...Summary Magnetic nanoparticles have allowed for many breakthroughs in cancer therapy. They are currently being implemented with cancer diagnostics, which allows healthcare professionals to image where cancerous areas reside in the body. For example, magnetic nanoparticle have been utilized in conjunction with MRI scans to greatly increase the image contrast, leading to the detection of small and otherwise undetectable prostate cancer metastases. Additionally, nanoparticles are being used as a physical means of destroying tumorous tissue by the use of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia. This technology uses the power of magnets to oscillate iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles to create heat in the form of kinetic energy and has shown to drastically reduce the size of brain tumors when compared to patients who have no treatment at all. Beyond their use as diagnostics and physical tools to destroy cancerous tumors, magnetic nanoparticles are also used as a delivery agent for gene therapy. For example, magnetic nanoparticles have shown to increase the half life of the various biological matter such as DNA and RNA so that it can reach the intended target before the body’s immune response destroys the magnetic gene delivery system. In the future, research will be focused on pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles, ensuring the nanoparticles can stay in the body for longer periods of time and that the body reacts in a positive manner to the magnetic nanoparticles. Introduction ...
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...treatment still has to be improved. Protein therapies have many advantages when compared to small molecule drugs. Proteins serve a highly specific and complex set of functions that cannot be reproduced by simple chemical compounds. Protein therapeutics can be broken down into groups based on what they can be used for. Group 1 are therapeutics with enzymatic or regulatory activity, Group II includes proteins therapies with special targeting activity, Group III includes protein vaccines, and Group IV includes protein diagnostics. Protein therapeutics are an integral part of medicine. Currently they have been displaying a decreased stability in storage, decreased efficacy and increased immunogenic side effects in patients. Through an enhanced understanding of proteins we can formulate a therapy that will supersede what is currently in use. A research study was done to evaluate the efficacy of a certain variety of protein therapeutics and the obstacles faced when choosing a delivery route. This study pertained specifically to proteins and their ability to treat central nervous system disorders. This article discussed different methods of delivery and each methods set backs. Parenteral delivery routes were shown ineffective because of the lack of bioavailability. It was also seen as unsuccessful because they were unable to cross the blood brain barrier. Proteins targeting the brain were seen ineffective when having to cross the blood brain barrier. The study also addressed other...
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...NOMFET (nanoparticle organic memory field effective transistor) can be created by reacting gold nanoparticles with organic molecules. 3. Nanoemmissive display panel which are light weight can be formed by using carbon nanotubes to direct electronics to illuminate pixels. 4. The nanowires can be effectively used to build transistors without having any p-n junctions. 5. Nano scale integrated circuits can be established by the application of self-aligning nanostructures 6. Silver nanoparticle ink can be effectively utilized to form the conductive lines which are part of circuit boards. 7. Nanoscale magnets are used in developing a lesser power, higher density method which is called magnetoelectric random access memory. Application in Agriculture: Applications in the field of agriculture are being under research and a lot of testing is being done globally. The application is targeted at the entire spectrum of food technology from agriculture, food processing, and food packaging and food supplements. In order to address the huge demand to the food supply and the global changes such as growth in population, various climatically change a lot of technical advancement and technical innovations are needed in the field of agriculture. Main aims of using nanotechnology in agriculture...
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...increasingly considered to be the technology of the future. Nanoparticles hold tremendous potential as an effective drug delivery system. To overcome the problems of drug delivery, nanotechnology has gained interest in recent years. Nanotechnology with different compositions and properties have been extensively investigated for drug delivery applications. To achieve efficient drug delivery it is important to understand what nanotechnology is. Nanotechnology is type of science that looks at how we can manipulate matter at the atomic level. The concept of nanotechnology started with a talk entitled as “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology at CalTech on December 1959. In his lecture, Feynman described a method where scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM) which could “see” individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology began. Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Cancer is the third leading cause of death (after heart disease and stroke) in developed countries. Studies have shown that there were 10 million new cases, 6 million deaths, and 22 million people living with cancer worldwide in the year 2000 (Parkin, 2001). Unfortunately, what’s more troubling is drugs used as therapeutic drugs to treat cancer have many troubling issues of drug toxicity and tumour resistance. Toxicity can cause major...
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...manipulating different types of matter on a molecular scale, as a result making them stronger and more durable. With technology expanding, nanotechnology can revolutionize the medical industry as well like never before. Nanotechnology- based drug delivery is being seen as a revolution in protein and gene therapy, for delivering biomolecules such as DNA and siRNA, enabling researchers to overcome several hurdles that are found in these therapies using conventional delivery systems (India Pharma News). The drugs would inter through a nanoparticle that is capable of targeting specific diseased cells, which contains both therapeutic agents that are released into the cell and a sensor that regulates the release. Many stages of this approach have already been proven, but the combined targeting and controlled release have yet to be accomplished. Nanotechnologists think they have an answer for the treatment of cancer with the targeted drug delivery therapies. If scientists can load their cancer-detecting nanoparticles with anticancer drugs, they could attack the cancer exactly where it lives. A treatment like this means less usage of medication and lower levels of side effects. Nanoparticles can also carry targeted and time release drugs. An effective dose of drugs could be delivered to a specific area but scheduled to release over a planned period to ensure maximum effectiveness and the patient's safety. The International Journal of Surgery tells us that: Patients will drink fluids containing...
