Free Essay

New Method

In:

Submitted By subbraj
Words 2777
Pages 12
LM2907/LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter

June 2000

LM2907/LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter
General Description
The LM2907, LM2917 series are monolithic frequency to voltage converters with a high gain op amp/comparator designed to operate a relay, lamp, or other load when the input frequency reaches or exceeds a selected rate. The tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offers frequency doubling for low ripple, full input protection in two versions (LM2907-8, LM2917-8) and its output swings to ground for a zero frequency input. The op amp/comparator is fully compatible with the tachometer and has a floating transistor as its output. This feature allows either a ground or supply referred load of up to 50 mA. The collector may be taken above VCC up to a maximum VCE of 28V. The two basic configurations offered include an 8-pin device with a ground referenced tachometer input and an internal connection between the tachometer output and the op amp non-inverting input. This version is well suited for single speed or frequency switching or fully buffered frequency to voltage conversion applications. The more versatile configurations provide differential tachometer input and uncommitted op amp inputs. With this version the tachometer input may be floated and the op amp becomes suitable for active filter conditioning of the tachometer output. Both of these configurations are available with an active shunt regulator connected across the power leads. The regulator clamps the supply such that stable frequency to voltage and frequency to current operations are possible with any supply voltage and a suitable resistor. n Easy to use; VOUT = fIN x VCC x R1 x C1 n Only one RC network provides frequency doubling n Zener regulator on chip allows accurate and stable frequency to voltage or current conversion (LM2917)

Features n Ground referenced tachometer input interfaces directly with variable reluctance magnetic pickups n Op amp/comparator has floating transistor output n 50 mA sink or source to operate relays, solenoids, meters, or LEDs n Frequency doubling for low ripple n Tachometer has built-in hysteresis with either differential input or ground referenced input n Built-in zener on LM2917 n ± 0.3% linearity typical n Ground referenced tachometer is fully protected from damage due to swings above VCC and below ground

Applications n n n n n n n n n n n Over/under speed sensing Frequency to voltage conversion (tachometer) Speedometers Breaker point dwell meters Hand-held tachometer Speed governors Cruise control Automotive door lock control Clutch control Horn control Touch or sound switches

Advantages n Output swings to ground for zero frequency input

Block and Connection Diagrams

Dual-In-Line and Small Outline Packages, Top Views

DS007942-1 DS007942-2

Order Number LM2907M-8 or LM2907N-8 See NS Package Number M08A or N08E

Order Number LM2917M-8 or LM2917N-8 See NS Package Number M08A or N08E

© 2000 National Semiconductor Corporation

DS007942

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Block and Connection Diagrams

Dual-In-Line and Small Outline Packages, Top Views (Continued)

DS007942-3 DS007942-4

Order Number LM2907M or LM2907N See NS Package Number M14A or N14A

Order Number LM2917M or LM2917N See NS Package Number M14A or N14A

www.national.com

2

LM2907/LM2917

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Supply Voltage Supply Current (Zener Options) Collector Voltage Differential Input Voltage Tachometer Op Amp/Comparator Input Voltage Range Tachometer LM2907-8, LM2917-8 LM2907, LM2917 Op Amp/Comparator 28V 25 mA 28V 28V 28V

± 28V 0.0V to +28V 0.0V to +28V

Power Dissipation LM2907-8, LM2917-8 1200 mW LM2907-14, LM2917-14 1580 mW See (Note 1) Operating Temperature Range −40˚C to +85˚C Storage Temperature Range −65˚C to +150˚C Soldering Information Dual-In-Line Package Soldering (10 seconds) 260˚C Small Outline Package Vapor Phase (60 seconds) 215˚C Infrared (15 seconds) 220˚C See AN-450 “Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability” for other methods of soldering surface mount devices.

