...BETWEEN LYRICS AND MELODY IN POPULAR MUSIC Eric Nichols1, Dan Morris2, Sumit Basu2, and Christopher Raphael1 1 2 Indiana University Microsoft Research Bloomington, IN, USA Redmond, WA, USA {epnichol,craphael}@indiana.edu ABSTRACT Composers of popular music weave lyrics, melody, and instrumentation together to create a consistent and compelling emotional scene. The relationships among these elements are critical to musical communication, and understanding the statistics behind these relationships can contribute to numerous problems in music information retrieval and creativity support. In this paper, we present the results of an observational study on a large symbolic database of popular music; our results identify several patterns in the relationship between lyrics and melody. 1. INTRODUCTION Popular music uses several streams of information to create an emotionally engaging experience for the listener. Lyrics, melody, chords, dynamics, instrumentation, and other aspects of a song operate in tandem to produce a compelling musical percept. Extensive previous work has explored each of these elements in isolation, and certain relationships among these components – for example, the relationship between melody and chords – have also been addressed in the research community. However, despite their salience and central role in music cognition, lyrics have not been addressed by computational analysis to the same degree as other aspects of popular music. In this study, we examine the relationship...
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...seen roses damask’d, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare. ANALYSIS The renaissance poet worries about finding new ways for expressing the beauty, but also to renew the themes of his works. In this period the poet wants to create a new world of beauty throughout a simple world. An important style of Renaissance Poetry was epic style, and sonnets (Shakespeare). Characteristics include: Rhyme, intensity in feelings, repetition, meter, iambic pentameter. The Renaissance poems came in many languages, commonly Latin, Italian and Greek. Some are translated and being used today as a historical and religious sources. The topics of the poems varied from religion to heroes. Most of the Christian poems talk about how they survived the fall of the Holy Roman Empire. Poems about heroes-heroines were very popular, the most successful is Beowulf. The 11th and 12th centuries were periods where satires, fables, tales, ballads and poetry became exceptionally popular. POEM In the first quatrain, the speaker spends one line on each comparison between his mistress and something else (the sun, coral, snow, and wires--the...
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... And conclude that the new toothpaste leads to reduction in cavities. f. Determine the 95% confidence interval for the population mean, based on the sample mean Solution: Number in the sample n = 60 Population standard deviation σ = 1.12 Mean of the sample = 1.59 Confidence Interval 95% means that α = 1 - .95 = .05, so α = 0.05 It is conventional, however, to state confidence intervals with 95%, not 97.5%, confidence. We can easily create a one-sided 95% confidence interval. To do this, we simply compute a 90% two-sided confidence interval instead of 95%. The critical number corresponding to a proportion to .5 is approximately 1.645 Thus, the 90% confidence interval for the population mean is: Where E=zσn=1.6451.1260≅0.2378 1.59-0.2378<μ<1.59+0.2378...
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...Introduction to World Music Research paper Simply clad in a plain saree with her hair in plaits, the 'Nightingale of India' serves as an inspiration to many. She has been in the music industry since the age of 13 and has sung over 28,000 songs in the past decades. Through her hard work and determination, she has proved that every goal, every dream is achievable. She featured in the Guinness book of world records for having made the most recordings for about 16 years (1974 to 1991). She has also received the Bharat Ratna award which is one of the most prestigious award from the Indian government. She is the fifth woman to receive the award ever, after Indira Gandhi and Mother Teresa (The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of women’s biography, 2005). This paper will henceforth speak about the inspiration and impact that Lata Mangeshkar has had on the entire music industry, making her an unperishable idol in the minds of the Indian public. She was born in a Marathi speaking family, her father was a well renowned theatre actor who used to perform musical plays and was an exceptional Hindustani classical vocalist. Lataji trained with her father in the early stages of her life and became a part of her father’s musical play since she was five years old. She, defined as ‘devi’ (goddess) by everyone in the country is so polite and humble towards her singing that her singing became a sensation and for a lady in the early 40’s and 50’s it’s unusual to have an ambition to make music as their career...
