...Myocardial Infarction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States; approximately 500,000-700,000 deaths related to the coronary artery occur each year. Approximately 1.5 million cases of myocardial infarction occur annually in the United States. Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia. This usually results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, which is most often caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. Patients with typical myocardial infarction may have the following prodromal symptoms: Intense sharp chest pain, radiation of chest pain up to neck, shoulder, jaw and down left arm, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation or flutter, Coughing, wheezing, Fever, Fatigue, chest discomfort, and Malaise. Atherosclerosis is the disease primarily responsible almost 90% of myocardial infarctions that result from an acute thrombus that obstructs an atherosclerotic coronary artery. Plaque rupture and erosion are considered to be the major triggers for coronary thrombosis. Following plaque erosion or rupture, platelet activation and aggregation, coagulation pathway activation, and endothelial vasoconstriction occur, leading to coronary thrombosis and occlusion. The damage in the myocardium is essentially the result of a tissue response that...
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...physiological and social effects that a myocardial infarction can have on a patient can be very debilitating not only for the patient but for the caretaker as well. Having a heart attack is very scary for both patient as well as the patient's entire family. The patient can suffer from depression. “Having a heart attack can be frightening and traumatic, and it is common to have feelings of anxiety afterwards. For many people, the emotional stresses can cause them to feel depressed and tearful” (NHS, 2014). These patients may need extra care to assist them in their daily activities as well as some counseling to assist them with their emotional capabilities as well. Patients who have suffered from a myocardial infarction may have a constant...
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...Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Topic: Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction 1 Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................3 Patient’s profile..............................................................................................................4 Pathophysiology...............................................................................................................................5 Clinical manifestations...................................................................................................................6 Short of breath and ‘light headed’...................................................................................................6 Nauseous and uncomfortable feeling...............................................................................................6 Crushing substernal chest pain .......................................................................................................6 Modifiable and Non-modifiable risk factors.................................................................7 Laboratory tests results and ECG findings................................................................................7 ECG (Electrocardiogram)....................................................................
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...Pathology: Myocardial Infarction Name University Objectives 1. Discuss myocardial infarction and its pathogenesis. 2. Describe the sequence of changes involved in myocardial infarction. 3. List the major physiologic and morphologic complications of myocardial infarction. 4. Describe management of myocardial infarction. 5. Discuss patient teaching of myocardial infarction. Definition Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is an irreversible necrosis of the heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia. This usually results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand, which is most often caused by plaque rupture with thrombus formation in a coronary vessel, resulting in an acute reduction of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. (Zafari, 2011) Etiology The etiology of MI is predominantly from atherosclerosis i.e. coronary artery narrowing due to plaque formation. Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis includes: age, sex, family history of premature coronary heart disease, etc. Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis includes: smoking or other tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and/or lack of exercise, psychosocial stress, poor oral hygiene, etc. Non-atherosclerotic causes of MI include the following: • Coronary occlusion secondary to vasculitis • Ventricular hypertrophy (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy, idiopathic hypertrophic...
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...Myocardial Infarction (MI), or commonly known heart attack, is still a major cause of deaths and disabilities that fear us all. Discovering key factors of myocardial infarction and its effects on human body, could help and inspire any individual to implement a healthier lifestyle to reduce the risk of getting a heart attack. Heart attack are more common than ever. They could happen to any age man or woman, and here are few things we should pay attention to in our day to day lives. Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow stops being delivered to the heart, causing the damage of the heart muscle, that is what we call a heart attack. The lack of blood flow is usually cause by the blood clots to the heart. As we all know, no blood flow to the cells, equals dead cells, dead cells lead to dead tissues, dead tissues defect organs, and obviously heart is the main and most important organ for living of a human body. How can we know someone has a lack of blood flow in heart, or simple how can we know someone is having a heart attack?...
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...Ectopic pregnancy, Tension Pneumothorax and Myocardial Infarction Presenting complaint, history of presenting complaint and physical findings Name: Tashaine Campbell Date: March 27, 2013 Class: Practice of Medicine An ectopic pregnancy is one in which the fertilized egg attaches itself in a place other than inside the uterus. Almost all (more than 95 percent) ectopic pregnancies occur in a fallopian tube; hence the term "tubal" pregnancy. Rarely, the egg may implant elsewhere, such as in the abdomen, ovary, or cervix. Presenting complaint: Miss Mao who is 25 years old, complains of a "sharp and stabbing abdominal pain" accompanied by dizziness and eventual loss of consciousness/syncope. She also has been experiencing bleeding. History of presenting complaint/Illness: * She suddenly experienced a sharp right pain localized to the right iliac area, intensity described as 10/10, with radiation to the tip of the right shoulder. * There was accompanying nausea, dizziness and eventual fainting/loss of consciousness. * Most commonly presents 6–8 weeks after last menstrual period. * Classic triad: Pregnant, bleeding or spotting, pelvic pain. * Rupture causes sudden increase in pain, dizziness, and anemia leading to shock and cardiovascular collapse. * Some degree of intermittent abdominal pain in the past 2 weeks, which had initially been dull, but intensity has become much sharper and episodic. * She described...