Electrical Characteristics
VCC = 12 VDC, TA = 25˚C, see test circuit Symbol TACHOMETER Input Thresholds Hysteresis Offset Voltage LM2907/LM2917 LM2907-8/LM2917-8 Input Bias Current VOH VOL I2, I3 I3 K Pin 2 Pin 2 Output Current Leakage Current Gain Constant Linearity OP/AMP COMPARATOR VOS IBIAS Input Common-Mode Voltage Voltage Gain Output Sink Current Output Source Current Saturation Voltage VC = 1.0 VE = VCC −2.0 ISINK = 5 mA ISINK = 20 mA ISINK = 50 mA ZENER REGULATOR Regulator Voltage Series Resistance Temperature Stability TOTAL SUPPLY CURRENT RDROP = 470Ω 7.56 10.5 +1 3.8 6 15 V Ω mV/˚C mA 1.0 40 VIN = 6.0V VIN = 6.0V 0 200 50 10 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 3 50 10 500 VCC−1.5V mV nA V V/mV mA mA V V V VIN = ± 50 mVDC VIN = +125 mVDC (Note 3) VIN = −125 mVDC (Note 3) V2 = V3 = 6.0V (Note 4) I2 = 0, V3 = 0 (Note 3) fIN = 1 kHz, 5 kHz, 10 kHz (Note 5) 0.9 −1.0 1.0 0.3 140 VIN = 250 mVp-p @ 1 kHz (Note 2) VIN = 250 mVp-p @ 1 kHz (Note 2) VIN = 250 mVp-p @ 1 kHz (Note 2) 3.5 5 0.1 8.3 2.3 180 240 0.1 1.1 +1.0 % 10 15 1 mV mV µA V V µA µA Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units mV mV

± 10

± 25
30

± 40

Note 1: For operation in ambient temperatures above 25˚C, the device must be derated based on a 150˚C maximum junction temperature and a thermal resistance of 101˚C/W junction to ambient for LM2907-8 and LM2917-8, and 79˚C/W junction to ambient for LM2907-14 and LM2917-14. Note 2: Hysteresis is the sum +VTH − (−VTH), offset voltage is their difference. See test circuit. Note 3: VOH is equal to 3⁄4 x VCC − 1 VBE, VOL is equal to 1⁄4 x VCC − 1 VBE therefore VOH − VOL = VCC/2. The difference, VOH − VOL, and the mirror gain, I2/I3, are the two factors that cause the tachometer gain constant to vary from 1.0. Note 4: Be sure when choosing the time constant R1 x C1 that R1 is such that the maximum anticipated output voltage at pin 3 can be reached with I3 x R1. The maximum value for R1 is limited by the output resistance of pin 3 which is greater than 10 MΩ typically.

3

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Electrical Characteristics

(Continued)

Note 5: Nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of VOUT (@ pin 3) for fIN = 5 kHz from a straight line defined by the VOUT @ 1 kHz and VOUT @ 10 kHz. C1 = 1000 pF, R1 = 68k and C2 = 0.22 mFd.

Test Circuit and Waveform

DS007942-6

Tachometer Input Threshold Measurement

DS007942-7

www.national.com

4

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Performance Characteristics
Total Supply Current Zener Voltage vs Temperature Normalized Tachometer Output vs Temperature

DS007942-40 DS007942-41 DS007942-42

Normalized Tachometer Output vs Temperature

Tachometer Currents I2 and I3 vs Supply Voltage

Tachometer Currents I2 and I3 vs Temperature

DS007942-43

DS007942-44

DS007942-45

Tachometer Linearity vs Temperature

Tachometer Linearity vs Temperature

Tachometer Linearity vs R1

DS007942-48 DS007942-46 DS007942-47

5

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Performance Characteristics
Tachometer Input Hysteresis vs Temperature

(Continued)

Op Amp Output Transistor Characteristics

Op Amp Output Transistor Characteristics

DS007942-49 DS007942-50

DS007942-51

Applications Information
The LM2907 series of tachometer circuits is designed for minimum external part count applications and maximum versatility. In order to fully exploit its features and advantages let’s examine its theory of operation. The first stage of operation is a differential amplifier driving a positive feedback flip-flop circuit. The input threshold voltage is the amount of differential input voltage at which the output of this stage changes state. Two options (LM2907-8, LM2917-8) have one input internally grounded so that an input signal must swing above and below ground and exceed the input thresholds to produce an output. This is offered specifically for magnetic variable reluctance pickups which typically provide a single-ended ac output. This single input is also fully protected against voltage swings to ± 28V, which are easily attained with these types of pickups. The differential input options (LM2907, LM2917) give the user the option of setting his own input switching level and still have the hysteresis around that level for excellent noise rejection in any application. Of course in order to allow the inputs to attain common-mode voltages above ground, input protection is removed and neither input should be taken outside the limits of the supply voltage being used. It is very important that an input not go below ground without some resistance in its lead to limit the current that will then flow in the epi-substrate diode. Following the input stage is the charge pump where the input frequency is converted to a dc voltage. To do this requires one timing capacitor, one output resistor, and an integrating or filter capacitor. When the input stage changes state (due to a suitable zero crossing or differential voltage on the input) the timing capacitor is either charged or discharged linearly between two voltages whose difference is VCC/2. Then in one half cycle of the input frequency or a time equal to 1/2 fIN the change in charge on the timing capacitor is equal to VCC/2 x C1. The average amount of current pumped into or out of the capacitor then is:

