...Their Effects on Native American Women Isabella J. Baxter '15 Gettysburg College, baxtis01@gettysburg.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Native American Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Baxter, Isabella J. '15, "Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women" (2013). Student Publications. Paper 87. http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/87 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 87 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact cupola@gettysburg.edu. Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women Keywords Native American Women, Sexual Violence, Oppression, Colonization, White Feminism Abstract This paper is a response to the chapter “Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide” in Andrea Smith’s book Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide. Smith argues that U.S. colonial culture strategically uses sexual violence against Native women as a weapon to ensure the oppression and marginalization of Native people. This...
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...theirs. Judeth Butler made it known that gender roles were fictional. Spanish, African American, post-colonial women and Native American women faced horrendous obstacles throughout their life with gender roles and unjust events – and those obstacles are still being faced in today’s culture. Gender roles and gender stereotypes are what men have based their whole life existence around. “All gendered behavior in our society is an act.”...
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...The Role of Native Americans In the Beginning of What Is Now the U.S. Giselle van Putten Baptist College of Health Sciences The Role of Native Americans In the Beginning of What Is Now the U.S. During the colonization of what is now the United States of America, many different cultures were brought together. Some of those were the English, which were the Pilgrims and Puritans with their different religious beliefs, the Dutch, the black slaves brought over from Africa, the Spaniards mainly adventurers and explorers, and the Native Americans with their strange customs. Of all of these, the only ones with any knowledgeable information about this New World were the Native Americans. The Native Americans during colonial time, though they were mainly thought to be unequal to their European counterparts, were very instrumental in the survival of the early colonials. Native Americans considered to be unequal The Native Americans were so unlike the Europeans, who believed in the Almighty God and their relationship with Him, that they were looked upon as savages and barbarians [ (Bradford, 2009, p. 46) ]. They had a widely different viewpoint of the world, their place in it and their god. The Natives believed that the land was there for everyone, to live and nurture as the land provided for them, so they disliked when the colonials started to fence and cultivate their lands to show property ownership (“Exploration and the Colonies”, 2009, p. 3). Their beliefs in gods...
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...1. Which of the following states did not become a colonial power in the period 1450–1750? a. Italy b. Russia c. Spain d. France FEEDBACK: Italy was not a unified state in the period 1450–1750 and thus did not have colonies. (See the chapter introduction in your textbook.) 2. Which of the following statements most accurately describes Europe’s global position in 1450? a. Europe had climbed to relative equality in Eurasian commerce. b. Europe had little trade contact with Africa or Asia. c. Europe remained marginal in Eurasian commerce. d. Europe had come to dominate Eurasian commerce. FEEDBACK: The determination of European elites to progress beyond their marginal position in Eurasian commerce was a main incentive for European exploration after 1450. (See section “The European Advantage” in your textbook.) 3. What was the single most important factor that aided the European conquest of the Americas? a. Gunpowder b. Disease c. Horses d. Superior organization FEEDBACK: The peoples of the Americas had no immunity to European disease and up to 90 percent of the population died after contact with the Europeans, greatly easing the process of conquest. (See section “The Great Dying” in your textbook.) 4. Which of the following is an old-world crop that was soon established in Europe’s American colonies? a. Tobacco b. Potatoes c. Corn d. Rice FEEDBACK: Rice is a Eurasian product that soon became an agricultural staple in many locations in the...
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...A Typology of Colonialism Nancy Shoemaker, October 2015 In the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. Comparative indigenous histories focused especially on British-descended “settler colonies”—Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—have proliferated. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. At my last two conference presentations, a fellow panelist was astonished that I didn’t deploy it. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers. As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. One of settler colonialism’s leading theorists, Lorenzo Veracini, juxtaposes the two completely. “Colonialism and settler colonialism are not merely different, they are in some ways antithetical formations,” he wrote in the 2011 founding issue of the journal Settler Colonial Studies. For Veracini, “colonialism” apparently refers to the late 19th-century European scrambles for Africa and Asia—in popular imagery, plantation colonies where members of a white ruling class dressed in white linen lounge on the edge of a cricket field, sipping cocktails served up by dark-skinned natives. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism...
