...4 6. What is the maximum of covalency of N? Ans. 4 8. What is the gas evolved when ammonium dichromate is heated? Ans. N2 9. What is the catalyst used in the conversion of ammonia to nitric oxide? Ans Pt-Rh 10. Which is the stablest form of phosphorous? Ans Black Phosphorous 11. What is the product formed by the hydrolysis of PCl3? Ans. Phosphorous acid 12. What is the product formed by the hydrolysis of PCl5? Ans. Phosphoric acid 13. in which chemical form PCl5 exists in solid state? Ans. [(PCl4+)][(PCl6-)] 14. What are chalcogens? Ans. Elements of group 16 are called chalcogens. 15. what is gypsum? Ans. CaSO4.2H2O 16. what is Epsom salt? Ans. MgSO4.7H2O 17. How many sulphur atoms in a sulphur molecule? Ans. 8 18. Which is the radioactive element in halogens? Ans. astatine 19. Which is the radioactive element in chalcogens? Ans. Polonium. 20. Which is the radioactive element in noble gases? Ans. Radon. 21. What happens when mercuric oxide is heated? Ans. Mercury is formed. 22. What happens when silver oxide is heated? Ans. silver is formed. 23. What is Oleum? Ans. H2S2O7 24. Give an example of a nonmetal which exists as a liquid at room temperature. Ans. Bromine 25. What is the formula of the first noble gas compound prepared? Ans....
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... | |Iodine |Dark Grey/Violet Solid |Purple/Violet | |Astatine |Black Solid |Dark Purple | The halogens become darker as you go down the group. Fluorine is very pale yellow, chlorine is yellow-green and bromine is red-brown. Iodine crystals are shiny purple-black but easily turn into a dark purple vapour when they are warmed up. Common properties The halogens have the following properties in common: • they are non-metals • they have low melting and boiling points • they are brittle when solid • they are poor conductors of heat and electricity • they have coloured vapours • their molecules each contain two atoms (they are diatomic) Similarities |Halogen |Atomic Number |Electronic Configuration |Formula | |Fluorine |9 |2, 7...
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...CHE0315 DISADVANTAGES OF FIREWORKS ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Name of Group Member 1. Nur Izzati binti Abdul Latif 153692 2. Nurhalida binti Abdul Rasid 154082 3. Aifa Syazwani bt Awang Damit 150415 4. Sarah Atiqah bt Abdul Rahim 155656 Group Number: 09 Name of Lecturer: Asiah binti Mohd Shafiee Course: Allied Health Science Semester: 1 PROJECT PLANNING OBJECTIVES. 1. To analyze the function of every substance in the fireworks. 2. To study the properties of substance that cause damage towards health and environment. 3. To find the solution on how to reduce the damage of fireworks. 4. To investigate the rate of damage that cause by fireworks to health and environment. DIVISION OF WORKS. Name Tasks | Nur Izzati bt Abdul Latif. | Nurhalida bt Abdul Rashid | Aifa Syazwani bt Awang Damit | Sarah Atiqah bt Abdul Rahim. | Objectives | | | * | | Division of work | * | | | | Timeline | | * | | | Introduction | * | | | | Discussion of Issues | * * History of fireworks. * Development of fireworks. | * * Properties of fireworks. | * * The type of fireworks. | * * How do fireworks work. | Analysis of Issues | | * * Disadvantages...
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...Week 3 (early feedback) 30 mins to complete Opens 3pm Tuesday 10th Closes 3am Thursday 12th Quiz b Week 7 semesters Week 3 up to lecture 16 (muscles) 60 mins marked out of 50 Worksheet questions (30%) due week 11 of sem Set of questions provided online in week 8 Week 1-10 Final exam Mix mcq and sa Material from whole semester Higher weighting of 11 &12 Feedback about progress: Quizzes weekly Review assessments EIP BIOL 121 TUTORIAL 1 CHEMISTRY: Reading: pages 53-61 notes * Science of structure that deals with matter. * Defined as anything that takes up space and has mass. * Smallest units of matter = atoms * Everything is composed of atoms. * Atoms are composed of subatomic particles inc ( protons +) neutrons (neutral) (electrons -) * Atoms contain = numbers of protons + electrons * Number of protons = atomic number * Electrons travel around nucleus at...