The size of C2 is dependent only on the amount of ripple voltage allowable and the required response time. CHOOSING R1 AND C1 There are some limitations on the choice of R1 and C1 which should be considered for optimum performance. The timing capacitor also provides internal compensation for the charge pump and should be kept larger than 500 pF for very accurate operation. Smaller values can cause an error current on R1, especially at low temperatures. Several considerations must be met when choosing R1. The output current at pin 3 is internally fixed and therefore VO/R1 must be less than or equal to this value. If R1 is too large, it can become a significant fraction of the output impedance at pin 3 which degrades linearity. Also output ripple voltage must be considered and the size of C2 is affected by R1. An expression that describes the ripple content on pin 3 for a single R1C2 combination is:

It appears R1 can be chosen independent of ripple, however response time, or the time it takes VOUT to stabilize at a new voltage increases as the size of C2 increases, so a compromise between ripple, response time, and linearity must be chosen carefully. As a final consideration, the maximum attainable input frequency is determined by VCC, C1 and I2:

The output circuit mirrors this current very accurately into the load resistor R1, connected to ground, such that if the pulses of current are integrated with a filter capacitor, then VO = ic x R1, and the total conversion equation becomes: VO = VCC x fIN x C1 x R1 x K Where K is the gain constant — typically 1.0. www.national.com 6

USING ZENER REGULATED OPTIONS (LM2917) For those applications where an output voltage or current must be obtained independent of supply voltage variations, the LM2917 is offered. The most important consideration in choosing a dropping resistor from the unregulated supply to the device is that the tachometer and op amp circuitry alone require about 3 mA at the voltage level provided by the zener. At low supply voltages there must be some current flowing in the resistor above the 3 mA circuit current to operate the regulator. As an example, if the raw supply varies from 9V to 16V, a resistance of 470Ω will minimize the zener voltage variation to 160 mV. If the resistance goes under 400Ω or over 600Ω the zener variation quickly rises above 200 mV for the same input variation.

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications
Minimum Component Tachometer

DS007942-8

DS007942-9

7

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued) Zener Regulated Frequency to Voltage Converter

DS007942-10

Breaker Point Dwell Meter

DS007942-11

www.national.com

8

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued) Voltage Driven Meter Indicating Engine RPM VO = 6V @ 400 Hz or 6000 ERPM (8 Cylinder Engine)

DS007942-12

Current Driven Meter Indicating Engine RPM IO = 10 mA @ 300 Hz or 6000 ERPM (6 Cylinder Engine)

DS007942-13

9

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued) Capacitance Meter VOUT = 1V–10V for CX = 0.01 to 0.1 mFd (R = 111k)

DS007942-14

Two-Wire Remote Speed Switch

DS007942-15

www.national.com

10

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued) 100 Cycle Delay Switch

DS007942-16

Variable Reluctance Magnetic Pickup Buffer Circuits

DS007942-39

Precision two-shot output frequency equals twice input frequency.
DS007942-17

Pulse height = VZENER

11

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued) Finger Touch or Contact Switch

DS007942-19

DS007942-18

Flashing LED Indicates Overspeed

DS007942-20

Flashing begins when fIN ≥ 100 Hz. Flash rate increases with input frequency increase beyond trip point.

www.national.com

12

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued)

Frequency to Voltage Converter with 2 Pole Butterworth Filter to Reduce Ripple

DS007942-21

Overspeed Latch

DS007942-23

DS007942-22

13

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued)

Some Frequency Switch Applications May Require Hysteresis in the Comparator Function Which can be Implemented in Several Ways:

DS007942-24

DS007942-25

DS007942-26

DS007942-27

DS007942-28

www.national.com

14

LM2907/LM2917

Typical Applications

(Continued)

Changing the Output Voltage for an Input Frequency of Zero

DS007942-30

DS007942-29

Changing Tachometer Gain Curve or Clamping the Minimum Output Voltage

DS007942-32

DS007942-31

15

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917

Anti-Skid Circuit Functions
“Select-Low” Circuit

DS007942-34

VOUT is proportional to the lower of the two input wheel speeds.

