...Myocardial Infarction Mr. X., aged 55 years, arrives at the emergency department with severe chest pain. He appears very anxious, and his facial skin is cool and clammy. His blood pressure is 90/60, and his pulse around 90, weak, and irregular. He is given oxygen, and intravenous line is opened, and leads for ECG are attached. Blood is taken for determination of serum enzymes and electrolytes. Tentative diagnosis is myocardial infarction involving the left ventricle. His wife arrives and, in response to questions, indicates that her husband is a heavy cigarette smoker, prefers a diet of fried foods and meat (he is obese), and had complained periodically of indigestion, with brief episodes of epigastric pain. He also seemed to be more fatigued at night recently but was very busy at work. He was fearful of heart disease because his father had died of a heart attack. He had also noticed more fatigue and intermittent leg pain when playing golf recently. Generalized atherosclerosis is suspected. 1. List the high-risk factors for atherosclerosis in this patient’s history. The high-risk factors for the atherosclerosis in the patient’s history include smoking, obesity, and a diet high in cholesterol and animal fat. Other factors include past history of heart disease and heart attack 2. Describe how atherosclerosis caused myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis caused myocardial infarction by causing a build up of plaque occurring in five different phases over...
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...Myocardial Infarction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States; approximately 500,000-700,000 deaths related to the coronary artery occur each year. Approximately 1.5 million cases of myocardial infarction occur annually in the United States. Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia. This usually results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, which is most often caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. Patients with typical myocardial infarction may have the following prodromal symptoms: Intense sharp chest pain, radiation of chest pain up to neck, shoulder, jaw and down left arm, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation or flutter, Coughing, wheezing, Fever, Fatigue, chest discomfort, and Malaise. Atherosclerosis is the disease primarily responsible almost 90% of myocardial infarctions that result from an acute thrombus that obstructs an atherosclerotic coronary artery. Plaque rupture and erosion are considered to be the major triggers for coronary thrombosis. Following plaque erosion or rupture, platelet activation and aggregation, coagulation pathway activation, and endothelial vasoconstriction occur, leading to coronary thrombosis and occlusion. The damage in the myocardium is essentially the result of a tissue response that...
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...The leading cause of death in the United States is heart disease, which is often manifested as a myocardial infarction (MI). One of the most damaging types of myocardial infarctions is a STsegment elevation MI (STEMI) which indicates a block of blood flow to the entire thickness of the myocardial wall. In the treatment of STEMIs, quick reperfusion has the potential to save cardiac muscle. The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) reperfusion guidelines recommend a door-to-balloon time (DTBT) of less than 90 minutes for all STEMI patients presenting to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capable hospitals and less than 120 minutes for those same patients presenting to non-PCI hospitals (1). The DTBT of...
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...Every forty four seconds, someone in the United States has a heart attack. Each year, about seven hundred and fifteen thousand people have a heart attack. Myocardial Infarction literally means “death of the heart muscle”. Myocardial Infarction, a heart attack, occurs when the coronary arteries, that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart, is cut off. This happens when the arteries are blocked by plaque. Once the plaque is formed in the artery, there is no way for blood to get around it and all the blood gets backed up trying to find an alternate route to the heart. Once the plaque breaks, a blood clot forms around it and prevents blood flow. Cardiac Ischemia takes place when the blood loses its source of oxygen. If the heart goes too long without...
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...Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Topic: Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction 1 Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................3 Patient’s profile..............................................................................................................4 Pathophysiology...............................................................................................................................5 Clinical manifestations...................................................................................................................6 Short of breath and ‘light headed’...................................................................................................6 Nauseous and uncomfortable feeling...............................................................................................6 Crushing substernal chest pain .......................................................................................................6 Modifiable and Non-modifiable risk factors.................................................................7 Laboratory tests results and ECG findings................................................................................7 ECG (Electrocardiogram)....................................................................
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...For the purpose of this assignment the author will discuss the pathophysiology of a myocardial infarction and will give an in-depth discussion of one central aspect of care and in this assignment the author has chosen the management of anxiety. Due to word restrictions a brief mention will be given to the other aspects of care. Ischaemia is a term which is used to describe the deficiency in blood supply to any part of the body. In ischaemic heart disease there is a deficiency in the blood supply to the heart muscle which can be caused by an obstruction to, or even a narrowing of the coronary arteries. This in turn reduces the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the heart muscle. Without an optimum oxygen supply the heart muscle is unable to function efficiently.(Boersma et al 2003) There are three ways in which an infarction may develop. 1) The narrowing and hardening of arteries is caused by degenerative changes and also the build up of cholesterol and other fatty deposits which occur in the vessel wall. Plaques which then develop and subsequently become ‘calcified or fibrotic’ is through a process known as atherosclerosis. The atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery. The presence of the plaques causes the linings of the artery walls to become roughened and this in turn reduces the size of the lumen and eventually occludes it. As circulation slows down there is a strong possibility of thrombus formation. Should a coronary artery become...
