...Exercise Two Development of the Cochlear implant: Drawing upon New Trade Theory and Porter’s Theory of National Competitive Advantage as discussed in the lecture, outline the case for government assistance to emerging industries. Relate your answer to the Cochlear Case. Without government funding, would it have been possible to develop this product in Australia? Prior to government funding, Professor Clark was able to reach the prototype stage of the development of the Cochlear Implant. However, without government funding, there would have been inadequate finances and resources to commercialise the product and make it available to the public. The Australian governments role in the development of this product supports the theory of government role in supporting emerging products outlined in Porters Theory of National Competitive Advantage. The theory outlines that through strict product standards, focus on specialised factor creation and enforcing antitrust laws, governments can encourage organisations to a more competitive level. Australia has advantageous “Factor Conditions” for the development of a technology such as the Cochlear implant, due to being a first world country with leading technology. The “Demand Conditions” for the Cochlear Implant stretched further than simply Australia - as evident by the 50,000 cases in Japan. Furthermore, the supporting industries - such as “Nucleus” aided in the internationalisation of the product as it progressed into...
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...ignored. Please see the other helpful writing resources in the Tutorials and Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence. Thank you for using WritePoint. Globalization Questionnaire Globalization is simply the shift towards [The preferred spelling is "toward"] both a more integrated and a more interdependent economy (Hill, 2009). While ["While" is accurate in linking simultaneous events (meaning "during"), but if that is not the case here, use "although," "whereas," "and," or "but"] not all of the theories that surround traditional international trade support the concept of globalization there are a few that do such as the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory [Do not capitalize the name of a theory unless it contains a proper noun (someone's name)] , the New Trade Theory, Porter’s Theory, and the Product Life-Cycle (Hill, 2009). Drivers of Globalization There are two primary drivers of globalization, declining trade and [in academic writing, if this is a series, place a comma...
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...Course Code : ITB 301 Course : International Business Section : 03 Submitted to : Md. Gazi Salah Uddin Senior Lecturer East West University OTOBI FURNITURE: OPPORTUNITY, BARRIERS & POSSIBILITY OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION Submitted by Anisur Rahman 2004-2-14-059 Md. Raisul Islam 2006-1-10-015 Nusrat Nur 2006-1-10-037 Md. Atiqul Alam 2007-1-10-101 Date of Submission: 09 April 2009 Md. Gazi Salah Uddin Senior Lecturer East West University Dear Sir, In compliance with your advice for preparing a report on OTOBI FURNITURE we’ve tried our best to carry out what you really wanted. While preparing the report, we have followed standard methodology to take out findings and real condition. As per the direction of you, we have tried our best to highlight the findings, opportunities and problems through applying our acquired knowledge by studying this course. We sincerely hope this report will fulfill the requirements suggested by you. We are happy to get this kind of report. If you need any kind of assistance in interpreting...
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...I. INTRODUCTION The international trade theory experienced several periods of development from Classical to Neoclassical, New Trade Theory, and then the New Classical Trade Theory. The earliest over international trade had its birth in the end of 15th century and initial period of 16th century. That is, during the period of western countries’ primitive accumulation of capital and the main theory is mercantilism. It is claimed of the theory that the only form of wealth is the metal---gold and silver. People can gain them though exchange and for a nation, it is to increase the social wealth. Hereby, the way to gain gold and silver is international trade. II. THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE THEORIES: 1. CLASSICAL INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY In the late 1790s, the point of mercantilism was challenged by the classical economists. Based on criticizing the mercantilism, Adam Smith proposed the division of labor theory. It has been 41 years from Adam Smith proposed the absolute cost in his the Wealth of Nations in 1976 to David Ricardo proposed the comparative cost in his the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in 1817. This is the foundation period of international trade theory, that is, the Classical period. The absolute cost of Adam Smith is based on the division of labor theory. Adam introduced the division of labor theory to the field of international trade and established his absolute cost theory, thus demonstrating the fact that a nation can make the sources of each...
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...International Trade Theory Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: The Ecuadorian Rose Industry INTRODUCTION AN OVERVIEW OF TRADE THEORY The Benefits of Trade The Pattern of International Trade Trade Theory and Government Policy MERCANTILISM Country Focus: Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation? ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE The Gains from Trade Qualifications and Assumptions Extensions of the Ricardian Model Country Focus: Moving U.S. White Collar Jobs Offshore HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEORY The Leontief Paradox THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE THEORY Evaluating the Product Life Cycle Theory NEW TRADE THEORY Increasing Product Variety and Reducing Costs Economies of Scale, First Mover Advantages and the Pattern of Trade Implications of New Trade Theory NATIONAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: PORTER’S DIAMOND Factor Endowments Demand Conditions Related and Supporting Industries Firm Strategy, Structure, Rivalry Evaluating Porter’s Theory Management Focus: The Rise of Finland’s Nokia FOCUS ON MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Location First-Mover Advantages Government Policy SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CLOSING CASE: Trade in Information Technology and U.S. Economic Growth Learning Objectives 1. Understand why nations trade with each other. 2. Be familiar with the...
