...What is he WACC and why is it so important to estimate a firms cost of capital? The WACC (weighted average cost of capital) is a percentage figure resulting from a calculation method by which the adequate cost of capital of a firm is expressed. It considers the composition of a company’s funding, be it debt or equity. A corporation whose source of funding is equity by 100 percent will have a WACC equal to the cost of equity. By contrast, a levered company will have to reflect the cost of debt as well. The WACC takes their respective quantitative contributions to the entire amount of funding, serving hence as an allocation base, into account. As there is a direct relationship between the two portions, debt and equity, in order to calculate a proper overall price, they must be multiplied with their respective single prices. What is crucial in the calculation process is that one must not omit the tax shield effect caused by debt. Which is, due to fiscal regulations, that all interest expenses which occur in the financing process are tax deductible and, hence, reduce the overall result. This circumstance is mathematically reflected by inserting the term (1-tc). Tc here stands for the corporate tax rate, which, as in the NIKE case, needs adjustment for any taxes imposed by particular states. So if a company faces 38% corporate tax rate the remaining part of 62% count as an expense. Again, as there is a direct relationship to the proportion of the debt and its cost, the higher the...
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...Global Executive MBA – FGV (2015) Assignment # C3 Nike, INC.: Cost of Capital Jul 31st, 2014 Case Approach As required in the instructions, the group will answer each of the questions regarding the case, along with its justifications. In addition, a spreadsheet will be attached with all the calculations regarding this case. Q1. What is the WACC and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? Do you agree with Joanna Cohen’s WACC calculation? Why or why not? WACC is defined as the weighted average cost of capital, which is the minimum rate of return the project (or the firm) must generate in order to attend the suppliers of capital´s expectations. The implications behind WACC definition is straight simple. The cost of capital of any firm depends on the composition of the equity and debt in its funding. By composition, we mean the percentage and the costs related to each of its components, as it can be summarized in the formula below: WACC = [Cost of debt x D/D+E] + [Cost of equity x E/E+D] In this sense, to obtain a WACC of any firm (or project) we must have the cost of debt, the percentage of the debt in the firms’ funding following by the cost of equity and its percentage. Taking a look at Joanna Cohen´s WACC calculation, there are some important things missing in her analysis: * Capital Sources: Mrs. Cohen used the book values to calculate the total capital employed by Nike. However, the correct approach would be to obtain these values...
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...Nike Inc. Case 1. What is the WACC and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? WACC is weighted average cost of capital, which is the expected rate of return on average from all the company’s existing debts and securities. It takes into account all different types of financing in the company’s capital structure. The reason it is important to estimate WACC is because it measures what it costs the firm to take on a project based on its current Debt and Equity mix. When the firm decides to take on a project it needs to discount the future cash flows of the project by the company’s WACC to determine whether or not to take the project on. High WACC generally indicates more risk since the company pays more for its capital. It is generally used by managers to decide if a new investment project is worthwhile. All developing firms require more capital to accommodate more demand. As a result, the firm needs more capital. Capital is raised through debt, preferred stock and common equity. Debt is acquired either through bonds or through borrowing from banks. The common equity form of the capital can be raised through either retaining the earnings and reinvest in the future company development or it can be raised through issuing common stock. The preferred stock is the least favorite method to raise capital. While interest payments provide the earnings for holders of debt, the cost of equity is the opportunity cost demanded by investors for making the funds available...
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...Nike Kim Ford is a portfolio manager for the NorthPoint Group and she is assessing whether to buy shares of Nike stock for her NorthPoint Large Cap Fund. Ms. Ford has asked her assistant, Joanna Cohen, to estimate Nike’s cost of capital so Ms. Ford could make an informative decision whether to buy Nike shares for her Fund. I will analyze Ms. Cohen’s methodologies and results of Nike’s cost of capital. Ms. Cohen used the book value for debt and equity when she should have used the market value. The market value of debt is equal to $1,277.42 and the market value of equity is $11,427.44 (Exhibit 1). We these two corrected value we can find the correct weight of debt and weight of equity. I calculated the weight of debt to be 10.05% and weight of equity as 89.95%. I next calculated the cost of equity using the CAPM method. I used the 20 Year Yield (5.74%) on US Treasuries as we are calculating the future value. As well in line with looking at the future I used the most recent Beta (0.69) in light of using the average beta that incorporates historical data. Finally, I used the Arithmetic Mean (7.50%) as the Arithmetic Mean is typically used to estimate returns on a future value where the Geometric Mean is stronger at looking at the historical performance. Using the CAPM I calculate the cost of equity at 10.92%. To compare models I also calculated the cost of equity using the dividend growth model (DDM) and calculated the cost of equity at 6.70%. (Exhibit1). In this case and...