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...Analysis of the text: ``The Importance of Being Earnest´´. ``The Importance of Being Earnest´´ is a comedy written by Oscar Wilde in the year 1894. In the text, Oscar Wilde makes fun of the upper class in the Victorian Age society. The reason why he had written ``The importance of Being Earnest´´ was to irritate the Victorian society. He focused on the term bunburing, which means creating a false person or identity. The creation of a false person and the creation of a false identity take place in the text to masquerade the true intentions of the main characters, Jack and Algernon. There are five characters in this text; Algernon, Lady Braknell, Gwendolyn, Jack and Lane. Algernon, which is the owner of the house the story takes place in, is a bachelor who sometimes leaves London to help a sick friend of his. However, he is bunburying, since he has invented a fictive person, so he could get out off unpleasant situations, especially when it involves his Aunt, Lady Braknell. In this case, Algernon had invented a sick friend by the name of Bunbury, which is funny since the name suggests bunburing. Lady Braknell is the mother of Gwendelyn Fairfax and a perfect example of typical Victorian classism. She doesn’t want her daughter to marry Earnest, because she found out that he was an orphan. Her daughter, Gwendolyn, is in love with Earnest, who also loves her. Although she returns her affection towards Earnest, she is self-centered, since she desires only to marry a man named Earnest:...
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...WHAT SIGNS OF MOD CULTURE ILLUSTRATE A DOMINANCE OF MASCULINE AND EUROPEAN INFLUENCE SEEN THROUGH THE CREATIVE MEDIUMS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, MUSIC AND FASHION? Danny Lowe A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree BA (Hons) Fashion Photography London College of Fashion University of the Arts London Date: 15th April 2012 i Declaration I, Danny Lowe, certify that this is an original piece of work. I have acknowledged all sources and citation. No section of this literature review has been plagiarised. Signed: ….......................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract List of Illustrations Introduction Methodology Literature Review Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Historical and Cultural Contexts – Defining the 'Mod' and Youth Cultures in Post WWII Britain Americanisation – Music, Motives and Movement The Signs of Style iv v vi ix xi xi xvii xxi xxii xxiv xxvi xxviii xxix xxxii Interpretative Analysis Photography: Music: Fashion Conclusion Bibliography Appendix iii Abstract The purpose of this research study is to identify the signs of masculinity and European influence that dominated aspects of 'Modernist', or Mod, culture and lifestyle. The Mod is a British subculture which developed in the 1960's. The first stage of this study involves introducing the subcultural theories attributed to the Mod...
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...SPECTRO MUSIC STUDIO MARKETING PLAN 2009 Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 1 2.0 Situation Analysis 2 2.1 Key political, legal, economic, cultural, social, technological factors affecting product/service 2 2.1.1 Political 2 The business is not affected by any political parties at the moment and business is quite comfortable in current political policies. 2 2.1.2 Legal 2 The legal issues associated with this industry are noise pollutions, childcare and general private small business legal issues. 2 2.1.3 Economic 4 2.1.4 Technological 5 2.1.5 Social and Cultural 6 2.3 Market segment structure/analysis: 7 2.3.1 Size 10 2.3.2 Buyer Criteria 11 2.3.3 Trends / Forecasts 12 2.3.4 Key competitor assessment 13 2.4 Assessment of firm’s experience/ expertise 14 3.0 SWOT Analysis 15 3.1 Strengths / Weaknesses / Opportunities / Threats 15 3.1.1 Strength 16 3.1.2 Weaknesses 19 3.1.3 Opportunities 21 3.1.4 Threats 24 3.2 Implications of SWOT 25 3.2.1 Strengths + Opportunities 25 3.2.2 Weaknesses + Threats 26 4.0 Strategy Evaluation 27 4.1 What is basis of how the firm will compete? 27 4.2 How can this offer be built, delivered, managed? 27 4.3 Positioning issues / options 29 5.0 Distribution Channels: 31 5.1 Existing channels are used by firm 31 5.2 New options for channels of distribution 31 5.3 Recommended Overall Mix 32 6.0 Business Objectives 33 6.1 Financial Objectives 33 6.2 Marketing Objectives 34 6.3 Operational Objectives...
