...a look at Coal in India: current status and outlook The world cannot do without coal. This energy source covers more than one-quarter (28.4% in 2006) of all primary energy consumption and is used to generate nearly 40% of all electricity consumed worldwide. All scenarios and forecasts agree that coal consumption will be growing substantially, driven mostly by China and India. According to the IEA reference scenario (World Energy Outlook 2007), these two countries are expected to account for 82% of the increase in global coal demand by 2030. The outlook for India gives cause for concern: despite a strong domestic coal industry, it could eventually become a major importer. If so, what will the economic, industrial and environmental consequences be? India ranks Number Six in the world for the consumption of primary energy (432 Mtoe in 2006). Its appetite for energy is growing extremely rapidly: it averaged 6.7% a year between 2003 and 20061. Given the demographics, consumption per capita is one of the lowest in the world (512 kgep per capita in 2003), but this figure is steadily increasing. Fig. 1 - Trends in the consumption of commercial primary energy and coal in India 450 400 350 Millions of toe Consumption of primary energy Consumption of coal 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Consumption rising fast Coal continues to dominate India's energy portfolio Reporting a figure of 238 Mtoe for 2006, India was the Number Three coal consuming country...
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...NAME: DATE: 7/10/11 COURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1010 INSTRUCTOR: TITLE: ENERGY SOURCES AND USES IN GREECE AND E.U. Introduction: The primary energy sources in our days are fossil fuels which are the natural gas, oil, coal, the nuclear power and other renewable sources, and as a secondary energy source, the electricity power. In Greece 86.3% of primary energy sources come from fossil fuels and especially 85.4% is coal. Coal has a high environmental impact when burned, because of the huge amount of soot and carbon dioxin released in the atmosphere, but also has a direct impact in our health, for example can cause asthma. This huge consumption can be explained because in Greece 70% of electricity comes from coal. Most European countries depend in the use of fossil fuels. But as it referred above, fossil fuels are extremely dangerous to our planet and for our health. So we must find a solution in reducing the consumption of these harmful energy sources and focus in the increase of consumption of the renewable sources which have the least environmental impact. The start has been made. European Union, decided to reduce by 20% the carbon emissions, compared to 1999, until 2020. This step brings us closer to the use of Renewable energy. Materials: PCs and access to Internet Use of Excel Rulers Sources: 1)http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-CD-10-220/EN/KS-CD-10-220-EN.PDF the Eurostat yearbook 2010, Chapter 11...
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...Production, Final Energy Consumption, Energy Needs of Growing Economy, Long Term Energy Scenario, Energy Pricing, Energy Sector Reforms, Energy and Environment: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Energy Security, Energy Conservation and its Importance, Energy Strategy for the Future, Energy Conservation Act-2001 and its Features. 1.1 Introduction Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the everincreasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: • • • Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy 1.2 Primary and Secondary Energy Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth’s interior, and potential energy due to earth’s gravity. The major primary and secondary energy sources are shown in Figure 1.1 Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Source Extraction Coal Processing Preparation Primary energy Coal Open or Deep Mines ...
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...2. Energy Sources and Consumption Level a) Fossil Fuel: Oil, Nature Gas and Coal Oil China is the second largest oil consumer and oil importer in the world.(EIA,2013) The demand of oil is driven by the rapidly growing economic and the large population. Oil consumption is also influenced by Chinese government’s energy polices, national oil companies and oil imports. In order to perform more efficiently the Chinese government has improved their policymaking and implementation capacity. Nation oil companies dominate the production of China’s oil. They also do oversea acquisition to meet the increasing demand of oil and develop more qualified technicians. China’s oil imports are increasing over years. It predicted that China will become the largest oil importers by 2013. Most of China’s oil fields are located onshore. They are more mature and the productions are approaching the peak of capacity. Now, China is more concentrated on developing fields which are located in new western interior provinces and offshore. Nature Gas The consumption of nature gas is rising very fast. In 2007, China became to be a net import of nature gas since the Chinese government promoted the consumption of nature gas to reduce the pollution from the use of coal.(EIA,2013) The major source of natural gas are from southwest of country and offshore fields such as Yellow Sea and South China Sea. Government encourages to developing more fields, pipelines and advanced technology to satisfy the rapidly...