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...Nike, Inc.: COST OF CAPITAL CASE ANALYSIS Importance of Cost of Capital The concept of cost of capital is used in finance decisions. Acceptance or rejection of an investment project depends on the cost that the company has to pay for financing it. Good financial management calls for selection of such projects, which are expected to earn returns, which are higher than the cost of capital. It is therefore, important for the finance manager to calculate the cost of capital, which the company has to pay and compare it with the rate of return, which the project is expected to earn. In capital expenditure decisions, finance managers go on accepting projects arranged in descending order of rate of return. The manager stops at the point where the cost of capital equals to the rate of return offered by the project. That is, the finance manager finds out the break-even point of the project. Accepting any project beyond the break-even point will cause financial loss for the company. The cost of capital is a guideline for determining the optimum capital structure of a company. Weighted Average Cost of Capital The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets. The WACC is the minimum return that a company must earn on an existing asset base to satisfy its creditors, owners, and other providers of capital. A company's assets are financed by either...
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...considered buying shares of Nike, Inc., the well-known athletic shoe manufacturer. It would be prudent of Ford to base her assessment on Nike’s financial reports for 2001. Around the same time, Nike held an analysts’ meeting to disclose those financial results. They also addressed ways to revitalize the company, since share price was beginning to decline and revenues had plateaued at around $9 billion. Although Nike projected a rosy future, many analysts had mixed reactions to the projections. Ford was right to come up with her own forecast, seeing as the reactions ranged from too aggressive to growth opportunities. In order to completely analyze Nike and its possible place in the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund, Ford needs to know Nike’s cost of capital. One of the most useful ways to measure the cost of capital is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Theoretically, the optimal capital structure in the mix of types of financing that produces the lowest WACC. WACC is calculated by multiplying the cost of each type of financing a company uses, be it debt or the many types of equity, by their respective weights. It is the rate of return that a company needs to earn in order to satisfy the returns they have to pay out to debtholders and stockholders. The respective weight of each type of financing is determined by their percentage of total capital. The WACC is extremely relevant to a company’s capital budgeting team and other capital finance department members. WACC is extremely useful...
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...CASE 14: NIKE, INC.: COST OF CAPITAL What is WACC and why it is important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? Do you agree with Joanna Cohan’s WACC calculation? What is WACC and why it is important? Do you agree with Joanna Cohan’s WACC calculation? WACC (Weighted average cost of capital) is the minimum return that a company must earn on existing asset base on satisfy its creditors, owners and other providers of capital WACC is important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital because: The cost of capital is the rate of return required by a capital provider in exchange for foregoing an investment in another project or business with similar risk. Thus, it is also known as an opportunity cost WACC is the minimum return required by capital providers, so that managers should invest only in projects that generate returns in excess of WACC WACC is set by the investors, not by managers. We cannot observe the true WACC, we can only estimate it. We do not agree with Joanna Cohan’s WACC calculation because she used much information irrelevant to apply in the WACC. And we introduce our method for Nike’s WACC in the following part. Calculate WACC for Nike. The formula below is used to calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): WACC = Debt/(Debt + Equity) x after Tax Cost of Debt + Equity/(Debt + Equity) x Cost of Equity We are going to find each component of the WACC formula. Determining the proportion of each source of capital: We use market value...