DS007942-33

“Select-High” Circuit

DS007942-36

VOUT is proportional to the higher of the two input wheel speeds.

DS007942-35

“Select-Average” Circuit

DS007942-37

www.national.com

16

Equivalent Schematic Diagram

LM2907/LM2917

17
DS007942-38

www.national.com

*This connection made on LM2907-8 and LM2917-8 only. **This connection made on LM2917 and LM2917-8 only.

LM2907/LM2917

Physical Dimensions

inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

8-Lead (0.150" Wide) Molded Small Outline Package, JEDEC Order Number LM2907M-8 or LM2917M-8 NS Package Number M08A

Molded SO Package (M) Order Number LM2907M or LM2917M NS Package Number M14A

www.national.com

18

LM2907/LM2917

Physical Dimensions

inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

Molded Dual-In-Line Package (N) Order Number LM2907N-8 or LM2917N-8 NS Package Number N08E

Molded Dual-In-Line Package (N) Order Number LM2907N or LM2917N NS Package Number N14A

19

www.national.com

LM2907/LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter

Notes

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user.
National Semiconductor Corporation Americas Tel: 1-800-272-9959 Fax: 1-800-737-7018 Email: support@nsc.com www.national.com National Semiconductor Europe Fax: +49 (0) 180-530 85 86 Email: europe.support@nsc.com Deutsch Tel: +49 (0) 69 9508 6208 English Tel: +44 (0) 870 24 0 2171 Français Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 91 8790

2. A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.

National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Response Group Tel: 65-2544466 Fax: 65-2504466 Email: ap.support@nsc.com

National Semiconductor Japan Ltd. Tel: 81-3-5639-7560 Fax: 81-3-5639-7507

National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

New Methods

...banking services is very competitive. Personal customers have a choice of banks on the high street or on the web to assist them in managing their finances. For example, they can have their salaries paid into accounts, pay bills through the bank or save money to gain interest on their savings. There is also a competitive market for business banking services. Businesses require different services such as credit management, payments for suppliers or loans and overdrafts to help them to survive and grow. For example, an expanding business may need a mortgage to buy a new building. Each market is capable of being further sub-divided into segments. A market segment is a part of a whole customer group that shares particular characteristics. These include such factors as age, life stages, geography or occupation. Within the market of personal banking, the segments could include categories such as students, graduates, ‘new to work’, mature, and families. By identifying different market segments, organisations can ensure they are providing products or services to meet the needs of these customers. In addition to this, appropriate promotional...

Words: 2390 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

New Method of Analysis

...accelerometers, and micro-optical sensors. Micromechanical sensors and improved fiber-optic gyros are expected to replace many of the current systems using ring laser gyroscopes or mechanical sensors. The successful introduction of the new technologies is primarily driven by cost and cost projections for systems using these new technologies are presented. Externally aiding the inertial navigation system (INS) with the global positioning system (GPS) has opened up the ability to navigate a wide variety of new large-volume applications, such as guided artillery shells. These new applications are driving the need for extremely low-cost, batch-producible sensors. Index Terms—Accelerometer, gyroscope, inertial, MEMS. I. INTRODUCTION LECTROMECHANICAL inertial sensors have generally dominated guidance, navigation, and control applications since the dawn of inertial sensing in the early 1920s [1]–[4]. In recent years, however, new technologies have enabled other kinds of sensors that are challenging and have successfully challenged this dominance [4]–[6]. For example, the ring laser gyroscope, which was invented in the 1960s, replaced electromechanical instruments in many applications by the late 1980s and early 1990s. Early on, the driving force for introducing these new technologies was to improve performance and reliability. Over the last 30 years or so, the primary driving force has been to achieve...