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...epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional dosage forms may not result in efficient formulation owing to their poor biopharmaceutical properties. Principles of novel drug delivery systems need to be applied to significantly improve the performance of antioxidants. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) would also help in delivery of these antioxidants by oral route, as this route is of prime importance when antioxidants are intended...
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...Introduction Solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have recently gained significant attention as potential alternate colloidal drug delivery system over conventional dosage form. Isotretinoin, a derivative of retinoic acid (13-cis-retinoic acid), has been commonly used for the treatment of severe acne and other dermatological diseases1,2. However, it has obvious adverse side-effects by oral administration. The launched topical preparations such as cream also show systemic absorption and significant skin irritation3. So, it is necessary to improve the skin uptake and reduce systemic absorption of isotretinoin using a carrier with an ability of skin targeting. Compared with conventional carriers such as cream, tincture and emulsion, SLN combine their advantages such as controlled release, in vivo good toleration and protection of active compounds4,5. Especially, SLN can favor drug penetration into the skins6,7, maintain a sustained release to avoid systemic absorption8, act as a UV sunscreen system9, reduce irritation10,11. Moreover, SLNs are composed of physiological and biocompatible lipids and are free from the risk of acute or chronic toxicity. Various research teams12-17 have studied the effect of lipid type on...
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...medicine imaging, treatment, drug testing and sterilization in hospitals. Nuclear medicine imaging provides information about function and structure, using safe, not invasive, and cost-effective techniques for diagnosis and therapy. A number of radioactive substances have been used for the different purposes depending on their suitability. One of the most informative imaging techniques available in medical diagnostics is positron emission tomography (PET). A positron-emitting radionuclide is introduced, usually by injection, and accumulates in the target tissue. As it decays it emits a positron, which promptly combines with a nearby electron resulting in the simultaneous emission of two identifiable gamma rays in opposite directions. These are detected by a PET camera and give very precise indications of their origin. It is a very powerful and significant tool which provides unique information on a wide variety of diseases from dementia to cardiovascular disease and cancer. Organ malfunction can be indicated if the isotope is either partially taken up in the organ (cold spot), or taken up in excess (hot spot). If a series of images is taken over a period of...
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...Nanotechnology Patricio Peña Medina June 14, 2013 Composition II Professor M. Putman Research Paper It’s the biggest technology challenge since the information super high way. Engaging scientist, entrepreneurs and governments form countries all over the world. Public debates, press conferences and expos around the world this technology is revolutionizing science. Not visible to the naked eye, tiny self-assembling Nano systems offer big solutions to some of the world’s most complex problems. This is science on the Nano scale, or scientist it’s the largest topic with hundreds of thousand possibilities. To put things in more of an understandable perspective, the smallest things that the human eye can make out is around 10,000nm. To aid in further understanding of these measurements more than 100 students from Rice University by designing an immense single-walled carbon nanotube. The nanotube measured 1180 feet long (Williams & Adams 23). So what is nanotechnology? 1 nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter, about the size of six carbon atoms or less than one water molecule almost too small to imagine (Williams & Adams). Nano technology is the science of interacting with atoms and molecules to modify the way they behave; for example by chemical creating Ferro fluids or liquid magnets the exhibit strange behavior due to external magnetic fields. Or by fabricating Nano scale semiconductor crystals known as quantum dots which are sometimes called artificial atoms...
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...Nanotechnology and its process on computing: Nano and technology: * a Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system,equal to one billion of ametre(10-9). * Technology is the making usage and knowledge and tools,techinques and machines,in order to solve a problem or to perform specific function | | “ Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating in a nanoscale” Nanotechnology in computing: Computing includes designing, developing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; and creating and using communications and entertainment media. Nanocomputing:”A nanocomputer is a computer whose physical dimensions are microscopic. The field of nanocomputing is part of the emerging field of nanotechnology . Several types of nanocomputers have been suggested or proposed by researchers and futurists.” Nanocomputing, as defined in this report, refers to computing systems which are constructed from nanoscale compo- nents. The issues that need to be faced for successful realization of nanocomputers relate to the scale and integration of the components. nanotechnology and its type: Electronic nanocomputers would operate in a manner similar to the way present-day microcomputers work. Most engineers agree that technology has not yet come close to pushing this limit. By 1970s standards, today's ordinary microprocessors...