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...What is a free radical (IN YOUR OWN WORDS)? A A free radical is a highly reactive atom with an unpaired electron. (a) Why are they harmful to the human body? Free radicals target many macro molecules in the body. They age the body by attacking cells, they are also involved in the progression of many diseases. (b) What environmental factors generate free radicals? Some environmental factors that generate free radicals include being around cigarette smoke, polluted environments, and radiation. (c) List 3 ways we can protect ourselves against free radical damage. You can protect yourself against free radical damage by including more antioxidants in your diet, drinking unchlorinated water, and by exercising more. 25 Points 2. The Dietary...
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...Basically, any two different kinds of metal can be placed in a conducting solution and you get a battery. Familiar homemade batteries include sticking copper and zinc strips into a lemon or a potato to make a battery. One quick battery is made from a soda can, the soda from the can, and some copper. Click on image for a larger picture The photo above shows a battery made by placing a strip of copper and a strip of aluminum into a glass of Coca-Cola (I used the sugar-free cherry flavored variety because that's what I found in the refrigerator). You can make the aluminum strip by cutting open the can. You will need some sandpaper to sand off the paint and plastic coating from the aluminum before using it. Or you can get strips of aluminum already free of coatings from a hardware store, or from our catalog. You can get copper flashing from a hardware store and cut out a strip of it, or you can use a bunch of copper wire (the more surface area exposed to the liquid, the more electrical current is produced). Or, as before, you can get pre-cut strips from our catalog. The aluminum-copper-coke battery will produce about three quarters of a volt. Click on image for a larger picture Using a zinc strip instead of the aluminum produces a little over a volt in the copper-zinc-coke battery. That zinc should work better than aluminum in a battery is a little surprising, since aluminum is normally more reactive than zinc, but in this cell I suspect the aluminum has an oxide coating that is interfering...
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...Alkalis are substances that form hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)) in water eg sodium hydroxide NaOH gives Na+(aq) and OH-(aq) ions, calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gives Ca2+(aq) and 2OH-(aq) ions. Note: an alkali is a base soluble in water. o In water, there are trace quantities of H+ and OH- ions BUT they are of equal concentration and so water is neutral. o In acid solutions there are more H+ ions than OH- ions. o In alkaline solution there are more OH- ions than H+ ions. o Acids dissociate to different extents in aqueous solution. Acids that dissociate to a large extent are strong electrolytes and strong acids. In contrast, acids that dissociate only to a small extent are weak acids and weak electrolytes In a similar manner, bases can be strong or weak depending on the extent to which they dissociate and produce OH– ions in solution. Most metal hydroxides are strong electrolytes and strong bases. Ammonia, NH3, is a weak electrolyte and weak base. o BASES eg oxides and hydroxides are substances that react and neutralise acids to form salts and water. Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. Acids Some common acids are listed below: Name Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Ethanoic (acetic) acid Methanoic (formic) acid Citric Acid Formula HCl H2SO4 HNO3 CH3COOH HCOOH C6H8O7 Strong/Weak Strong Strong Strong Weak Weak Weak Where is it found? The stomach, in the lab. Acid rain, car batteries, the lab. Acid rain, in the lab. Vinegar Ant & nettle stings, descalers...
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...Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms, structures, and so on, You need to know the material so thoroughly that you can This level of understanding comes to most of us Only by writing the explain it to someone else. (those of us without photographic memories) through writing. reaction mechanisms do we pay sufficient attention to their details: 1) which atoms are connected to which atoms. 2) which bonds break in...
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...Module 3 Waves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Topic: Waves 1. What is a wave? A wave is vibration that travels and all waves are created by something vibrating. Waves transport energy but do not transport mass. 2. Describe the following terms associated with waves: a. amplitude height of wave b. wavelength length of a wave c. frequency number of waves per second (Hz) d. period how long a wave lasts when it arrives at a fixed point (measured in seconds) 3. What are radio waves? An electromagnetic wave of a frequency used for long distant communication. 4. Explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave, and give examples of each. In a longitudinal wave, the vibration travels in the same direction that wave travels. Examples of longitudinal waves include: Sound, p-waves (earthquakes) In a transverse wave, the vibration direction is perpendicular to direction that wave travels. Examples include: Light/electromagnetic, (radio, microwave, xray, etc.), water waves, swaves (earthquakes). The major difference between longitudinal and transverse waves is their direction. Longitudinal waves move left to right while transverse waves move up and down. 5. Compare and contrast: light waves vs. sound waves Light waves are transverse and sound waves are longitudinal. Light waves can travel through a vacuum but sound waves cannot. Speed of light is nearly 300 million m/s while sound has a speed of about 340 m/s...
