...the body. Riding one is full of a range ups and downs. Similar things can be said about the rise of the gunpowder empires of the Ottomans, Mughals, and Safavids. Powerful armies and governments had a hold on many important trade routes and goods. This allowed them to remain in main sources of power. Their expansions experienced many obstacles in their attempts to grows into a major force. These Muslim empires all owe their relative success and failures to some of the same reasons: power vacuums, strong leaders, and religious intolerance. The Ottoman Empire was able to fill a power vacuum that was left after the Mongols were defeated. Anatolia and Southeast Asia were left without a dominating power, and the Ottomans used that to easily conquer most of the area. Through the use of their strong military of trained Janissaries, most of the area fell into the jurisdiction. There is a correlation between what the Ottomans and Mughals accomplished. With a lack of a strong ruler in India, the Mughals were...
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...structure of the Mughal Empire was completely like military pattern and fidelity to the Mughal emperors acted as the main base of this formative structure the virtual pillar of the Mughal Empire was Mansabdari system. Like the I.C.S. in the English regime the Mansabdari system in the Mughal reign was the main power of autocratic government. The very word 'Mansab' means rankand so from this viewpoint 'Mansabdari system' is 'a holder of a rank in the imperial service'. The Mansabdari system was not hereditary and the emperor himself according to his own will power could appoint any person judging on the person's efficiency to the post of Mansab. So long as it was intact there was no cause for being anxious about its existence. Defects of Mansabdari System : Firstly, in the formative structure of the Mughal Empire the Mansabdari system acted as a military machine. But as all the administrative sections were added with the central arrangement the efficiency of Mansabdari system was to a great extent. The bureaucratic complexity and procrastination weakened this system. Moreover, success of this system depended mostly on the efficiency and skill of the Empire himself. And, therefore during the reign of the debilitated Mughal emperors after Aurang-zeb the Mansabdari system almost broke down. Secondly, the Badsahas had no conception about the fact that all the Mansabdars could not be equally skilled in warfare and in maneuvering an army. The Mughal Mansabdars...
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...have ruled over this land at different stages of history: Bengal under the Mughal rule After the fall of the Karrani power in 1576, Bengal fell under the Mughal rule. But the establishment of effective rule took some time. * On 19th December, 1578, Khan-i-Jahan died and Muzaffar Khan became the governor of Bengal. Akbar's brother Mirza Hakim declared himself independent in Kabul, and Muzaffar Khan was defeated by rebels sympathetic to Mirza Hakim, and Bengal and Bihar was declared to be his. He sent a Subedar to Bengal, but lots of Afghans took control of parts of Bengal and all of Orissa. * In April 1582, Akbar sent Khan-i-Azam as the subedar of Bengal, who won partial victory; but parts of the region remained under Masum Kabuli and Isha Khan, even under the next subedar Shahbaz Khan. In June 1584, Kutlu Khan of Orissa, who had revolted and took over parts of Bengal, was defeated. * In 1586, both Isha Khan and Masum Kabuli accepted mughal overlordship. A new administrative system headed by a sipahsalar (later called subedar) started: Wazib Khan was the first sipahsalar, but he died in August 1587. He was followed by Sayyid Khan (1587–1594). * Raja Mansingh (1594–1605) was the next subedar of Bengal. He shifted the capital from Tanda to a new town of Akbarnagar. There were again revolts headed by Isha Khan and Raghudeva, cousin of Lakshminarayana, ruler of Coochbehar. The Mughals suffered heavy...
