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Nintendo Overview

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Unternehmensstruktur
Nintendo wurde im September 1889 gegründet. Das seit 1962 börsennotierte Unternehmen hat ein gesamtkapital von rund 97 Mio. Euro. Die Firma hat ihren Hauptsitz im japanischen Kyoto. Von dort werden alle globalen Angelegenheiten überwacht und die japanischen Geschäfte gesteuert. 1990 wurde Nintendo of Europe (NOE) mit Sitz im unterfränkischen Großostheim gegründet. NOE koordiniert und überwacht die Geschäfte aller weiteren Niederlassungen in Europa und in Südafrika. Nintendo of America (NOA) ist verantwortlich für Vertrieb, Marketing und Werbung in den USA. NOA sitzt in Redmond, Washington. Weltweit hat Nintendo rund 5.000 Beschäftigte.
Nintendo besitzt keine eigenen Produktionsstätten. Alle Fertigungsstätten sind als externe Unter-nehmen ausgegliedert. Regelmäßig kontrollieren sognannte „on-site inspectors“ die Qualität, Sicherheit, Arbeitsbedingungen und Effizienz der Produktionspartner und deren Prozesse.
Nintendo betreibt eine Vielzahl an eigenen Entwicklerstudios. Zusätzlich zu den internen Studios existieren sogenannte „First Party Developers“, welche als Tochterunternehmen bezeichnet werden können.
Nintendo’s Unternehmenskultur ist seit Beginn auf das Herstellen und Vertreiben von Spielzeug ausgelegt. Bei den Produkten geht es also primär um den Unterhaltungsfaktor sowie um eine einfache Bedienbarkeit. Von einer zeitgemäßen technischen Ausstattung der Hardware wird abgesehen. Das hat den Vorteil, dass die Hardware sehr günstig in der Herstellung ist und mehr Mittel in neue innovative Produkte investiert werden können.
Im August 2011 war Nintendo aufgrund von hohen Quartalsverlusten erstmals gezwungen, Hardware zu subventionieren - also unter dem Herstellungspreis zu verkaufen. Dies bedeutete für Nintendo einen tiefen Einschnitt in eine jahrelange Firmenpolitik.
Unter dem Leitspruch „Put Smiles on the Faces of Everyone Nintendo Touches“ nimmt das Unter-nehmen, sein unternehmerische Gesellschaftsverantwortung sehr ernst.
Geschichtliche Epochen
1889 – 1962: Spielkartenära
Die in Kyoto, Japan gegründete Firma setzte zu Beginn auf das Herstellen/Vertreiben von sogenannten „Blumenkarten“ (Hanafuda-Karten), welche in Japan sehr beliebt waren. Im Laufe der Jahre kamen auch westliche Kartensets hinzu und 1959 gelang sogar ein gewinnversprechender Deal mit Walt Disney, wonach auch Disney Figuren die Karten aus Nintendos Produktion zieren durften.

1962 – 1974: Experimentelle Phase
Mit dem Börsengang 1962 wagte die Firma unter Leitung von Hiroshi Yamauchi noch mehr Expansionen und startete Ausflüge in die verschiedensten Geschäftsfelder. Ob „Liebeshöhlen“ für Prostituierte und deren Kunden, ein Taxiunternehmen oder sogar der Einstieg in die Lebensmittelindustrie - nichts blieb unversucht. Nach Fehlschlägen auf diesen Gebieten nutzte Nintendo seine Kontakte zu Spielwarenherstellern und veröffentlichte obskure Geräte wie den Nintendo „Love-Tester“.