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...conclusion as to whether America was a ‘New World’ this essay will examine through culture, trade and economy and developments in technologies, as these were arguably the most significant areas of influence. Nevertheless, technological developments were far more significant for the Natives, as the Europeans had prior been exposed to these technologies. It is clear to a great extent that America was a ‘New...
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...respective quizzes Native Americans (Read this for quiz 1) “ The First Americans” (Not a link…go to the assigned website) European Society (Read this for quiz 1) Colonial Era/Exploration and Discovery The Significance of 1492 European Commercial and Financial Expansion Slavery and Spanish Colonization The Meaning of America The Black Legend Colonial Era/17th Century (Read below for quiz 1) European Colonization North of Mexico Spanish Colonization English Settlement Colonial Era/17 century (Read below for quiz 2) English Colonization Begins Life in Early Virginia Slavery Takes Root in Colonial Virginia Founding New England The Puritans The Puritan Idea of the Covenant Regional Contrasts Dimensions of Change in Colonial New England The Salem Witch Scare Slavery in the Colonial North Struggles for Power in Colonial America Diversity in Colonial America The Middle Colonies: New York Fear of Slave Revolts The Middle Colonies: William Penn’s Holy Commonwealth The Southernmost Colonies: The Carolinas and Georgia Colonial Administration (Read below for quiz 2) No readings th Road to Revolution (Read for quiz 3) Colonial America/18th Century The The The The The The Emergence of New Ideas about Personal Liberties and Constitutional Rights Great Awakening Seven Years’ War Rise of Antislavery Sentiment Fate of Native Americans Road to Revolution American Revolution (Read for quiz 3) Entire Chapter on American Revolution Introduction Why should we care about the American Revolution? Why...
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...XXXWHAT IS THE QUESTION?XXX Europeans did not respect Native Americans, as they were known as savages, and pathetic, yet semi-meaningless footnotes to American history. However, without Indians the Pilgrims would have died in that first winter, they would have not figured out trade specification, various healing medicines, or route passages. If the Caribbean, Central and South America was unpopulated the Spaniards would have not found mines leaving tons of gold and silver un-discovered, along with the knowledge and labor of the Indians would have been almost impossible without the indians labor and knowledge of the land for the mines would have never been discovered.XXXXDOES NOT MAKE SENSE-PLEASE RE-WRITEXXXXXX. The Spanish would have stumbled...
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...Jose serrano History The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830 which was during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law allowed President Jackson to negotiate with southern Native American tribes for their relocation to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their ancestral homelands. In the early 1800s, the United States government began a well calculated effort to relocate Native American tribes from the southeast to the west side of the Mississippi. The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, and original Cherokee Nations referred to as the "Five Civilized Tribes" by European settlers due to the fact they adopted of aspects of colonial culture. These tribes had been established as independent...
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...Spanish as a part of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish-American War, few Americans knew the difficulties they would face in the islands’ administration. A Nationalist group under rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo had already set up a Filipino government in Manila, capital of the Philippines. Many Filipinos viewed the Americans as liberators, and were shocked and dismayed to learn that the Americans did not intend to recognize their new government. No sooner had the Americans exerted their sovereignty over the islands than they faced a dogged guerrilla war. On December 21, 1898, President William McKinley set the course for American policy in the Philippines. It was largely an attempt to set American Imperialism apart from the abusive European Imperialism which had led to the Spanish-American War. He announced the military occupation of the islands but also outlined a plan for the benevolent assimilation of the natives. As he proclaimed, “we come, not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends,” therefore, “it should be the…paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines.” In practical terms, this meant building roads, schools, hospitals, introducing improved farming techniques, and preparing the Filipinos for the day when they are able to govern themselves. Using this policy of benevolent assimilation, the Americans were able to win over the support of the civilian population in the...