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...followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilisation, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, (Magadha), Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th or 5th century BCE and propagated their Shramanic philosophies. Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. After the collapse of the Maurya Empire the Satavahana dynasty of south India and the Sunga Empire of eastern India ruled the major part of India in the 2nd century BC. Various parts of India ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. Southern India saw the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. From the 8th to the 10th century the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of south India the Pratihara Dynasty of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Garasia tribal community has gained a place of prominenece in India due to their lifestyle and culture. This garasia tribal community has got concentration in several areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat. As per history, the Garasia tribes are a division of the Rajput community. According to the stories told by locals,in the battle of Haldighati, Maharana pratap’s army got out numbered and defeated by mughals, the soldiers ran into aravalli hills for survival. During Pratap's exile, he received much financial assistance from Bhamashah, a well-wisher. The Bhil tribals of the Aravalli hills provided Pratap with their support during times of war and their expertise in living off the forests during times of peace. Since, then the army never left the hills and been residing since then. ------------------------------------------------- During Pratap's exile, he received much financial assistance from Bhamashah, a well-wisher. The Bhil tribals of the Aravalli hills provided Pratap with their support during times of war and their expertise in living off the forests during times of peace. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Maharana Pratap From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Maharana Pratap singh | The Ruler of Mewar | | Reign | 1568–1597 | Born | May 9, 1540 | Birthplace | kolyari, Kumbhalgarh...
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...India’s Glorious Past – War for wealth & wealth for war India is country known for a rich history of wealth and many small and diverse kingdoms before the British came and stole what was rightfully ours. They who came to trade left with almost all of our money, all our knowledge and left us with a poor understanding of society and new and upcoming inventions and innovations which occurred in the world during that time. India, once called a land of paradise, a land which had wealth not only of monetary value but also in terms of our vast knowledge on science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, trade, architecture, arts and sculpture and many other areas. Indian Kings should the world their wealth by building great many structures, acquiring rare diamonds, breeding white horses and gifting them to all the foreign dignitaries. Although it doesn’t feel like one, India was one of the richest nations in the world up to the 17th Century. In fact most of our country was attacked because of huge amounts of wealth and money that people had here. If history proves anything, it proves that in ancient times, India was the richest country in the world. The fact that she has always been the cynosure of all eyes, Asiatic or European, that people of less favored climes have always cast longing looks on her glittering treasures, and that the ambition of all conquerors has been to possess India, prove that she has been reputed to be the richest country in the world. Her sunny climate, unrivalled...
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...Mansabdari System in Mughal Empire Akbar organized the nobility and his army by means of the Mansabdari system. Every officer was assigned a rank valued in terms of a certain number of mounted soldiers. The ranks normally given to top officers and nobles were valued from 10 to 5000 later raised to 7000.The ranks were divided into two: zat and sawar.Zat means personal where by the status and salary of the individual was fixed. Out of this salary in addition to meeting his own personal expenses, he had to maintain a stipulated quota of horses, elephants, camels, mules and carts. The other rank indicated the number of cavalrymen (sawar) a mansabdar was required to maintain. For every sawar, a mansabdar was paid at a rate of Rs 240 per annum over and above his salary. A person was required to maintain as many sawars as his zat rank was placed in the first category of that rank; if he maintained less than half then in the third category. Thus there were three categories in every rank.No one could have a higher quota of sawars than his zat rank.The mansab was not hereditary. The sawar rank was distinguished by two special features: For every 10 cavalrymen the mansabdar had to maintain 20 horses and a provision was made that the contingents of the nobles should be mixed ones that is drawn from all the groups- Mughal, Pathan, Hindustani and Rajput.This was intended to weaken the spirit of tribal and ethnic exclusiveness. The mansabdars were assigned a jagir in lieu of cash...
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...The Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, built it and it is one example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian and Indian architectural styles. It was built on the south wall of Agra and was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia. Masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers, dome-builders and artisans were summoned from the whole of the empire, Central Asia, and Iran. The translucent white marble was brought from Makrana, Rajasthan, the jasper from Punjab, jade and crystal from China. The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia. In all, twenty eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble. You can see these inlaid stones on the outside and inside of the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal has symmetry in the way it was built, it has cross-axial and bilateral symmetry. There are arches that are all symmetrically placed to each other. Above the arches there are verses from the Quran were inscribed in calligraphy as well as other areas of the complex. There are minarets all around the corners of the building that are also symmetrically placed, they are 40 meters tall and are cylindrical columns with beveled angles. One prominent motif on the Taj Mahal is the lotus. It...