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...electricity, transport people and good, and generate heat from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels. Since it comes from nature, so it is endless. Non-renewable sources are not environmental friendly and can have serious effect on our health. They are called non-renewable because they can be re-generated within a short period of time. Non-renewable sources exist in the form of fossil fuels, natural gas, oil and coal. In the future, the amount and proportion of renewable energy generated is set to rise, because of scarce supplies of gas and oil and also because of government policy and program to support renewable energy generation. China is the second nation that produces and consumes of energy in the world. Also, it is the world's largest developing country. To get rid of poverty and to expand economic, Chinese government and people need to settle the issue. Continuing growth of energy supply, give the economic and social development a big support. The rapid growth of energy consumption, create a broad space for to develop. China plays an important role in the global energy market. Energy develop present situation. Basic national policy of industrialization and modernization is the process of saving resources and...
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...What is the contribution of natural gas as fuel for Power generation in India? (10 marks) Consumption of Electricity: The estimated electricity consumption increased from 43,724 GWh during 1970-71 to 6,94,392 GWh during 2010-11, showing a CAGR of 6.98% (Table 6.9). The increase in electricity consumption is 13.34% from 2009-10 (6,12,645 GWh) to 2010-11 (6,94,392 GWh). Of the total electricity sales in 2010-11, industry sector accounted for the largest share (38.6%), followed by domestic (23.8%), agriculture (19.6%) and commercial sector (9.89%). However, it is seen that electricity consumption in domestic sector and agriculture sector has increased at a much faster pace compared to other sectors during 1970-71 to 2010-11, with CAGRs of 9.67% and 8.61% respectively. Power generation in India: According to the MoPNG, gas use in India amounted to 59 bcm in FY 2009/10, up from 43 bcm in FY 2008/09; energy use amounted to 61% compared to 39% used for non-energy purposes. Before the start of Krishna-Godavari in April 2009, consumption was supply constrained and demand for gas could easily have been 30 bcm higher. Indeed, it is important to make a clear distinction between potential demand and actual consumption as these numbers widely differ. In 2007, unmet demand was estimated at 35 bcm.18 Demand has been constrained by the lack of supply as domestic production and LNG imports, even at the recent higher supply rates, were insufficient to meet potential demand. The IEA presented...
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...Chinese Energy Market Michael Alexander Landon Bunn Thomas Burrus Benjamin Duva Marcela Horan Table of Contents: Executive Summary…………………………………………Page 3 Demand for Energy…………………………………………Page 4 Coal and China…………………………………………………Page 6 Solar Energy in China………………………………Page 8 Competition…………………………………………………………Page 9 U.S./China Relations………………………………Page 10 Recommendations……………………………………………Page 14 Joint Ventures………………………………………………Page 15 References…………………………………………………………Page 17 Executive summary As the nation with the world’s largest population moves towards an industry focused on consumer products, the need for an abundant supply of energy becomes essential. While coal and oil are the current sources of energy, concerns about the quantity available and environmental problems force officials in China to look elsewhere for the country’s energy. Nuclear, wind, and hydroelectric power are all options in this field, but solar energy seems to be the most promising. This paper researches the history of energy demand in China and the potential of solar energy. By providing information about competition, the relations between China and the U.S., and methods of entry, we hope to give insight to those interested in entering the Chinese Energy Market. Demand for Energy in China Figure [ 1 ] From the 1940s to the 80s, the Chinese economy grew from an output level of 18% to 44%, while the amount of energy required to match the economic output tripled. This created an...