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...concluding in 1763, the French & Indian War brought about a series of unfavorable financial, social, and exploratory complications to colonial North America. As taxation intensified and British-colonial tensions brewed due to a prolonged military presence and a general clashing of cultures, expansion west of the proclamation line of 1763 became a problematic activity for settlers, as British management over the land westward of the boundary produced a monopoly on the administration and purchase of terrain, ultimately generating yet another source of discontentment for American colonists. Pooled together, these frustrations would later fashion the groundwork for what would become the American Revolutionary War. The French & Indian War rattled the economic framework of Britain so severely that it became forced to alleviate the weight of its debt through taxation upon the colonies. The Crown began to implement harsher policies as well as enforce preexisting ones, so as to quench the costs of war and British military occupation within North America. Products such as potash, wine, and silk became commodities difficult to acquire, as the fee to import them skyrocketed to undesirable heights. The Revenue Act of 1764, dubbed by the colonists as “The Sugar Act”, was a British-led effort to crack down on trade regulations, seeing as how most colonial merchants neglected the procedures and prices on the transacting of products such as molasses, coffee, and pimiento. Nevertheless, outraged...
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...Puritans in America laid the foundation for the religious, social, and political order of the New England colonial life. Success in the colonial societies was mainly due to this factor. The Catholic Jesuit missionaries of New France also allowed the French colony to expand and flourish. The religious beginnings of both the English and French colonies in North America would also strongly influence future generations and cultures. The Puritans in New England came to North America to help refine the church and to foster a thriving community based on their religious doctrines. They believed in the separation of church and state. They also believed in moderation. The people of New England strove to establish a church that was not like the Church...
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...Development of racial thinking The intrusion of Europe into the orient was spearheaded by the intention to create trading routes to China during the 15th century (Hauner, 2013). This search for trading routes led to various historical accounts. During this search, Hauner (2013) indicates that the Age of Discovery and the introduction of early modern warfare were initiated by the Europeans in the Far East. These activities increased the presence of the activities of European nation in the Asian countries hence leading to colonization of several countries. The European existence in the Asian continent was so immense in that East Timor got its independence from Portugal in the year 2002 (Stevens, 2010). The western nations used the concepts of nation state and multinational state to ensure racial superiority. The nation state was a social construct by the colonizing European colonizing nations in brainwashing the citizens of their colonies (Perry, 2010). The concept does not have a definite definition. However Stevens (2010) indicates that it is the act whereby people are grouped together according to their customs, language, traditions, habits and ethnicity. On the other hand, a multinational state is the concept where people were grouped together in order to form a single geographical orientation however such populations differed in language or ethnicity. These two concepts led to the development of ethnicity among the Asian communities. This is because most people within the...
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...be with the Native Americans. The Spanish, English, French and Dutch are motivated by the three D’s, Gold, Glory and God. These three motives reinforce each other and cause problems with the natives. The English colonies wanted land in North America. Their goal was to find Gold but did not find any. They were known as the settler colonialism. The English colonies ruled over by governors sent from England. In Jamestown they lacked food and labor. Tried to fix problem by indentured servitude, provide free passage to new world in exchange for years of work. . Some came for the wealth. Others came to escape religious persecution or religious freedom. Also importing of slaves from Africa. Eventually they survived by growing and selling tobacco. The relationship between the English and Native Americans was good, but because the new settlers wanted land it led to the down fall of their good relationship. Didn’t want to convert them but some did convert....
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...and Past Experiences |Challenges in the U.S. |American Identity |Personal Experiences and Comments | | |Is this an ethnic or racial group |Where did this group originate? How|What challenges has this |How is this group portrayed |Have you witness any racism or prejudice | | |and why? |did this group become a part of |grouped faced in the U.S.? |today in American society? |toward this group? Any additional comments? | | | |American culture? | | | | |Native Americans |This group would be considered a |This group originated in the north |The main challenge of Native |In the past, the image of the |I have no immediate experience with native | | |racial group, because of skin and|American continent. The American |Americans is that of |Native American was that of an |Americans to comment. | | |hair color, as well as facial |culture developed out of the |inclusion. They are not |uncivilized savage. More | | | |features |English colonization. Native |treated as citizens. There is |recently, the image is...
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