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...1. Describe nursing care of the post angioplasty patient. A coronary angioplasty is a procedure to open an area of the arterial blockage in the heart that has become narrowed. This allows better blood flow through the artery and to the heart muscle. It is often done with a catheter that has an inflatable small sausage-shaped balloon at its tip. Coronary angioplasty is being increasingly used as a treatment for coronary artery disease; the proper evaluation and management of patients after the procedure are important issues. Although coronary angioplasty is a complex technical procedure, the methods routinely used to evaluate its results have many limitations. The management of the patient during the first 24 hours after angioplasty should focus on the prevention, detection, and if necessary treatment of acute vessel closure. Assessment: When the patient returns from the cardiac catheterization laboratory, the stability of the patient should be established initially. This will include, but is not limited to, EKG, vital signs, oxygenation level, urine output, cardiac, respiratory, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and gentle urinary assessment. Particular attention must be paid to the peripheral vascular assessment of the lower extremities. Often the patient may return from the cardiac catheterization laboratory with a sheath in place. If this is the case, the institutional procedures for caring for sheaths should be applied. Some institutions, may allow the nurse to remove that...
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...Myocardial Infarction (MI), or commonly known heart attack, is still a major cause of deaths and disabilities that fear us all. Discovering key factors of myocardial infarction and its effects on human body, could help and inspire any individual to implement a healthier lifestyle to reduce the risk of getting a heart attack. Heart attack are more common than ever. They could happen to any age man or woman, and here are few things we should pay attention to in our day to day lives. Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow stops being delivered to the heart, causing the damage of the heart muscle, that is what we call a heart attack. The lack of blood flow is usually cause by the blood clots to the heart. As we all know, no blood flow to the cells, equals dead cells, dead cells lead to dead tissues, dead tissues defect organs, and obviously heart is the main and most important organ for living of a human body. How can we know someone has a lack of blood flow in heart, or simple how can we know someone is having a heart attack?...
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...In a myocardial infarction (MI), also commonly referred to as “heart attack,” part of the coronary circulation becomes blocked (one of the arteries that supply the heart muscle becomes blocked), so that the death of cardiac muscle cells due to lack of oxygen. Infarction means the death of an affected tissue, which is a nonfunctional area, cause of interrupted blood supply. It most commonly results from severe coronary artery disease. The consequences depend on the blockage, which may be caused by vasospasm, which is spasm of the artery stimulated by mediators released from platelets, or by atherosclerosis with acute clot formation. The blockage results a permanent loss of contraction of that portion of the heart muscle. Because the heart tissue distal to the obstruction dies and is replaced by non-contractile scar tissue, the heart muscle loses some of its strength and finally its contractile function stops. Thus, an acute myocardial...
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...Back Ground: Despite impressive strides in diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction in the past three decades, acute myocardial infarction continues to be a major health problem. About 50% of death from acute myocardial infarction occur within 1hr of the event and are attributable to arrhythmias most often ventricular fibrillation. Ischaemic injury can produce conduction blocks at any level of the atrioventricular or Intraventricular conduction systems. Such conduction block can occur in the atrioventricular node producing various grades of AV block. Conduction block can occur in either main bundle branch producing right or left bundle branch block or in the anterior and posterior fascicle of left bundle branch, producing left anterior &left posterior...
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...Beta Blockers After Myocardial Infarction Clinical Scenario The acute care nurse practitioner on the cardiology service treats a 67 year-old-male admitted after recovering from an acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). His risk factors include obesity, Type II diabetes mellitus, and family history. Upon exam the patient asks why he has not been started on a beta blocker yet. He explains further that when his brother had a “heart attack” in 2005, he was immediately placed on a beta blocker because the cardiologist reported how beta blockers reduce mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). The patient wants to know if a beta blocker would reduce his chance of mortality? Using the Patient-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome (PICO) format we formulated the following question. In a 67-year-old male with multiple co-morbidities with MI (P), does treatment with a beta blocker (I), compared with no beta blocker or placebo (O), reduce mortality rate (O)? Risk Factors, Incidence and Prevalence of Disease * US incidence rates of cardiovascular disease, including MI, are seen in men more than women (Alexander et al., 2007). This trend is also true in Utah ("Impact of heart," 2007). * The incidence rates of cardiovascular disease increase with age (Alexander et al., 2007). * Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include not eating enough fruits and vegetables, lack of physical exercise, smoking cigarettes and the co-morbidities of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia...
