...Government that enforces the law, rather than interfering in the economy. She was also opposed to the welfare state. In many ways, her ideology was broadly similar to classical liberalism, and many theorists see her ideology as neo-liberalism. Under her rule, the Conservatives were no longer truly conservative, as conservatives are usually opposed to too much individualism and liberty, and definitely do not want radical change. However, in terms of morality they remained staunchly conservative, believing strongly in the family and in law and order. It can be said then that the Conservative Party had become economically liberal but morally conservative. The Modern Conservative Party This Classical liberal ideology is still prevalent in todayÕs Conservative Party. Consecutive leaders after Thatcher have all stayed relatively true to her reforms of the party and its ideology, believing in economic classical liberalism. However, in recent times they have struggled to get their message across as supposedly they are liberals, and yet are often against homosexuality, drugs and immigration-ideas which are much more right wing and against the very principles of Liberalism. This has led to a decline in their support, as people do not know what ideology the Conservatives are trying to represent, as some of their ideas seem to conflict with each other. In this way, it could be said that the Conservative Party do not reflect a specific ideology because they are often seen as a confusing...
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...and their impact on HRM remains underdeveloped and there is a significant opportunity for work which draws on theory from adjacent fields - e.g. the varieties of capitalism literature, theories of cross-national organization and research in comparative political studies and economic geography all offer potentially useful frameworks. Companies are socially embedded on different levels; local economies, regional districts, national institutions, international networks and transnational regulation are all aspects of the social, organizational and economic structures in which companies are situated. Despite the all-pervasive talk of globalization, the seasoned international business traveller will be acutely aware of differences in the ‘way of doing things’from country to country and from region to region. Such differences are seldom more apparent than in the field of organization and management. Not only will the traveller be aware that conventions for doing business are culturebound, but also that systems and structures for ‘the management of people’are uniquely determined by forces of tradition. If the business traveller were to discuss the issue of fairness of pay with a Japanese worker, the latter could well reiterate the proverb ‘The nail that sticks out should be hammered down’, thus...
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...Trigger, Aggravator, or Rescuer? Criticisms on the controversial roles of IMF in East Asia Financial Crisis Introduction Now and then, nation to nation, financial crises are inevitable: Mexico in 1994, the whole East Asia region in 1997, Brazil in 1999, and the most recently Argentina in 2001. Looking back to the victims of such financial crises, we found that most of them are labeled as the developing countries, whose financial sectors were still weak at that time yet were impetuously exposed to the advocated ‘Liberal financial market’ which was supported by the Neoclassical Liberalism social economists. Among all these financial crises, the financial storm in East Asia, starting from the year of 1997, wreaked beyond doubt the greatest havoc on the Asia and the world economy as a whole, dragging down the ‘Asian tigers’ (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippine, Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan and Singapore) from the peak of the glorious ‘Economic Miracle’ in the past few years. Because of the severity and contagion of the East Asia Crisis, important questions have been raised such as the causes of the crisis, the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the financial architecture of international capital markets. As one of the most important international organizations, IMF has its great impact on the world economy. In this paper, the influence of IMF before the eruption of the crisis and its role in the...
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...advocates limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, individual liberties including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets Slide 2 Liberalism started as a major doctrine and intellectual endeavour in response to the religious wars gripping Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, up until the cold war • Liberalism as a specifically named ideology begins in the late 18th century as a movement towards self-government and away from aristocracy. It included the ideas of self-determination, the primacy of the individual and the nation, as opposed to the family, the state, and religion, as being the fundamental units of law, politics and economy. • Liberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting several foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as nobility, established religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. • The first notable incarnation of liberal unrest came with the American Revolution, and liberalism fully flowered as a comprehensive movement against the old order during the French Revolution, which set the pace for the future development of human history. SLIDE 3 • The early liberal thinker John Locke, who is often credited for the creation of liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition, employed the concept of natural rights and the social contract to argue that the rule of law should replace absolutism in government, that rulers...
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...“Is the term ‘the Third World’ Still Relevant in the Twenty-First Century?” As the global political and economic situation has changed greatly in the past few decades, there have been hot debates on whether the term “the Third World” is still relevant today. In my opinion, the term “the Third World” is no longer relevant in the twenty-first century. The term “the Third World” emerged in the special historical background of the Cold War, and experienced an evolution of meaning throughout the second half of the 20th century. Created by Alfred Sauvy in 1952, it was firstly used to distinguish the newly independent states from the First World and the Second World, which meant the Capitalist world led by the US and the Socialist world led by the USSR. The two superpowers competed to impose their ideology and development path on the Third World countries to strengthen their power. However, the Third World countries tried to keep away from the East-West rivalry, cooperate in a non-aligned way and seek a “third path”. As the Cold War went to its late period, the meaning of “the Third World” shifted its stress from political to economic classification, taking the mainly economically-defined meaning of “poor” countries. Since then, the international political and economic environment has been further changed, and the term “the Third World” is no longer relevant now for the following reasons. Firstly, the disparity among the current so-called “Third World countries” is so big that...