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... ABSTRACT The present energy needs of the world are supplied by the drastic use of non-renewable sources of energy, which are mainly the fossil fuels or the nuclear fuels, which are no doubt very good, but will not last for ever, they will end very soon. By fossil fuels I am throwing light on coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. which on combustion emits harmful gases such as carbon di oxide, carbon mono oxide which are harmful to the environment. Though the Renewable resources of energy which are the Solar Energy i.e. the energy from sun, Wind Energy, as the name suggests the energy from wind or the fast moving air, the Geothermal Energy i.e. the energy from the earth, energy generated from water known as hydro energy, biogas and many more. Which are no doubt very good energy sources and the qualities like everlasting and clean that is negligible pollution makes them the best in the lot. The present generation of energy is more from the non renewable resources which is bad for the nature and for the future also, thus we need to manage the use and organize the usage of both the resources so that they can be saved for the future use and the generation of the energy can be done in more efficient and clean way. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, India has emerged as one of the leading destinations for investors from developed countries. This attraction is partially due to the lower cost of manpower and good quality production. The expansion of investments has brought benefits...
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...Natural Gas Consumption Patterns Natural gas, one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all energy sources, is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases that occurs with petroleum deposits that is used as a fuel and in the manufacture of organic compounds. Between 1997 and 2011, total natural gas consumption in the United States rose 7%. This is modest growth in and of itself but it masks bigger changes in individual sectors. Electric power was the second lowest user of natural gas in 1997 but is now the largest user. This sector also shows the greatest sensitivity to price change than any other sector. As of 2009, natural gas consumption for power surpassed the consumption in the industrial sector. With coal prices rising and natural gas prices declining, dispatching natural gas generators in some parts of the country has become increasingly competitive with operating coal generators. The competition between natural gas and coal fired generators first appeared in the Southeast where it was more expensive to use coal-fired generators due to the higher cost of transporting the coal over long distances. The industrial sector uses natural gas for processing heat, steam generation, onsite electricity generation, space heating and petrochemical processing. In 1997, the industrial sector was the largest user of natural gas. This sector’s use has steadily declined from 1997 until 2010 where there was an upturn in...
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...city’s electricity consumption surged to a weekly record of 14.35 million kilowatt hours. The city authorities resorted to asking 2,100 businesses to operate at night, and a further 3,000 others to adjust operating hours. Even high-profile multinational companies were not spared. General Motors and Volkswagen were ordered to suspend production for more than a week each. Shanghai Volkswagen spokesman Lu Jun explained, “It's a rule. We have to cut power for 10 days … We’ve cut power and so have had to stop production. It's all over Shanghai”.1 The Shanghai episode mirrored a nationwide shortage of electric power. In Beijing, on July 22, 2004, the Municipal Power Supply Bureau imposed the capital’s first brownout of the year, disrupting supply to suburban areas for 47 minutes in the afternoon. The Chinese government has certainly been working tirelessly to resolve the power crisis. Thermal coal is the principal fuel used to generate electric power in China. In July, Premier Wen Jiabao exhorted, “Railway departments should do their utmost for the transport of coal for electricity generation”.2 The Ministry of Railways increased train speed and freight loads, and allocated 90% of freight capacity to transport key materials. In the first half of 2004, Chinese railways shipped 480 million tons of coal, up 12.2% over the same period last year. The Ministry of Communications has also pitched in. It diverted ships from overseas routes to domestic coal transport and approved...
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...Case Analysis Luotang Power Company Background Luotang Power Company is a 600 Mega Watt coal-fired power plant, located in Hubei Province, China, the parent company of which is China Hua Tong Power (HT Power). The major business is to generate electricity by coal burning and sell it to Hubei Provincial Power Company (HPPC), the major customer which is the only power transmission and distribution company in Hubei Province. Whereas the coal is purchased from Pindingshan Coal Company who is required to supply low sulfur bituminous coal that meets certain quality specifications. Regardless of the improved plant availability and fuel economy, the company wasn’t performing well for the financial result. A variances analysis indicated that the poor performance was due to a combination of shrinking revenue, increasing price of the coal and decreasing quality of the coal. Company analysis Macroeconomic analysis A PESTE framework including political, economic, social, technological and environmental factors is used to contextualize the company in an industry framework. Economic aspect: China is the world second largest energy consumer behind the United States. The energy consumption has been boosted by strong economic growth over the past two decades. Its electricity consumption is influenced by fluctuations in the GDP growth. (Appendix1) Hubei led the four provinces fed by the central China grid with a 13.8% rise in economy and is said to be doubled in the next five years...