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...Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 1 - HOMEMADE BATTERIES Making and evaluating homemade batteries Author Ken Gadd, 4science, Stratford sub Castle, SP1 3YP, UK; ken@4science.org.uk Languages available English, Slovenian Summary Batteries power most of the portable electrical and electronic devices we use. Different types are available, suited for different uses. Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. You can make a battery from a lemon, a piece of zinc and a piece of copper. So why don’t we use this instead of buying batteries from shops? In this activity you find out. You also explore other homemade batteries, including a seawater battery made by scientists in the BBC TV programme Rough Science. The purpose is to explore the potential of low technology homemade batteries as emergency power supplies. Activity type H Use of scientific knowledge and understanding to solve problems Working in teams to solve problems Communication Resource/budget management Time and workload management Techniques Field Electrochemistry Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 2 - Time Practical lessons: 600 minutes Theory lessons: 120 minutes Out of class time: 360 minutes StandardBase procedures None StandardBase techniques None Other resources Zavod za šolstvo, Ljubljana (The National Education Institute of the Republic of Slovenia), http://www.zrss.si/ Other resources are listed in the activity...
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...Organic Chemistry Second Edition The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Bioinformatics Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Developmental Biology Ecology 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Plant Biology Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Forthcoming titles Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Organic Chemistry Second Edition G. L. Patrick Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Paisley University, Paisley, Scotland This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore. tandf.co.uk.” © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004 First published 2000 Second edition published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-42761-0 Master e-book...
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...its interactions. Everything around you is made of atoms – atoms and their chemical combinations, molecules. Everything you can see, touch, smell, and taste is made up of chemicals. So, the science of chemistry is a very wide ranging science. Parts can concentrate on how interactions of atoms and molecules allow the nerves in your body to conduct electrical signals. Other parts might concentrate on analyzing clues left by a burglar in order to help the police solve a crime. Still, other parts of chemistry might be involved in making new polymers that might be used by the fashion industry to make more colorful and longer wearing fabrics. If you have access to a computer and the internet, there are a number of excellent tutoring sites to help students gain a better understanding of chemistry. One of the better sites for middle school students Is: www.chem4kids.com/ This site is written at middle school level and has a number of on-line tests that you can use to check your understanding of the material. Several other good internet sites are: http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistry101/Chemistry_101_Introduction_to_Chemistry.html - Chemistry 101 - a collection of articles and on-line help sites in chemistry http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/indexl.htm - ChemWeb on line - an introductory chemistry course on line http://library.thinkquest.org/2923/ - Chemistry Tutor – on line help for chemistry So, let’s get started. If you want to review chemistry for 8th grade...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
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...make sure you have not left anything out Remember to use key words when appropriate Things to remember when marking 6 mark exam questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Use a green pen Read through the science points at the bottom of the mark scheme first In the answer put ticks to show where the marks are coming from Mark for spelling and grammar by circling the word or part of the text and writing above it as follows: • • • • 5. 6. 7. 8. Spelling mistake (Sp) Missing full stop (Gr) Missing capital letter (Gr) Poor grammar (Gr) Cross out any bits that are irrelevant to the question Add up their total number of marks If there are more than three spelling or grammar errors minus one mark Leave constructive feedback Biology Cells Tissues & Organs Summary All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. To get into or out of cells, dissolved substances have to cross the cell membranes. Cells Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following parts: o nucleus o cytoplasm o cell membrane o mitochondria o ribosomes Plant and algal cells also have: o cell wall o chloroplasts o permanent vacuole What do these structures do? Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell. Cytoplasm – where most of the chemical reactions take place. Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell....
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...wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside the realm of science. 11 Science, art, and religion can work very well together; like strings on a guitar, when played together, the chord they produce can be a chord of profound richness. 12 Science is concerned with gathering knowledge and organizing it. Technology lets humans use that knowledge for practical purposes, and it provides the instruments scientists need to conduct their...
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