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...and empires -- all of which have left their mark on the countryside. Many historical places in India are listed as World Heritage sites due to their cultural importance. Visit these popular historical places in India and take a trip back in time to ancient India. You'll marvel at the architecture of what are some of the most stunning and captivating historical attractions that India has to offer. Taj Mahal at sunrise - James Gritz/Photographer's Choice RF/Getty Images James Gritz/Photographer's Choice RF/Getty Images 1. The Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal looms fairytale-like from the banks of the Yamuna River. It's actually a tomb that contains the body of Mumtaz Mahal – the wife of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. He had it built as an ode to his love for her. Dating back to 1630 AD, the Taj Mahal is made out of marble and took 22 years and 20,000 workers to complete. One of the most captivating things about it is the way its color appears to gradually alter in the changing light of the day. Taj Mahal Travel Guide 5 Top Places to Stay in Agra Best Delhi to Agra Trains Explore the Golden Triangle in India More » Ads The Triposo Travel App www.triposo.com/free_download 25000 destinations, 6M travelers sharing their experiences with you. Homework help brainly.in 80% question get an answer in 10 min - www.sxc.hu user hde2003 www.sxc.hu user hde2003 2. Hampi Now a laid back village, Hampi was once the last capital of Vijayanagar, one of the greatest Hindu empires in...
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...ruled the Gurjara-Pratihara. From the beginning of the 7th century Rajput kingdoms dominated In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin, in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of some western Punjab region. Eastern Regions of Punjab from Multan to the Rawalpindi in north (Including region of present-day Gujranwala) remained under Rajput rule until 1193. The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire later ruled the region The Punjab became predominantly Muslim, due to missionary Sufits whose dargahs dot the landscape.Gujranwala evolved as a medieval town, and Sufi missionaries converted the local Gurjar population to Islam. Until the arrival of the Muslims little is known about Gujranwala, district gazetteer dates the name "Gujranwala" to about the mid-16th century. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh Empire ruled Gujranwala. The Sikhs dominated the Punjab after the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707. Gujranwala became important during the rule of the father and grandfather of Ranjit Singh, who were born in the city. Ranjit Singh, also born there, became the powerful of the Sikh rulers. Hari Singh Nalwa, military commander of the Sikh army, was credited with building the "new" Gujranwala. The area was captured by the British Empire in 1848. In 1881, a railway line...
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...STORY OF SHIVAJI BHOSLE Shivaji Raje Bhosle was born on 19 February 1630, at the hill fort of Shivneri, near Junnar in the Pune district. He belonged to the Bhosle clan who founded the Maratha empire. Swaraj Empire Shivaji’s father Shahaji served alongside Malik Ambar, who defended the Deccan region, the first to be done by any Maratha against the Mughals. He always tried to free their kingdom from The Sultanate Of Bijapur as well as wanted to throw out the Mughal rule in India and establish a Swaraj Empire. Rajmata Jijabai His mother Jijabai was a pious and far sighted lady. She is regarded to be the master of Shivaji’s bravery. Shivaji was extremely devoted to his mother who was also very deeply religious. This religious environment had a great influence on Shivaji, and he carefully studied the two great Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. The morality and spiritual messages of these epics left a great impression on him. Torna Fort By the age of 16, Shivaji managed to gather a band of fiercely loyal Maratha men and set about conquering nearby lands. Their first triumph was the capture of Torna Fort of the Bijapur Kingdom. By 1647 he had captured Kondana and Rajgad forts and had control of much of the southern Pune region. Battle of Pratapgarh In a bid to contain Shivaji, Adil Shah sent Afzal Khan, an experienced veteran general along with an army of 40,000 men to destroy Shivaji. Upon weighing his options carefully as to what action must be taken, Shivaji...