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...Music is unique to human beings. We are the only species on earth capable of making and comprehending music. It has existed since the early stages of human life; it is believed that music was developed before language and speech. It has the power to change our moods and behavior, as well as affect the way we go about the things we are simultaneously doing. Music is constantly changing and evolving, and many times it shapes our current culture. There is argument over whether the music nowadays has a negative effect on America’s youth. Hip-hop takes the blame for many social problems in America, however many people overlook the influence it has and are unwilling to learn what it is about. Music, and more specifically hip-hop, has a positive influence on people and our culture in several different ways, including the way it affects the human brain, and the way it shapes and changes our culture and society as a whole. Music has an effect over people on a neurological level, which goes unnoticed by many. Music makes the human brain operate and can be beneficial at very early stages of brain development. Music helps immensely in learning and memorization; babies can even speed up their auditory comprehension due to musical exposure. Adults speak slowly to babies, annunciate syllables, and emphasize the pitch of their voice according to whether they are saying a demand or a question. For example the pitch of your voice goes up when asking a question and goes down or stays even throughout...
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...Survey of OCR Applications Amarjot Singh, Ketan Bacchuwar, and Akshay Bhasin Abstract—Optical Character Recognition or OCR is the electronic translation of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine translated images. It is widely used to recognize and search text from electronic documents or to publish the text on a website. The paper presents a survey of applications of OCR in different fields and further presents the experimentation for three important applications such as Captcha, Institutional Repository and Optical Music Character Recognition. We make use of an enhanced image segmentation algorithm based on histogram equalization using genetic algorithms for optical character recognition. The paper will act as a good literature survey for researchers starting to work in the field of optical character recognition. Index Terms— Genetic algorithm, bimodal images, Captcha, institutional repositories and digital libraries, optical music recognition, optical character recognition. I. INTRODUCTION Highlight in 1950’s [1], applied throughout the spectrum of industries resulting into revolutionizing the document management process. Optical Character Recognition or OCR has enabled scanned documents to become more than just image files, turning into fully searchable documents with text content recognized by computers. Optical Character Recognition extracts the relevant information and automatically enters it into electronic database instead of the conventional way of...
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...Introduction to Multimedia Systems This Page Intentionally Left Blank Introduction to Multimedia Systems Editors Gaurav Bhatnagar Shikha Mehta Sugata Mitra Centre for Research in Cognitive Systems (CRCS) NIITUd. New Delhi, India ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Cover art: © 2001 John Foxx Images This book is printed on acid-free paper, w Copyright © 2002 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press A division of Harcourt, Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, Cahfomia 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NWl 7BY, UK http ://www. academicpress...
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...preparing to write exams and how to write a multiple choice exam. Our discussion topics included: * Does cramming work? Why/why not? * Does pulling an all-nighter to study for an exam the following day work? Why/why not? * How do you study for an exam? * How do you write a multiple choice exam? * What sources do you use to prepare for an exam? Some responses to, “Why do students cram?” include: * Lazy * Not enough hours in the day * Too many things to do in addition to school work (e.g., work) * Pressure to do so * It works (to a limited degree) Some responses to, “How do you study?” include: * The physical act of handwriting study notes * Listening to music * Philip added that studies like this one suggest that baroque music causes the brain to pay attention * Taking short breaks in between work breaks * Incorporate some activity (e.g., brisk walk to Tim Hortons) during your break * Read your notes aloud * Convert notes to a concept map * Use cue cards * Practice on some tests, which you can find on the Internet or create them yourself or with a study group * Strategically reviewing the course outline to identify important headings. * Philip suggested that students read strategically by starting with the chapter summaries and to focus on topics emphasized by learning objectives throughout their reading Some responses to, “How do you write a multiple choice exam?” include: ...