Words: 4906 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Entering New Markets, Methods and Expectations

...Over the past forty years a new growing trend has been detected. This coincides with the desire of businessman to dislocate their production and companies outside the domestic market. Such phenomenon, known as “delocalization of production”, can be defined as the social/ managerial/ organizational process through which firms not only deploy their sales on foreign markets, but they also draw supplies like raw materials, technology, facilities, equipment, financial resources and manpower. The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis on winning internationalization strategies, that will help a company to successfully penetrate a new market. Further on we will see a little case study on the shoes and accessories company Geox, performing an overview of its presence on international markets, providing a little historical background of the company and evaluating its competitiveness. Competition intensification on the global scale has lead an increasing number of companies, in the last decade, to seek new job opportunities on international markets. Internalization, today, is not only a way to increase the firm’s value, extends its competitive advantage and access to new opportunities. In our current economic environment it has become an useful and practically necessary way that may guarantee a firm’s outliving. Going international for a company means going through a tough and long process, that will change its assets completely and with no coming back. It involves quite...

Words: 3935 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

New Methods and Applications in Mitochondrial Dna Analysis

...New Methods and Applications in Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Brandon Sanders UMUC BIOL 320 6380 Forensic Biology New Methods and Applications in Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Mitochondria are structures within cells that function as energy mediators. Each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria. We know from this class that DNA is bundled in chromosomes inside the nucleus, but mitochondria also include a very small amount of their own DNA. This genetic material is known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. The use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence analysis to identify biological evidence has been well documented. More than 50 laboratories worldwide are now applying mtDNA analysis in forensic casework; e.g., to help identify human remains or to help discover the source of a shed hair. In addition, the number of mtDNA sequences added to population databases has grown rapidly. Estimates find that there are greater than 5000 sequences which have been generated in forensic laboratories, and that an equal number will be generated in the next year or two. As a result, more is known about the genetics of mtDNA, as well as the power of the system as a forensic marker. Therefore, the analysis of mtDNA is in a strong position as we approach the next millennium. Using Mitochondrial...

Words: 1223 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

A New Method of Co-Scheduling Cuda Kernels

...Abstract Merging CUDA kernels is an effective method to improve the overall GPU performance. In CUDA, the kernel running on GPU can’t be suspended unless it is finished. As a result, we should co-schedule all the pending kernels to take full utilization of GPU resource. In this paper, we mainly make two contributions to the kernel co-scheduling. The former is we provide a model to predict the running time of merged kernel. According to experiments, our model predicts accurately in most situations. The latter is we put forward a new method in selecting kernels from pending list to be merged. Comparing to simply merging neighbor kernels, the co-scheduling method presented in this paper could utilize GPU resource more fully and improve the overall performance. 1. Introduction With the rapid advance in IC technology, and the bottleneck of performance improvement in traditional single processor architecture, CMP was proposed as significant approach to make better use of the increasing transistors. With its advantage in exploit of higher level parallelism in DLP, TLP, and less consumption compared with single processor architecture, Multicore processors has become the main stream architecture. However, the performance cannot always be improved by adding cores into a chip because of the memory bandwidth limit. The performance is especially bad for data-intensive programs like informatics applications. Moreover, the function of multicore processors is fixed whose...

Words: 3550 - Pages: 15

Free Essay

Employee Motivation : a Powerful New Method Critical Review

...or overdraft, additional partners, share issue, leasing, hire purchase mortgage, trade credit and government grants. For a high-tech company, firstly, long-term sources of finance should be used. For example, owner’s investment should become the first fund of the company. Owner’s investment is money which comes from the owner’s own savings. It is the form of start up capital - used when the business is setting up, it also can be used for business expansion. Owner’s investment is a long-term source of finance and there is no interest needs to be paid. But owner’s investment is a limit to the amount because of the owner has a limited amount that can be invest. The founder should look for more money from other aspects in order to start up a new company successfully. Bank loan is a good choice for the founder. Bank loan is money borrowed at an agreed rate of interest over a set period of time. It can be regarded as the medium or long-term source of finance. Because the repayments are spread over a period of time, which is good for budgeting of company, founders for company starting up or operation usually use bank loan. A further way of raising funds that has become popular is through venture capital. Merchant banks and investment specialists may be willing to provide...

Words: 1969 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Java Programming

...A Programmer’s Guide to Java™ SCJP Certification Third Edition This page intentionally left blank A Programmer’s Guide to Java™ SCJP Certification A Comprehensive Primer Third Edition Khalid A. Mughal Rolf W. Rasmussen Upper Saddle River, New Jersey • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sidney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United...