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...and power in the subcontinent. During the 16th century, its wealth supported the Mughal Empire. Under the Mughal viceroys, art and literature flourished, overland trade expanded and Bengal was opened to world maritime trade - the latter marking the death knell of Mughal power as Europeans began to establish themselves in the region. The Portuguese arrived as early as the 15th century but were ousted in 1633 by local opposition. The East India Company negotiated terms to establish a fortified trading post in Calcutta in 1690. Bengal came into the domain of Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar after the Battle of Tukaroi which was fought in 1575 near the village of Tukaroi now in Balasore District, West Bengal between the Mughals and the Karrani Sultanate of Bengal and Bihar. At that time Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal. But due to its geographical remoteness it was a bit difficult to govern the region. Especially the section east of the Brahmaputra river remained outside the mainstream Mughal influence. The Bengali ethnic and linguistic identity further crystallized during this period, since the whole of Bengal was united under an able and long-lasting administration. Furthermore its inhabitants were given sufficient autonomy to cultivate their own customs and literature. In 1612, during Emperor Jahangir's reign, the defeat of Sylhet completed the Mughal conquest of Bengal with the exception of Chittagong. At this time Dhaka rose in prominence...
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...English courtier, and François Bernier, a French physician offer contrasting accounts of their experiences in the Mughal court of 17th Century India stemming from their differing reasons for traveling to the Subcontinent. A merchant by trade, Sir Thomas Roe is dispatched to India by King James and the East India Company with the express intent of forging an amicable relationship between Britain and India in order to facilitate British trade within India. François Bernier, on the other hand, decides to take up residence in India for a given period of time. Each reflects upon certain practices of the Mughal Empire impacting the economy, but while Roe played the role of an active participant used his travelogue and correspondences to further England’s mission Bernier sought to relieve his aggravation at the structure of the Indian economy through his writing. Sir Thomas Roe keenly describes the awesome the abundance of wealth he encounters during his time as the English ambassador to the Mughal durbar. He is struck by the grandeur and opulence with the palace walls, keenly enumerating the marvelous commodities in possession of the king; finely woven Persian carpets, splendid European paintings, canopies of silk and velvet, a spectacular throne encrusted with gems and various trinkets of gold and silver. Roe mentions that the various treasures amassed by the Mughal empire from all over the world are so innumerable that they constitute an incongruous amalgam “of so diurs pieces,...
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...THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF INDIA: History reports three early civilizations: 1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- (Time period: 2500-1500 BC) It is one of the earliest civilizations. We know about it through excavations. The British told us about this civilization. It was located along the Indus River, as the name suggests, along with its east and west tributaries. It was dotted around 70 centers. Mohenjo-Daro was found near the Indus Delta, and Harappa near Ravi. The Economic characteristics consisted of agriculture (surplus agriculture) in a semi irrigation environment. The surplus came through challenge and technology (flood canals). Crops were grown throughout the year. Other distinguishing characteristics: They lived in urban centers. They had a high standard of living. They were well planned, even in those times. It had a zonal structure. The city was divided into zones. They were layered into functional zones. 1. Religion: they were into worshipping nature. 2. Commercial: Big Square. There were rooms probably shops. 3. Residential: Urban centers were layered in a grid pattern with houses on the grids. (New York today is made on that pattern). They had a high standard of living. Houses were permanent (you can still find the leftover structure). The architecture was permanent. The houses were well ventilated. Air and light used to enter the house. The houses were multi storied with strong foundation. The bricks were made of mud of land but were baked. The drainage...
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...Started with introducing the dramatic centerpiece of late-Mughal garden pavilion in the VMFA’s South Asian collection as a fragmentary used to carry lots of weight, the curator Doctor. Rice brings the magnificent piece into the sight of contemporary art world by presenting it out of the original context of formal garden setting and apart from the architecture ensemble. It gives the audience the chance to do a structure analysis by looking closely to the white marble surfaces and the refined decoration under the distinct context, differentiating from the original aristocratic garden complex. Doctor. Rice explained the three kinds of gardens briefly in Mughal India, the palace garden, garden for pleasure, and the tomb garden. The magnificent rectangular walled garden was built near riverfront not only to appreciate the beauty of the Mother Nature by including the river as part of the aesthetics, but also to draw out the “plan of assembly”, which Doctor. Rice proposes that the physical or three-dimensional representation of the tomb gardens might be a way for the emperors, especially Akbar, to deifying himself and to build the image of mystic diagram. He also presents the timeline of Mughal Empire, from early Babur, who defeated Muslim of Delhi (Sutan), Humayun’s tomb during the great Mughal period, which the economic changes and artistic innovations took place, to Akbar who built the garden from the ground, which was...
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