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...Nike, Inc.: Cost of Capital Nike, Inc.: Case Background: NorthPoint Large Cap Fund weighing whether to buy Nike’s stock. Nike has experienced sales growth decline, declines in profits and market share. Nike has reveal that it would increase exposure in mid-price footwear and apparel lines. It also commits to cut down expenses. The market responded mixed signals to Nike’s changes. Kimi Ford has done a cash flow estimation, and ask her assistant, Joanna Cohen to estimate cost of capital. What is WACC? and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? The cost of capital is the rate of return required by a capital provider in exchange for foregoing an investment in another project or business with similar risk. Thus, it is also known as an opportunity cost. Since WACC is the minimum return required by capital providers, managers should invest only in projects that generate returns in excess of WACC. What is WACC? and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? The WACC is set by the investors (or markets), not by managers. Therefore, we cannot observe the true WACC, we can only estimate it. Do you agree with Joanna Cohen’s WACC estimations? Why or why not? Issues Single cost or Multiple Cost? Cost of debt Cost of equity Weights of capital components Single cost or Multiple Cost? Should Cohen estimate different cost of capital for footwear and apparel divisions? I agree with the...
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... The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets. Nike finances its assets either through debt or with equity. WACC is the average of the costs of these types of financing, each of which is weighted by its proportionate use. By taking a weighted average in this way, we can determine how much interest a company owes for each dollar it finances. A firm's WACC is the overall required return for a firm. Because of this, company directors will often use WACC internally in order to make decisions. I do not agree with Joana Cohen’s calculation of the WACC based on various reasons. She used the book value to calculate equity instead of market value. The weightings should also be calculated using the market weights as opposed to book weights. WACC calculations: Market Value of Equity (E) = Stock Price X Number of Shares Outstanding =42.09*271.5 =$11,427.44 Market Value of Debt= Current loan notes + notes payable +long term debt =5.40+855.30+416.72 =1277.42 Weight of debt = D /D+E= $1,277.42/ $12,704.86= 10.05% Weight of equity = E /D +E = $11,427.44/$12,704.86= 89.95% Cost of Debt (Kd) = YTM on 20 Year Nike Inc. Bond = 7.51% Cost of Equity (Ke) using CAPM= rRF + (rRF -...
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...Definition of WACC The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is the rate at which the firm is expected to pay for capital raised by issuing debt and equity to finance its assets. It is the minimum return that the company should earn to satisfy the needs of the debt holders and shareholders of the company. It is calculated by proportionally weighing each category of capital such as common stock, preferred stock, long term and short term debts, bonds etc. It is the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the future cash flows when the risk pertaining to that particular cash-generating unit is similar to that of the overall firm WACC is calculated by multiplying the cost of each category of capital raised with its proportional weight in the capital structure and summing them all. WACC CALCULATION: WACC = Cost of Equity + Cost of Debt (after tax) Weighed by the proportion of debt and equity in the capital structure Weighed by the proportion of debt and equity in the capital structure Estimating the cost of Capital 1. Capital Budgeting decisions It is important for a company to know whether a particular investment would be profitable in the long run. If the company knows the cost of capital it can accept or reject investment proposals by calculating the present values of the future cash flows. The company would most likely not invest if the cost of borrowing is greater then the returns generated from the investment. 2. Determining the ideal capital structure ...
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...1. What is the WACC and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? Do you agree with Joanna Cohen’s WACC calculation? Why or why not? Answer: The cost of capital refers to the maximum rate of return a firm must earn on its investment so that the market value of company's equity shares will not drop. This is a consonance with the overall firm's objective of wealth maximization. WACC is a calculation of a firm's cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. All capital sources - common stock, preferred stock, bonds and any other long-term debt - are included in a WACC calculation. All else equal, the WACC of a firm increases as the beta and rate of return on equity increases, as an increase in WACC notes a decrease in valuation and a higher risk. The WACC of a firm is a very important both to the stock market for stock valuation purposes and to the company's management for capital budgeting purposes. In an analysis of a potential investment by the company, investment projects that have an expected return that is greater than the company's WACC will generate additional free cash flow and will create positive net present value for stock owners. Thus, since the WACC is the minimum rate of return required by capital providers, the managers in the company should invest in the projects which generate returns in excess of WACC. We do not agree with Joanna Cohen’s calculation regarding the WACC from 3 aspects: 1) When Joanna Cohen...