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...Myocardial Infarction Mr. X., aged 55 years, arrives at the emergency department with severe chest pain. He appears very anxious, and his facial skin is cool and clammy. His blood pressure is 90/60, and his pulse around 90, weak, and irregular. He is given oxygen, and intravenous line is opened, and leads for ECG are attached. Blood is taken for determination of serum enzymes and electrolytes. Tentative diagnosis is myocardial infarction involving the left ventricle. His wife arrives and, in response to questions, indicates that her husband is a heavy cigarette smoker, prefers a diet of fried foods and meat (he is obese), and had complained periodically of indigestion, with brief episodes of epigastric pain. He also seemed to be more fatigued at night recently but was very busy at work. He was fearful of heart disease because his father had died of a heart attack. He had also noticed more fatigue and intermittent leg pain when playing golf recently. Generalized atherosclerosis is suspected. 1. List the high-risk factors for atherosclerosis in this patient’s history. The high-risk factors for the atherosclerosis in the patient’s history include smoking, obesity, and a diet high in cholesterol and animal fat. Other factors include past history of heart disease and heart attack 2. Describe how atherosclerosis caused myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis caused myocardial infarction by causing a build up of plaque occurring in five different phases over...
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...Cardiovascular system It consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins). The heart It is a muscle that functions as an extremely powerful pump to drive blood through the arteries and suck the blood from the veins come. The size of the fist, weighs about 300 grams and pump 5 liters of blood per minute. The heart represents only 0.4% of total body weight but consumes 10% of the oxygen provided by breathing. Arteries These are the vessels that carry blood from the heart to all organs. The transported blood through the arteries carries oxygen to organs and provides essential nutrients for their proper functioning. Veins These are the vessels that carry blood from the organs to the heart. The blood transported through the veins is...
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...died of myocardial infarction at age 52 - mother is 73 and in good health Social History: - moderately heavy social drinker - 2-3 beers after work - 5-6 beers per day on weekends - smokes a pack of cigarettes a day - married with two children - finances are stable History of Present Illness: - woke up at 4am with pressure in his chest, described as “worst indigestion I ever had” - sweaty and slightly short of breath - achy, heavy feeling in his right arm - ate pizza before bed (unhealthy) - took four Rolaids initially - didn't bring any relief - sitting made the pressure settle down - he was clammy - pressure on his chest persistently for approximately two hours - put on oxygen mask - nurses concerned about his EKG - EKG showed 1 cm ST elevation on leads V2,3,4,5 with slight ST depression on leads 2,3 and AVF Physical Examination: - heart rate was 110 (high heart rate) - respiratory rate was 22 (high respiratory rate. Should be 16-20) - blood pressure was 160/100 (high bp) - sweaty, pale, and had no obvious jugular venous distention - chest was clear on auscultation - abdomen was unremarkable - skin was slightly sweaty - chest x-ray was normal with normal heart size - lab work was normal Research: Heart Problems - closely linked to diet and lifestyle choices some preventable others due to genetic inheritance, infections, or other uncontrollable factors 2 of every 5 Americans will ultimately die of heart disease Coronary Heart Disease ...
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...Disease * also called coronary heart disease * disease that affect coronary arteries * result of atherosclerosis- plaque buildup in the coronary arteries * leads to blockages in the coronary arteries * heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients * this leads to ischemia- restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism * is the No. 1 killer in America * affecting more than 13 million Americans * risk for heart attack (Myocardial infarction-MI) and also stroke Myocardial Infarction (MI)/ Heart Attack Myocardial infarction (MI) (heart attack) is the irreversible necrosis (death) of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia. CAUSES: * plaque from atherosclerosis and blood clot that blocks blood from flowing to the heart. This is the most common cause of heart attacks. * cocaine. The cause of heart attacks is not always known. Heart attacks may occur: * during resting or sleeping * After a sudden increase in physical activity * When active outside in cold weather * After sudden, severe emotional or physical stress, including an illness RISK FACTORS * age. Risk of heart disease increases with age. * gender. Men have a higher risk of getting heart disease than women who are still menstruating. After menopause, the risk for women gets closer to the risk for men. * genes or race. If parents had heart disease, higher risk. African-Americans...