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...The attitude to property sets socialism apart from Liberalism and Conservatism, which both regard property ownership as natural. Common ownership for socialist is a key principle because they believe according to Socialists property is unjust: they favour common ownership because wealth is produced by the collective effort of human labour, thus should be owned by the community not by privately by individuals. Another reason why socialists favour common ownership is because they believe property breeds acquisitiveness therefore is morally corrupting. Socialists argue that private property encourages people to be materialistic, leading individuals to believe human happiness can be gained through the pursuit of wealth. Those with their own property want to gain more, whilst those who have little or no wealth can no longer acquire it. Socialists also believe property is divisive: It creates conflict in society, for example, this is most clearly illustrated in the Marxist belief of class conflict. According to Marx, class is linked to economic power, as defined by the individuals relationship to the means of production, Class conflict is therefore between ‘capital’ and ‘labour’, that is between the bourgeoisie; owners of productive wealth, and the proletariat; those who live off the sale of their labour. Those who believe in fundamentalist socialism, which is a form of socialism that seeks to abolish capitalism and replace it with a qualitatively different kind of society, favour...
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...Part of a series on Liberalism Development[show] Ideas[show] Variants[show] People[show] Organizations[show] • Liberalism portal • Politics portal • v • t • e • 1. • • • • • • • • • • Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means "free". One of the first recorded instances of the word liberal occurs in 1375, when it was used to describe the liberal arts in the context of an education desirable for a free-born man.[13] The word's early connection with the classical education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. Liberal could refer to "free in bestowing" as early as 1387, "made without stint" in 1433, "freely permitted" in 1530, and "free from restraint"—often as a pejorative remark—in the 16th and the 17th centuries.In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someone's generosity or indiscretion.[13] In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of "a liberal villaine" who "hath...confest his vile encounters".[13] With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as "free from narrow prejudice" in 1781 and "free from bigotry" in 1823.[13] In 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English.[14] In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the liberal label in a political...
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...history of Australia. Howard’s policies, practices, philosophies, and decisions have been widely debated specially over the issue of abolishing welfare system, treatment of asylum seeker after the 9-11, and such. This paper discusses the changes in the era of Howard and its consequences. Discussion The 25th Prime minister of Australia, Mr John Winston Howard, was born on July 26th; 1939.he is the longest serving prime minister of Australia after Sir Robert Menzies. His era of Prime Ministership started March 11th, 1996 and ended in December the 3rd 2007. After 1980, it was the first Federal victory of coalition of the National Parties and liberals. The first terms was 1996 to 1998, the second term of the Howard was 1998-2001. The third term started in 2001 and ended in 2004. While the last term of Howard as Prime minister started 2004 and ended in 2007. All the four term are marked by severe conflicts in views among critics regarding the policies, agenda and forms of governmental style during Howards 11 year era. The first term of Howard is characterised by partial...
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...inequality and promote social justice. The core values of the social democracy can be seen in the old Clause IV which supported equality, redistribution of wealth, social justice, nationalisation, full employment and welfare for all, which were heavily socialist leanings. Its main means of upholding these values were through a mixed economy, Keynesian demand management to support employment and the redistribution of wealth via the welfare system. By the 1970's this system of running the country had led to stagflation, and Keynesianism had failed in the eyes of many. The Conservative Party was later elected with a New Right agenda under Thatcher, and the electorate consensus following their periods in office was that her free-market neo-liberalism was the best so far at generating wealth. Due to the recovery that the UK’s economy made under Thatcherism, Labour was hard pressed to change its policies or suffer electoral defeat – and it took the 1980s for this to happen. During this time, Labour suffered crippling electoral defeat due to its perceived far-left ideology. With the internal election of Tony Blair as...