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...ACMS 6001 Introduction to Applied Critical Evaluation Module Plan Semester One, January 2012 (On-line delivery) Week | Topic (Discussion Thread) | Closing Date for Posting Response | Date of Feedback by Tutor | Assignment Dates | Wk 1. Mon 16th January | Skills Audit self assessment | Not posted. Used for first part of assignment | | Assignment A 10th FebruaryAssignment B 27th February | Wk 2. Mon 23rd January | Reflection | By 29th January | By 3rd February | | Wk 3. Monday 30th January | Critical Reading / Critical Thinking. Referencing Technique | By 5th February | By 7th February | | Wk 4. Monday 6th February | Information and How to Search for it | By 12th February | By 15th February | | Wk 5. Monday 13th February | Evaluating the Quality of Information | By 19th February | By 21st February | | Wk 6. Monday 20th February | | | | | N.B. Feedback to threads will be given as group feedback and will be posted within the announcements page of the module Blackboard site. Where necessary students will be emailed individually if specific issues need to be addressed. Week 1. Attend classroom workshop, 10 – 4pm: 16 January in Carlisle, 17 January Lancaster Activity – Skills audit self assessment. To be discussed with Personal Tutor by 30th January Week 2. Activity – Read resources on reflection within learning resources for the module. Thread - In a maximum of 300 words, prepare a reflective account of experience of undertaking the skills...
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...The physiological and social effects that a myocardial infarction can have on a patient can be very debilitating not only for the patient but for the caretaker as well. Having a heart attack is very scary for both patient as well as the patient's entire family. The patient can suffer from depression. “Having a heart attack can be frightening and traumatic, and it is common to have feelings of anxiety afterwards. For many people, the emotional stresses can cause them to feel depressed and tearful” (NHS, 2014). These patients may need extra care to assist them in their daily activities as well as some counseling to assist them with their emotional capabilities as well. Patients who have suffered from a myocardial infarction may have a constant...
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...intake. The genomic effect of aldosterone increases renal sodium transport, but the administration of large doses of aldosterone to normal individuals does not cause edema, relating to the phenomenon of "aldosterone escape"; however, in edematous disorders including cardiac failure, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome, impaired aldosterone escape leads to renal sodium retention and edema formation. There is now considerable evidence for the nongenomic effects of aldosterone in several important diseases. Thus, low dosages of mineralocorticoid antagonists, with little or no effect on urinary sodium excretion, have been shown to afford a beneficial effect on morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced cardiac failure and after acute myocardial infarction. Three-drug-resistant hypertension has also been found to respond to spironolactone in modest dosages. The combination of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) with spironolactone to treat such resistant hypertension may be more effective than adding an angiotensin receptor blocker to an ACEI. The role of spironolactone has also been shown to decrease albuminuria in chronic kidney disease including diabetic nephropathy in the presence of maximal dosages of ACEI. The effect of aldosterone in metabolic...
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...Women and Heart Disease Coppin State University Abstract Heart disease is a leading cause of death for women and men worldwide. Women are more vulnerable to myocardial infarction because of the size of their coronary arteries. They have unique risk factors such as a high level of cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking that cause heart disease, which leads to the high mortality rate. To reduce the high mortality rate among women, nurses must play their roles as educators because they interact frequently with patient, moreso than any other health care workers. Nurses must educate their patients on how to prevent the risk factors of heart disease. In order to reduce the high mortality rate due to MI in women, the Obama administration implemented the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), popularly called t "Obama Care". This policy has mandated that insurance companies cover important preventive care at no cost, which will help eliminate the expensive bills that would have been incurred. As a future nurse, I would address the issue of heart disease by providing qualitative education and creating awareness of the causes and preventive measures of heart diseases. Keywords: Affordable Care Act, Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, "Obama Care", and Women's Health. Introduction Although both men and women have increased mortality rates due to heart disease in the United States, women have the higher rate and carry a heavier cardiovascular burden...
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