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...Waiting On the World to Change Same ol’, same ol’. False promises, more talking, less actions, and there is no change. It’s like now a day’s people just sit back and do nothing at all to help with the current situation of the economy and government. Politians persuade you to think like them and say things that just convince you to vote for them. The day comes when your vote puts them in office and they are just sitting there drinking some coffee. That’s the person you voted for. Then again, you turn your television on to see the news, what do you see? War, natural disasters, terrorism, or politians having an affair with their secretary? You don’t see much about how a whole city’s children received a new school funded by a celebrity or having people actually keep their promises. Then there are those who spend every penny on someone whom they do not know in Africa, South America, or in the Middle East to keep them fed and dressed; yet no matter what they do, it just isn’t enough to help them have a better life. Around the world, many foundations’ priority is helping others in need of food, education, and shelter. Those people and foundations are making this world a better place but how come it feels like nothing changes? There is still corruption in governments and awful things going on that it seems for every step forward, the world takes two step back. We aren’t moving forward because no one is totally fulfilling what they are meant to do to change the world. Yes, I am guilty...
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...eBusiness Research Paper The content regulation of the Internet has become the fore of public debate as an issue that both government and Net users are concerned about. Many companies have benefited from the use of e-Business in terms of revenue, capturing its marketing mix and driving shareholder value. However, governmental regulation can have a major effect on both the strategy and financial survival of e-Business. As technology continue to evolve at a rapid pace, governmental regulation struggles to keep up with its pace (McGraw-Hill). This paper will outline legal and regulatory issues with E-Business. Ethical issues such as invasion of privacy and deceptive advertising will be addressed. An e-Business failure and “Managing a Retail Website” simulation will be discussed that will include challenges that was faced and offering recommendations to overcome those challenges. In the beginning of the Internet era, there was no kind of regulation in place. As the internet and e-Business started to expand rapidly, government struggled in determining how rules and regulations would a key role in online business practices. In our text, its states new technology and the lack of physical borders associated with the Internet are changing the way societies are looking at laws (McGraw-Hill). Because of hacking and cyber crime which continue to become more common and complicated, it is necessary to set standards in order for business to continue to thrive. There are several key regulatory...
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...improves the skills of individual. With the ever increasing population of computer technology, it is almost impossible to find an educational establishment that does not use it. Computers are becoming a more and more important within education as both a learning tool for students and for keeping records of all individuals at the school. Computers allow students to access more information more easily and the introduction of the internet means that this information is available to hand 24/7. Whether this is a good prospect or not is something that is debated frequently. For every factual and accurate piece of information that can be found on the internet, there are ten false ones. This has lead to a demand for school based websites and computer software that students can use without the risk of being fed false information. Computers allow students to collect this data quickly and efficiently and learn skills such as finding relevant information and producing it in a way that can be read by others. As most students will...
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...Roger Scruton’s Arguments About Beauty In his book, “Beauty”, Roger Scruton does not simply define what beauty is. Rather, he poses a couple of questions: Are there reasons that explain why a work of art is more preferred than another work? And if so, are there certain judgments to be made about works of arts in general? Ultimately in his book, Scruton makes the argument that aesthetic judgments can and should be made. In doing so, he suggests that universal standards of taste and beauty are valuable. Furthermore, Scruton provides evidence for the idea that since the early 20th century, there have been multiple challenges against these universal standards and that there has been a “flight from beauty” which can be seen in various works in the current Jeff Koons and Nam June Paik exhibitions. Scruton presents the idea that the judgment of beauty entails describing the object presented for what it is. He states that in beauty, judgment focuses on the object judged, not the subject who judges. For example, when Scruton describes something as “beautiful”, he is describing it as opposed to his feelings toward that something and in doing so, he is making a claim others would agree with. This is unlike the judgment of things that are enjoyable: these types of judgments – things that are right to enjoy and things that are wrong to enjoy – are judgments that focus on the state of mind of the subject rather than the quality of the object itself.[1] Jeff Koons’ series, Gazing...
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