Words: 15086 - Pages: 61

Free Essay

The Journey of a Music Teacher

...Riki Shafier Professor Kimberlee Hoftiezer SOS-110 24 January 2016 Music Education: A Personal Journey For the past few years I have been taking different courses, learning many things and preparing myself for the life ahead of me.  As a soon-to-be college graduate, the future beckons, bright and inviting. There are endless career opportunities that await those who have put forth the effort to receive an education. The career goals toward which I am currently preparing are to become a highly sought-after piano teacher and piano-teacher trainer with a full roster of students, complete with a waiting list for those who wish to join my studio. I plan to build a fully- developed business model for my piano studio. This plan will include curricula for various ages and skill levels, as well as plans for accommodating specific needs of individual students. The plan will also have processes for the acceptance and rejection of potential students, registration and payment options, and online booking opportunities. This will be optimized through the use of technology. Technology, in all its many forms, has transformed the world we live in, and I anticipate that it will prove to be of great use to me in the development of my career goals. In the short-term, I will be able to train under experienced piano educators and teacher-trainers via Skype lessons and workshops, and use various training software programs to improve my technical and teaching skills. Additionally, I plan to...

Words: 849 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Lol Girl

...Blue Pelican Java by Charles E. Cook Version 3.0.5h Copyright © 2004 - 2008 by Charles E. Cook; Refugio, Tx (All rights reserved) 1-1 “Blue Pelican Java,” by Charles E. Cook. ISBN 1-58939-758-4. Published 2005 by Virtualbookworm.com Publishing Inc., P.O. Box 9949, College Station, Tx 77842, US. ©2005, Charles E. Cook. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Charles E. Cook. Manufactured in the United States of America. Preface You will find this book to be somewhat unusual. Most computer science texts will begin with a section on the history of computers and then with a flurry of definitions that are just “so many words” to the average student. My approach with Blue Pelican Java is to first give the student some experience upon which to hang the definitions that come later, and consequently, make them more meaningful. This book does have a history section in Appendix S and plenty of definitions later when the student is ready for them. If you will look at Lesson 1, you will see that we go right to work and write a program the very first day. The student will not understand several things about that first program, yet he can immediately make the computer do something useful. This work ethic is typical of the remainder of the book. Rest assured that full understanding...

Words: 31284 - Pages: 126

Free Essay

Nbgnhgbhg

...C# Development Rob Miles Edition 1.1 October 2009 Department of Computer Science University of Hull i Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................... 11 Welcome ............................................................................................................. 11 Reading the notes................................................................................................ 11 Getting a copy of the notes ................................................................................. 11 Computers 12 An Introduction to Computers .......................................................................................... 12 Hardware and Software ...................................................................................... 12 Data and Information ........................................................................................................ 13 Data Processing .................................................................................................. 13 Programmer’s Point:At the bottom there is always hardware ............................. 14 Programming Languages 15 What is Programming? ..................................................................................................... 15 From Problem to Program .................................................................................. 15 Programmer’s Point:The specification must always be there...

Words: 63379 - Pages: 254

Free Essay

Case Study

...Layout Planning Models, Algorithms and computerized l h d d Layout Planning References 1. Tompikins et al., Facility Planning, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Singapore,2003. i 2003 2. Richard L.Francis et al., Facility Layout and Location: an analytical d diti approch, 2nd edition, P ti H ll of I di Ltd 2002 h Prentice Hall f India Ltd., 2002. 3. Dr-Ing. Daniel Kitaw, Industrial Management and Engineering Economy 4-1 Introduction • The generation of layout alternatives is a critical step in the facilities planning process, since th l i th f iliti l i i the layout t selected will serve to establish the physical relationships between activities. 4-2 CONT’D • Which comes first, the material handling system or the facility layout?  Centralized versus decentralized storage of work in i process(WIP), t li (WIP) tooling, and supplies d li  Fixed path versus variable path handling  The degree of automation used in handling  The type of level of inventory control physical control, control, and computer control of materials. 4-3 Layout procedures • A number of different procedures have been developed to id the facilities l t aid th f iliti planner i d i i l in designing layouts. t  Construction type  Improvement type 4-4 Apples plant layout procedure • • • • • • • • • • Procure th b si d t P the basic data Analyze the basic data Design the productive process Plan the material flow pattern Consider the handling l h dli plan general material •...