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...that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). Cardiovascular diseases include the following; • Aneurysm • Angina • Atherosclerosis • Cerebrovascular disease • Congestive Heart Failure • Coronary Artery Disease • Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack) • Peripheral vascular disease Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty material collects along the walls of arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens (forms calcium deposits), and may eventually block the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. The two terms are often used to mean the same thing. Atherosclerosis is a common disorder that specifically affects the medium and large arteries. It occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries and form hard structures called plaques. Eventually, the plaques can make the artery narrow and less flexible, making it harder for blood to flow. If the coronary arteries become narrow, blood flow to the heart can slow down or stop. This can cause chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, and other symptoms. Pieces of plaque can break off and move through the affected artery to smaller blood vessels, blocking them and causing tissue damage or death (embolization). This is a common cause of heart attack and stroke. Blood clots can also form around a tear (fissure) in the plaque leading to blocked blood flow. If the clot moves into an artery in the heart, lungs, or brain...
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...Abstract The role of aldosterone has expanded from the hormone's genomic effects that involve renal sodium transport to nongenomic effects that are independent of the effect of aldosterone on sodium transport. The nongenomic effects of aldosterone to increase fibrosis, collagen deposition, inflammation, and remodeling of the heart and blood vessels, however, are markedly increased in the presence of high sodium intake. The genomic effect of aldosterone increases renal sodium transport, but the administration of large doses of aldosterone to normal individuals does not cause edema, relating to the phenomenon of "aldosterone escape"; however, in edematous disorders including cardiac failure, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome, impaired aldosterone escape leads to renal sodium retention and edema formation. There is now considerable evidence for the nongenomic effects of aldosterone in several important diseases. Thus, low dosages of mineralocorticoid antagonists, with little or no effect on urinary sodium excretion, have been shown to afford a beneficial effect on morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced cardiac failure and after acute myocardial infarction. Three-drug-resistant hypertension has also been found to respond to spironolactone in modest dosages. The combination of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) with spironolactone to treat such resistant hypertension may be more effective than adding an angiotensin receptor blocker to an ACEI. The role of spironolactone...
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...An atrioventricular heart block is when there is an interruption or delay of the conduction of the electrical impulses. Electrical impulses are what cause the heart to beat. The electrical impulses occur between the atria and ventricles, or the top and bottom of the heart There are three different types of AV blocks, ranging from first degree to third degree. The type related to this diagnosis is second-degree, type I. Type I second-degree AV block occurs when each electrical impulse occurs slightly slower than the preceding one until the impulse does not conduct to the ventricles (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008). Etiology/Cause: There are a few different causes of an AV block. One cause is myocardial ischemia, or tissue damage of the heart muscle. The damage to heart muscle causes the electrical impulses mentioned above to occur more slowly or at an irregular rate. Another cause is myocardial infarction, otherwise known as a heart attack. With myocardial...
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...October 20, 2002 due to myocardial infarction. Respondent filed with petitioner a claim for death benefits under PD 626, as amended. Petitioner denied the claim on the ground that the cause of death was not work-connected. The ECC upheld petitioner. On appeal, however, the CA reversed petitioner and the ECC and held that myocardial infarction, a cardiovascular disease, was a compensable occupational disease. Thus, this petition. Is respondent entitled to compensation for her husband’s death? Yes, she is. Under PD 626, the beneficiaries of an employee are entitled to death benefits under the system if the cause of death of the employee is a sickness listed as an occupational disease by the ECC or any other illness caused by employment, subject to proof that the risk of contracting the same is increased by the working conditions. The CA correctly ruled that myocardial infarction was considered as an occupational disease because it was included under the classification “cardiovascular disease,” a compensable occupational disease under ECC Resolution No. 432 (dated July 20, 1977) subject to substantial evidence proving any of the following conditions: (a) If the heart disease was known to have been present during employment, there must be proof of an acute exacerbation clearly precipitated by the unusual strain by reason of the nature of this work. (b) The strain of work that brings about an acute attack...
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...nurse is held in a higher standard. This is because of their ethical and empathetic responsibilities. Their job is to promote and teach good health practice, teach their community about primary, secondary, and tertiary care, and they also care for their ill patients. A nurse speaking at an independent living facility with a crowd of healthy residents is teaching primary care. Primary care educates people about how to prevent diseases. Today, the nurse is going to discuss age-related changes to the heart. She will discuss the signs, symptoms, and treatments of coronary artery disease, congestive failure, and myocardial infarction. First, I am going to discuss a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack. The signs for a heart attack include Pain, fullness, and or squeezing sensation of the chest, Jaw pain, toothache, headache, sweating, heartburn, indigestion, arm pain, vomiting, shortness of breath, upper back pain, and sometimes there are no signs at all. A myocardial infarction is treated by the use of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and statins. Next I am going to discuss the signs, symptoms, and treatments of coronary artery disease. Stroke remains a leading cause of preventable death. One of the major risk factors is plaque build-up and narrowing of the four main blood vessels found in the neck, the right and left carotid arteries and the right and left vertebral arteries. The signs of a stroke are loss...
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