ab 1974: Fokus auf Unterhaltungselektronik
Die ersten richtigen Erfolge stellten sich erst mit der Konzentration auf Unterhaltungselektronik ein, speziell sogenannte Beam Guns erfreuten sich großer Beliebtheit. Anfang der 80er gründete man mit Nintendo of America Inc. die erste Niederlassung außerhalb Japans und stieg in den boomenden Spielautomatenmarkt ein. Der Spieledesigner Shigeru Miyamoto kreierte den Spieleautomat „Donkey Kong“, welcher dem bis heute bekanntesten Videospielprotagonisten der Welt das erste Mal eine Bühne bot: Super Mario. Dank des Siegeszuges des NES (Nintendo Entertainment System), folgte eine quasi Monopolstellung auf dem Heimkonsolenmarkt. Eine weitere Marktbombe platzte 1989 mit dem Release des Handhelds „Game Boy“, der Spieleklassiker wie Tetris beherbergte. Viele weitere Konsolen und Handhelds folgten, z.B. N64, Nintendo DS, Wii. Mit der Wii U kommt nun Ende 2012 Jahres die aktuellste Spielekonsole auf den Markt.
Umsatz
Gemessen an dem Umsatz im Jahr 2011 ist Nintendo Company Ltd. der dritt größte Games Publisher weltweit. Im Zeitraum vom 31. März 2010 - 31. März 2011 betrug der Umsatz 8,47 Milliarden Euro. In dem Geschäftsjahr 2012 verbuchte Nintendo erstmals einen Umsatzrückgang (-6,03 Mrd. Euro). Gründe dafür waren sehr geringeren Verkäufe von Hardware, die Zwangspreissenkung des 3DS-Handhelds und ein hoher Wechselkurs des Yen. Dies mündete in den ersten negativen Geschäftsjahresabschluss in der Geschichte Nintendos (402,46 Mio. Euro Verlust).

Ökonomische Basisdaten ( Beiträge in Mio. JPY) 2011/2012 2010/2011 2009/2010 2008/2009 2007/2008
Umsatz 647,652 1,014,345 1,434,365 1,672,423 966,534
Gewinn/Verlust - 43,204 77,621 228,635 257,342 174,290
Mitarbeiter 4,928 4,712 4,425 3,768 ca. 3,500

Aus der vorliegenden Tabelle kann man entnehmen, dass sich der Umsatz des Unternehmens vom Jahr 2007/2008 bis zum Jahr 2008/2009 deutlich erhöht hat, anderseits sieht man wiederum, dass der Gewinn im Jahr 2011/2012 drastisch gesunken ist. Gleichzeitig wächst die Popularität von Sony Computer Entertainment (PlayStation Vita, PS3), Microsoft Entertainment & Devices (Xbox, Xbox 360, Xbox „Kinect“). Doch der Wettkampf hat wohlmöglich mit Apple einen neuen Teilnehmer be-kommen, den keine der bisher beteiligten Parteien so richtig auf der Rechnung hatte. Einem Bericht der britischen Times zufolge hat Satoru Iwata, Präsident von Nintendo, seine Manager dazu aufgefordert, nicht mehr Sony und Microsoft als die größten Konkurrenten zu betrachten. Apple sei mit iPhone, iPod Touch und iPad der Gegner der Zukunft.

Geschäftsfelder
Das Hauptgeschäft des japanischen Unternehmens umfasst das Entwickeln und Vertreiben von mobilen und stationären Spielkonsolen sowie die Entwicklung und den Vertrieb von dazugehörigen Spielen. Nintendo beschränkt sich allerdings nicht nur auf hausinterne Entwicklungen, sondern veröffentlicht auch Produkte von Kooperationspartnern. Zu diesen „Second- und Third Party“ Herstellern gehören unter anderem Electronic Arts, Ubisoft, Disney Interactive, Atari, Namco Bandai und Konami. Nintendo spricht mit seinen Produkten bewusst Zielgruppen an, die zuvor wenig Interesse an Videospielen zeigten: ältere Menschen, Frauen und Gesundheitsbewusste.
Das ursprüngliche Kerngeschäft, der Spielkarten Vertrieb, ist heute noch immer ein Teil des Unter-nehmens. Das Geschäft mit Pokémon- und anderen Merchandise Produkten erstreckt sich über Fernsehserien, Filme, Vergnügungsparks, T-Shirts. Allein die Pokémon-Videospiele haben sich laut Herstellerangaben bereits mehr als 200 Millionen Mal verkauft.

Quellen http://www.mediadb.eu/datenbanken/game-publisher/nintendo-company-ltd.html http://www.nintendo.de/NOE/de_DE/service/nintendo-geschichte_9911.html http://nintendowiix.net/news_details.php?id=11774&titel=nintendo-subventioniert-nintendo-3ds http://www.nintendo.co.jp/corporate/en/ http://www.nintendo.co.jp/csr/en/index.html http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/ http://kyoto-report.blogspot.de/2011/06/special-feature-inside-nintendo-vol-1.html http://www.bruceongames.com/2007/09/03/what-is-nintendo/
http://www.insidegames.ch/nintendo-geschaeftsjahresbericht-20112012-weist-hohe-verluste-aus/

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