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...Nike Case Team 5 – Windsor Cohort (Heidi Limmonen, Oksana Simakina, Masayuki Kondo, Rui Dias, Andres Losada, Zsolt Makai) 1. What is the WACC and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? Do you agree with Joanna Cohen’s WACC calculation? Why or why not? WACC is the rate that a company is expected to pay to debtors and creditors. A weighted average of the component cost of debt, preferred stock, and common equity. (Birgham & Houston, 2009) This is the minimum rate that a company must earn on its assets in order to satisfy the company’s shareholders (most importantly, the creditors and the owners). WACC is calculated as a weighted average, or composite, of the various types of funds used over time, regardless of the specific financing used in a given year. (Birgham & Houston, 2009) The WACC is a useful tool to measure how a company is financed and what the costs are of its capital. Furthermore WACC sets the minimum level that a company has to earn in order to satisfy creditors and owners (see above), therefore the model can be used as a benchmark figure (a minimum return rate) that a new project has to meet. The expected rate of return when evaluating such new projects has to be higher than the WACC (benchmark) in order to be profitable. We don’t agree with the way Joanna Cohen calculated the WACC. Her assumptions made to calculate the cost of equity by the CAPM were not accurate. She only made general assumptions about the general economic...
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...Nike, Inc: Cost of Capital CASE SUMMARY In this case, Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group, a mutual fund company, manages the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund. This fund invests mostly in Fortune 500 companies with an emphasis on value investing. Some of the top holdings of the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund include; ExxonMobil, McDonalds and GM, these stocks are generally old-economy stocks. Over 2000 and the first half of 2001, the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund performed very well, earning a 20.7% return in 2000; over the same time, the S7P 500 fell 10.1%. The current time is July 2001 and just a year prior, there was an analyst meeting at Nike to review fiscal year 2001 performance. During this meeting, Nike revealed a plan for revitalizing the company. The company was in need of a kick start as sales were stuck at $9 billion and there was a drop in net income from $800 million to $580 million. To re-energize sales, Nike was going to produce more mid-priced athletic shoes, an area where Nike was weak in previous years. Nike also announced that it was going to push its apparel line which has been growing extremely well. With this new information, Kimi Ford is now considering purchasing Nike shares for the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund. She reviewed numerous analysts’ reports but felt that there was no clear guidance on whether or not to buy the stock. To make a better decision, she decided to perform her own analysis. In this case, we will provide Kimi Ford with a...
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...with our conclusion. The weighted average cost of capital, WACC, is the rate of return required by investors. The WACC calculates the different risks associated with the individual components of the capital structure. The individual components within the WACC are preferred stock, common stock, and after-tax debt. The WACC is very important because it tells the investors if the return they are receiving is equal to the return they require depending on the risk associated with the investment. The WACC is the company’s overall rate of return and cost of capital. After much calculations, we believe Joanna Cohen’s analysis is incorrect. The reason being, when she calculated the WACC she used the book value instead of market values for the weights of debt and equity. When calculating the long term debt, Joanna should have discounted the debt that appears on the balance sheet. When calculating the risk free rate in her capital asset pricing model, Joanna used the 20 year U.S. treasury yield of 5.74% and a geometric mean of 5.90%. We chose to use the one-year U.S. treasury yield 3.59% and the arithmetic mean of 7.50%. As discussed in class, you should always try to use the current yield under a year. Cohen averaged all of the betas from 1996 until 2000 and used 0.80 as her beta. In our calculations we used the most current beta available, 0.83. Our results varied by almost 1% since we used a different beta. Cohen showed a WACC of 8.3% and we calculated a...
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...NIKE, INC.: COST OF CAPITAL The cost of capital represents the minimum return required by providers of finance for investing in an asset, it may be a project, a business or strategic unit or an entire company. It needs to represent the capital structure used to finance the investment and therefore likely to include cost of equity and debt. The cost of capital also represents a “hurdle rate” that a company’s projects must exceed in order to increase shareholders wealth and is used as a discount rate in net present value (NPV) investment appraisal techniques. Projects that generate a positive NPV at the cost of capital are accepted since they earn more than the investors required rate of return. Projects which generate a negative NPV are rejected as they earn less than their target rate of return. The cost of capital therefore plays a vital role in corporate finance, establishing a link between investment decisions and finance decisions i.e what companies should be spending their money on and how this should be funded. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) represents the overall cost of capital for a firm, incorporating the cost of debt, equity and preference share capital, weighted according to the proportion of each source of finance within the business. In arriving at the WACC for a firm, the models used to calculate the cost of each source of finance assume that the required rate of return is a function of the shareholders’ expectations of future cash...
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