Words: 2488 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Media and American Culture

... If I were a news director of a local television station I would decide to make the story about the city parks being closed three days a week my lead story over the celebrity’s death. The reason behind why I would choose this one instead of the death of a celebrity. The city parks being closed three days each week will impact the locals that live near those parks. A celebrity’s death will be in the news for days to come and could become tomorrow’s lead story, but today a local story that is important to its community does not need to be over looked because of a continuing story that will be there for days to come. Local news stations have obligations to the communities that they reach. These communities look to them for what is going on and more importantly, what is happening locally. With all of the different ways to deliver local news to people, it is possible to make the lead story the celebrity’s death on the news’ website. Then possibly later in the day change it to follow the television’s schedule of delivering the news, such as changing the lead story to the city parks being closed three days a week. With technology, and the several ways of delivering the news, it is very possible to have more than one leading story across the board. In the past we, as in human beings, did not have this advantage. Newspapers from the printing presses were the main source for receiving the news, local and abroad. This...

Words: 1039 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Syllabua

...You are the news director of a local television station. The city council has just voted to close city parks 3 days a week to save money. Meanwhile, a major celebrity has died. The park story has greater effect on your viewers, but the celebrity death will get bigger ratings? Which do you make your lead story and why? o Your news organization is owned by a massive corporation that also owns an electronics company. It has learned that the refrigerators the electronics company makes are fire hazards and have destroyed several homes. How do you cover the story and how do you acknowledge that you are owned by the same corporation? o You are the chief editor of a large metropolitan daily newspaper. One of your reporters is caught fabricating sources and making up facts. How do you handle the situation, from disciplining the reporter to explaining it to your readers? . Solve the problem using what you have learned. Solutions must be realistic. If you think cable news networks do not have enough foreign coverage, for example, it is not enough to say you will simply hire more reporters. You must say where that money will come from. Be creative, both in the identification of the problem and, especially, in the solution. . Include the following: o The role of media in delivering news to the public o The significance of immediate news media delivery on culture o The social responsibilities of news media. o Ethical and legal considerations...

Words: 543 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Research Paper

...Researching Variable Naming Rules Visual Basic You must use a letter as the first character. You can't use a space, period (.), exclamation mark (!), or the characters @, &, $, # in the name. Name can't exceed 255 characters in length. Generally, you shouldn't use any names that are the same as the functions, statements, and methods in Visual Basic. You end up shadowing the same keywords in the language. To use an intrinsic language function, statement, or method that conflicts with an assigned name, you must explicitly identify it. Precede the intrinsic function, statement, or method name with the name of the associated type library. For example, if you have a variable called Left, you can only invoke the Left function using VBA.Left. You can't repeat names within the same level of scope. For example, you can't declare two variables named age within the same procedure. However, you can declare a private variable named age and a procedure-level variable named age within the same module. Python  Must begin with a letter (a - z, A - B) or underscore (_)  Other characters can be letters, numbers or _  Case Sensitive  Can be any (reasonable) length  There are some reserved words which you cannot use as a variable name because Python uses them for other things.- See more at: http://www.w3resource.com/python/python-variable.php#sthash.5AXuVlWN.dpuf Java Variable names are case-sensitive. A variable's name can be any legal identifier — an unlimited-length...

Words: 724 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Sd2720 Module 3 Working with Methods

...SD2720 Module 3 Working with Methods Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/sd2720-module-3-working-with-methods/ SD2720 Module 3 Working with Methods and Encapsulation Lab 3.1 Creating a Method In this lab, you will complete two tasks related to Java methods. The tasks performed in this lab will help you use method overloading and understand ambiguous overloading. Task 1 Write a program for swapping two numbers. In the program: • Create a method by passing primitive values as parameters for checking the result. • Create another method by passing object references as parameters for checking the result. • Identify the difference between two outputs. Task 2 Write a Java program that accepts 10 numbers from the user and finds the greatest and smallest numbers among them. Create two methods, findGreatest() and findSmallest(), to find the greatest and smallest numbers, respectively. Task 3 Write a Java program that implements the following methods: • getNumbers()to accept two numbers from the user. • calculateHCD()to calculate the highest common divisor (HCD) of the two numbers. Please note that it should be a recursive function. • calculateLCM()to calculate the least common multiple (LCM) of the two numbers. Display()to display HCD and LCM. Submission Requirements: Compress your Java project folder and responses in a Microsoft Word document into one zipped folder and submit it to the instructor. Evaluation Criteria:...

Words: 384 - Pages: 2