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...Wealth and Power in the United States POL/443 Wealth and Power in the United States What is wealth? Generally speaking wealth if the value of everything a person or family owns, minus any debts, G. W. Domhoff (2015). Although many of us think of the division of wealth as an equal in the United States, the reality is completely different and shocking; to say the least. Because of this, there are three theories created; pluralism, elite theory, and state autonomy. Each of these theories where created to understand the structure of power in the United States. As we see each of their purpose, a few question comes to mind; who benefits? Who governs? And who wins? In 2013 wealth inequality in the United States was greater than in most developed countries other than Switzerland and Denmark, Weissmann, Jordan (2013). The top 1% (also known at the elites) of the American population owns 42.7% of the country’s total wealth. Meaning the next 19% of Americans owning 50.3%, and the bottom 80% owning 7%, Deborah L. Jacobs (2011). However, after the Great Recession (which started in 2007), the share of total wealth owned by the top 1% of the population grew from 34.6% to 37.1%, and that owned by the top 20% of Americans grew from 85% to 87.7%. The Great Recession also caused a drop of 36.1% in median household wealth but a drop only 11.1% for the top 1%, further widening the gap between the top 1% and the bottom 99%. According to the Institute for Policy Studies, in September...
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...INR 2001: Intro to International Relations January 12, 2015 Big Themes in International Relations * Conflict or Cooperation? Pays to Cooperate: Success in business- Don’t shoot customers * Major Actors in Conflicts * Chines, Navy, NATO, and Somali Pirates * States fighting other states * States fighting rebellions within the state * Conflict between non-state actors * Not all conflict is between states, much if not most is below the level of state-state conflict * Conflict maybe driven by man interests- ethnic conflict, material resources, land * Cooperation * Lots of Conflict and lots of Cooperation * Examples * Cooperation focused on economic issues, why? * All sides gain from economic exchange so it literally pays to cooperate * Is cooperation or conflict the natural state? * Economic cooperation mitigates conflict * Globalization or Fragmentation? * France-Germany and the European Union * Free trade agreements and NAFTA * What is Globalization * Examples: * Increasing level interconnectedness * What it means for international relations * More interdependence * Cultural aspects, both positive and negative * Is globalization a new phenomena * Less and less dialogue more usual stuff happening * 50 million died as a result 1918 Spanish...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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...globalisation as a process is carried out in a proper way, not lacking in any humanly conceivable way. Necessarily, should the second claim hold true, in that the rules and functioning of the globalized world are skewed in favour of one party over another, then the first claim will necessarily be true as well, that globalisation’s potential has not been adequately exploited. The thrust of this paper will be to explore the rules and functioning of the globalized world, and to determine whether they indeed are skewed in favour of the advanced industrial countries and other elite interests within those countries. In Part B, we explore the problems of today’s globalisation, and see how it is largely unsatisfactory. In Part C, we consider possible ways forward for globalisation. For a focused...
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...To what extent has New Labour abandoned its socialist ideologies? Socialism is an ideology that rejects the work of the individual and instead prioritizes the work of the collective and believes the products of the work by the collective should then be distributed equally. Socialism corresponds with equality of outcome which means that it stifles the opportunity for progress or wealth and Winston Churchill considered it “the equal sharing of misery”. In order to combat this negative image, Tony Blair implanted the third way; an amalgamation of the better elements of socialism and capitalism. However, in order to achieve this amalgamation, Blair had to reject several socialist beliefs. Prior to Blair’s leadership of the Labour party in 1994, the Labour party was exclusively a party for the working class and had been since its start in the 1900s. Founded out of trade unions and the socialist parties of the time, it was essentially a parliamentary pressure group at first, campaigning for the rights of what they believed were the majority. Because it was a party born out of industrialization, it is understandable that it would focus on conditions for the workers it represented which, particularly in the 1900s, were very poor. The Labour Party in England followed the doctrine of evolutionary socialism, perhaps because it identified there was efficiency in a capitalist market as well as the moral vision of socialism. Evolutionary socialism believed in gradualism and corresponded with...
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...The Positive Effects of Fascism Mussolini's march on Rome, the horrors of the Holocaust, Japanese extreme forms of nationalism, burning crosses and neo-Nazi skinheads; These moments are as haunting, and even fewer ideologies as malicious, as fascism. And yet, people are not aware of the progressive effects of fascism. There has never been a regime in history that has not had at least some positive effects to its credit, and fascism was no exception. Had it compiled only failures and crimes, it would have had to rest entirely on massive terror in order to stay in power, and this was clearly not the case. Fascism did in fact, satisfies certain needs and desires of wide sections of society and, at least in some respects, gained its support, respect, and even enthusiasm. Despite its violent ideals, people still attracted to fascism. It is known that fascism has a positive effect on the economy, a stronger nationality of people, and national safety and order Fascism is an ideological ideal in effect gave economic benefits to both the country and its citizens. A fascist government sets goals for consumer goods, capital formation, organizing production and determining income. Although a fascist government controls almost all aspects of the economy, there are many benefits to an economy that follows fascist policies. First of all, a fascist country faces no unemployment. All citizens in Italy during Benito Mussolini's rule had a job and an income. This made it easier for many families...
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