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...REVOLUTION IN TRADE AND GEOGRAPHY Prize Lecture, December 8, 2008 by Paul Krugman Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013, USA. Thirty years have passed since a small group of theorists began applying concepts and tools from industrial organization to the analysis of international trade. The new models of trade that emerged from that work didn’t supplant traditional trade theory so much as supplement it, creating an integrated view that made sense of aspects of world trade that had previously posed major puzzles. The “new trade theory” – an unfortunate phrase, now quite often referred to as “the old new trade theory” – also helped build a bridge between the analysis of trade between countries and the location of production within countries. In this paper I will try to retrace the steps and, perhaps even more important, the state of mind that made this intellectual transformation possible. At the end I’ll also ask about the relevance of those once-revolutionary insights in a world economy that, as I’ll explain, is arguably more classical now than it was when the revolution in trade theory began. 1. TRADE PUZZLES In my first year as an assistant professor, I remember telling colleagues that I was working on international trade theory – and being asked why on earth I would want to do that. “Trade is such a monolithic field,” one told me. “It’s a finished structure, with nothing interesting left to do.” Yet even before the arrival of new models, there...
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...categories: country-based theories and firm-based theories. Country-based theories view business in a macro perspective from a point a view of a nation and focus on trading phenomenon particularly in exports and imports. While firm-based theories are modern theories that emerged after the Second World War as it views business in a micro perspective from the angle of a firm. Despite the different perspectives of firm-based theories and country-based theories, they are interlinked and complement each other. The firm-based theories were developed from classic country-based theories and supported with empirical research. Country-based theories are international business theories that argue on the evolvement of business since the 16th century. The theories are classical theories that derived from an economic perspective. There are 4 theories involved in country-based theories. They are Mercantilism Theory, Absolute Advantage Theory, Comparative Advantage Theory and Heckscher-Ohlin Theory. Firm-based theories attempt to explain business phenomena related to international trade. Mercantilism theory was the first theory of international business that emerged in England in the mid of 16th century. The principal affirmation of the theory was its gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to dynamic business. It was a political economy system that aimed to generate wealth by limiting imports and encouraging exports. Under this theory, the economic growth of...
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...The competitive advantage of nations: is Porter’s Diamond Framework a new theory that explains the international competitiveness of countries? A.J. Smit ABSTRACT The focus of this article is to clarify the meaning of international competitiveness at the country level within in the context of Porter’s (1990a) thesis that countries, like companies, compete in international markets for their fair share of the world markets. At a country level, there are two schools of thought on country competitiveness: the economic school, which rejects Porter’s notion of country competitiveness, and the management school, which supports the notion of competitiveness at a country level. This article reviews and contrasts the theories pertaining to these two schools of thought with specific reference to trade theories and the ‘theory’ of the competitive advantage of nations originally advanced by Porter (1990a, 1997a, 1998b, 1998c, 2000). Although Porter’s Diamond Framework has been extensively discussed in the management literature, its actual contribution to the body of knowledge in the economic and management literature has never been clarified. The purpose of this article is to explain why Porter’s Diamond Framework is not a new theory that explains the competitiveness of countries but rather a framework that enhances our understanding of the international competitiveness of firms. Key words: Porter, Diamond Framework, international competition, competitiveness of countries, international business...
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...What is the major benefit of trade identified in the theories of international trade? 2. What do theories of international trade teach us about the pattern of trade in the world economy? 3. 6 4. What are the main differences among mercantilism, Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage, and David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage? 5. Why is the theory of comparative advantage so important in today’s world? 6. According to the theory of comparative advantage, what is the relationship between free trade and economic growth? Does the empirical evidence support this prediction? 7. What is the criticism that Paul Samuelson made of theories that advocate free trade? 8. How is the Heckscher- Ohlin theory different from the theory of comparative advantage? 9. What is the Leontief paradox? Why is it important? 10. What are central predictions of the product life- cycle theory? What are the limitations of this theory? 11. What does new trade theory tell us about the pattern of trade in the world economy? 12. What are the implications of new trade theory for government policy? 13. According to Porter’s theory of national competitive advantage, what elements explain why different countries achieve international success in certain industries? 14. What are the implications of Porter’s theory for government policy? 15. What are the implications of theories of international trade such as the theory of comparative advantage for the...
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...International Trade Theory 1. What is the major benefit of trade identified in theories of international trade? 2. What do theories of international trade teach us about the patter of trade in the world economy? 3. How do trade theories inform government policy? 4. What are the main differences among mercantilism, Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage, and David Ricardo’s Theory of comparative advantage? 5. Why is the theory of comparative advantage so important in today’s world? 6. According to the theory of comparative advantage, what is the relationship between free trade and economic growth? Does the empirical evidence support this prediction? 7. What is the criticism that Paul Samuel made of theories that advocate free trade? 8. How is the Heckscher-Olin theory different from the theory of comparative advantage? 9. What is the Leontief paradox? Why is it important? 10. What are the central predictions of the product lifecycle theory? What are the limitations of this theory? 11. What does new trade theory tell us about the patter of trade in the world economy? 12. What are the implications of new trade theory for government policy? 13. According to Porter/s theory of national competitive advantage, what are the elements explain why different countries achieve international success in certain industries? 14. What are the implications of Porter’s Theory for government policy? 15. What are the implications of theories of international...