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...NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water Micro & NaNo TechNologies series editor: Jeremy ramsden Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Materials Cranfield University, United Kingdom the aim of this book series is to disseminate the latest developments in small scale technologies with a particular emphasis on accessible and practical content. these books will appeal to engineers from industry, academia and government sectors. for more information about the book series and new book proposals please contact the publisher, Dr. Nigel hollingworth at nhollingworth@williamandrew.com. http://www.williamandrew.com/MNt NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water edited by Nora savage Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and (in alphabetical order) Mamadou Diallo Materials and process simulation center, Division of chemistry and chemical engineering, california institute of technology Jeremiah Duncan Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison anita street Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign richard sustich N o r w i c h , N Y, U S A copyright © 2009 by William andrew inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying...
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...FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TOPICAL GEL CONTAINING AZITHROMYCIN AND PREDNISOLONE VESICLES FOR TREATING PSORIASIS Sonia Tomar, Tinku Singhal, ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease, associated with metabolic syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and many other diseases. There is various type of psoriasis but most common type of psoriasis is caused by Psoriasis vulgaris. It is characterized by rigid of skin due to increase in the level of cholesterol and fall in the level of ceramide. Apart from that it is associated with an immune system of the body means movement of immune cells from dermis to the epidermis, where they stimulate skin cells (keratinocytes) to proliferate. Various type of drug delivery system are used for the treatment of psoriasis including topical, oral or systemic but gels prepration of azithromycin and prednisolone are more effective in reduction of purities, scaling and hyperkeratosis of psoriasis plaque. Niosomal/Vesicular gel, has been explored extensively for topical application to enhance skin penetration as well as skin retention. Prednisolone and azithroycin together provide effective results in the treatment of psoriasis. Due to high entrapment efficiency and stability, gel prepration (Azithromycin & Prednisolone) reduce the scaly patches and suppression of humoral immunity. Keywords: Niosome, Immunity, Topical, Psoriasis, Gel, Azithromycin, Prednisolone. INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is recognized...
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...McKinsey Global Institute May 2013 Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy The McKinsey Global Institute The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the business and economics research arm of McKinsey & Company, was established in 1990 to develop a deeper understanding of the evolving global economy. Our goal is to provide leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors with the facts and insights on which to base management and policy decisions. MGI research combines the disciplines of economics and management, employing the analytical tools of economics with the insights of business leaders. Our “micro-to-macro” methodology examines microeconomic industry trends to better understand the broad macroeconomic forces affecting business strategy and public policy. MGI’s in-depth reports have covered more than 20 countries and 30 industries. Current research focuses on four themes: productivity and growth, the evolution of global financial markets, the economic impact of technology and innovation, and urbanization. Recent reports have assessed job creation, resource productivity, cities of the future, and the impact of the Internet. MGI is led by McKinsey & Company directors Richard Dobbs and James Manyika. Yougang Chen, Michael Chui, Susan Lund, and Jaana Remes serve as MGI principals. Project teams are led by a group of senior fellows and include consultants from McKinsey’s offices around the world. These teams draw...
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...INTRODUCTION Biotechnology is one of the innovative branches of science. Biotechnology has created new revolutions in this era by contributing industries, medical sciences, food technologies and genetics. "Biotechnology is basically defined as the use of living organisms, their parts and their biochemical processes for the creation of beneficial products." Bio-technology has its roots in the distant past and has a large, highly profitable, modern industrial outlets of great value to society for e.g. the fermentation, bio-pharmaceutical and food industries. The main reasons must be associated with the rapid advances in molecular biology, in particular, recombinant DNA technology, which is now giving bio-scientists a remarkable understanding and control over biological processes. Some Technologies used in Biotechnology: 1. Bioprocessing technology * The use of bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells and/or enzymes to manufacture products * Large scale fermentation and cell cultures, carried out in huge bioreactors, manufacture useful products * Products: Insulin, vaccines, vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, etc. 2. Monoclonal antibodies (MCAb) * Definition: Producing antibodies for medicine by cloning a single cell * MCAb are used for Home Pregnancy tests * Used to detect cancer (they bind to tumor cells) * Used to detect diseases in plants and animals and environmental pollutants 3. CELL...
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...THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY OTHER ECONOMIST BOOKS Guide to Analysing Companies Guide to Business Modelling Guide to Business Planning Guide to Economic Indicators Guide to the European Union Guide to Financial Markets Guide to Management Ideas Numbers Guide Style Guide Dictionary of Business Dictionary of Economics International Dictionary of Finance Brands and Branding Business Consulting Business Ethics Business Strategy China’s Stockmarket Globalisation Headhunters and How to Use Them Successful Mergers Wall Street Essential Director Essential Economics Essential Finance Essential Internet Essential Investment Essential Negotiation Pocket World in Figures THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY THE ECONOMIST IN ASSOCIATION WITH PROFILE BOOKS LTD Published by Profile Books Ltd 3a Exmouth House, Pine Street, London ec1r 0jh Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd 2005 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. The greatest care has been taken in compiling this book. However, no responsibility can be accepted by the publishers or compilers for the accuracy of the information presented. Where opinion is expressed it is that of the author and does not necessarily...
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