme sports performance enhancing drinks segment and Mountain Dew needs to keep their marketing campaign fresh in order to stay ahead of the group. In order to pick the best ad to select for the super bowl, it is important to break down each of the ad’s elements into communication, memorability, audience perception, and relevance. During the Super Bowl, it is important to craft ads that hit on these points because the current market situation and the elements of success ads are captured within these points. First, communication is important because without the ability to communicate mountain dew’s message, the ad will be useless. Piggybacking off the popularity of the Dew dudes in order to communicate the brand message is a great strategy...
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