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...The Heckscher-Ohlin theory explains why countries trade goods and services with each other. One condition for trade between two countries is that the countries differ with respect to the availability of the factors of production. They differ if one country, for example, has many machines (capital) but few workers, while another country has a lot of workers but few machines. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, a country specializes in the production of goods that it is particularly suited to produce. Countries in which capital is abundant and workers are few, therefore, specialize in production of goods that, in particular, require capital. Specialization in production and trade between countries generates, according to this theory, a higher standard-of-living for the countries involved. New notes The Heckscher Ohlin model Introduction The Heckscher Ohlin model Predicts that different factor endowments between countries is a key issue in the international trade flows but others such a WW Leontief, who in 1954 tried o test the theory empirically, found that this model failed to explain United States trading patterns. Read more: http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/economics/heckscher-ohlin-model.php#ixzz2DPfWNkhU The Heckscher Ohlin assumption The Heckscher Ohlin theory explains why countries trade good and services to each other. To apply this theory countries have to respect conditions; one of those is that the countries obviously differ with respect to the availability...
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...Globalization and Economic Interdependence: 1. What does globalization mean? Globalization is the acceleration and extension of the interdependence of economic and business activities across national boundaries, in other words a development on one side of the globe will have consequences on another. As a consumer, it means more choices, generally lower prices, and increasingly blurred national identity for products and services. How do the statistics of world trade and direct investment show the trend of globalization? Globalization allows for countries to expand outside of their own country for resources. With this being done, more and more countries are able to interact in world trade and direct investment, which correlate to the trend of globalization increasing. 2. What are the main drivers of globalization? Accelerated technological change, liberation of trade and investment and investment in many countries, and entrepreneurship and competition among firms (location economies, economies of scale, and economies of scope). How do location economies, economies of scale and economies of scope motivate firms to expand their operations overseas? Location economies refer to the cost efficiencies that a firm can achieve by locating some of its activities overseas. Such cost efficiencies can result from lower labor or raw material costs, superior labor skills, or elimination of transport or tariff costs. Economies of scale refer to the reduction of average production costs due...
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...is an average wage in Ecuador and substantially above the country's $120 a month It is 6:20 AM, February 7, in the Ecuadorian town of Cayambe, and Maria Pacheco has just been dropped off for work by the company bus. She pulls on thick rubber gloves, wraps an apron over her white, traditional embroidered dress, and grabs her clippers, ready for another long day. Any other time of year, Maria would work until 2 PM, but it's a week before Valentine's Day, and Maria along with her 84 coworkers at the farm are likely to be busy until 5 PM. By then, Maria will have cut more than 1,000 rose stems. A few days later, after they have been refrigerated and shipped via aircraft, the roses Maria cut will be selling for premium prices in stores from New York to London. Ecuadorian roses are quickly becoming the Rolls Royce of roses. They have huge...
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...International Business, 14e (Daniels et al.) Chapter 6 International Trade and Factor-Mobility Theory 1) Which of the following is NOT a reason that international trade theory is useful for managers to understand? A) Countries use trade theories to help them decide how to improve their competitive positions, such as improving the quantity and quality of production factors. B) Countries' trade policies affect whether imports are allowed to compete against domestic production, thus affecting where companies need to produce to serve given markets. C) Countries use laissez-faire policies to intervene in the free movement of international trade, thus affecting where companies can produce most efficiently. D) Countries wrestle with the questions and set policies on what, with whom, and how much they should import and export, thus affecting companies' abilities to produce given products efficiently and sell them into given markets. Answer: C Diff: 3 Learning Outcome: Compare and contrast theories of international trade Skill: Concept Objective: 1 2) Why should managers in international business understand international trade theories? A) Countries' trade policies, based on trade theories, influence which products companies might export to given countries. B) The understanding helps managers decide whether their companies should follow laissez-faire management practices. C) The theories help managers decide whether to use large-scale versus small-scale technologies...
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..."Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1776 B) "Wealth of Nations," David Hume, 1758 C) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1758 D) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1776 E) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1758 Answer: E Page Ref: 1 Difficulty: Easy Question Status: New 2) From 1960 to 2009, A) the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. B) U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. C) the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. D) U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. E) U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C Page Ref: 1 Difficulty: Easy Question Status: New AACSB Codes: Dynamics of the Global Economy 3) The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources. B) the United States is a "Superpower." C) the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Page Ref: 2 Difficulty: Easy Question Status: New AACSB Codes: Dynamics of the Global Economy 4) Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are A) not relevant to current policy analysis. B) are only of moderate relevance in today's modern international economy. C) are highly relevant in today's modern international economy. D) are the only theories that actually relevant...
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