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...Vietnam’s Power Issues Prepared for Professor Kenneth Marlin Business Communication Professor Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona, Florida Prepared by Melissa Harris Business Communication Student March 10, 2015 Vietnam's Power Issues Melissa Harris Embry Riddle Aeronautical University LETTER of TRANSMITTAL TO: Kenneth Marlin, ERAU Bus. Comm. Professor FROM: Melissa Harris, Bus. Comm. Student DATE: March 15, 2015 SUBJECT: Final Report on Vietnam’s Power Issues Dear Sir, Here is the report on the approved topic that you requested on Jan 15. With due respect, I am undersigned student of Business Communication 222 have reported on “Vietnam’s Power Issues”. This paper has given me insight in how to do business within Vietnam and how these findings would affect doing business there. It was very challenging, yet an experience doing the research. It has been a great pleasure for me to submit this report titled “Vietnam’s Power Issues”. This gave the opportunity to understand the different challenges when doing business in foreign countries. The contents provided in this report are all of my own with some information and references have been taken from other sources. I believe this report to be complete and that it will meet your satisfaction. I would be very happy to provide additional interpretation of any part of the paper if deemed necessary. Sincerely, Melissa Harris Student, Embry Aeronautical University CONTENTS ...
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...(Forecast closing date: August 6th 2009) Energy consumption, international comparison (m tonnes oil equivalent) Kazakhstan US Japan China Germany Source: Economist Intelligence Unit. 2004 a 60 2,354 530 1,418 346 2005 a 68 2,362 527 1,567 343 2006 a 70 2,362 b 527 b 1,718 344 2007 b 74 2,370 522 1,853 347 2008 b 78 2,338 510 1,977 347 2009 c 76 2,284 490 2,003 339 2010 c 76 2,274 492 2,094 338 2011 c 77 2,272 496 2,207 338 2012 c 77 2,275 499 2,330 341 2013 c 78 2,301 503 2,457 345 a Actual. b Economist Intelligence Unit estimates. c Economist Intelligence Unit forecasts. Overview Kazakhstan"s oil sector accounts for around 30% of GDP and more than half of the country"s export revenue. With proven reserves of 39.8bn barrels in 2008, according to BP (a UK oil conglomerate), the largest proven oil reserves base of the Caspian Sea region, it accounts for 3.2% of the world"s total oil reserves, and has a reserves-to-production ratio of 70 years. Gas output (at around 30bn cu metres annually) and consumption is currently roughly balanced, although exports are set to rise as output at the main Karachaganak field picks up. Owing to the Soviet-era structure of Kazakhstan"s gas and electricity distribution networks, which are concentrated in the northern and western regions, closest to the main sources, Kazakhstan is forced to import both resources for the southern regions. The government has become more assertive in recent years towards foreign investors...
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...Industry Analysis- Coal Mining With respect to Duke energy and energy usage. Coal mining in the US continues to show growth even when coal consumption in the US continues to drop. Coal use for energy is decreasing at an increasing rate due to natural gas prices increasing and the country pushing for clean energy. http://mjperry.blogspot.com/ Natural Gas and Coal have come to an even total in use for America’s energy needs, which will continue to diminish this mature coal-mining market. Coal is also diminishing in value because of the greenhouse gasses coal emits when in use. Coal. is an extremely “dirty” energy source. http://greenworldpics.com This graphic shows the disparity in coal usage and coal CO2 emissions. This disparity is another reason many companies are leaving coal and causing the faster decline coal is experiencing. Coal Production • U.S. coal production in 2011 increased slightly from 2010, driven by export demand, to roughly 1.1 billion short tons. • Production in the Western Region, which includes Wyoming, totaled 587.6 million short tons, a 0.7 percent decline from 2010. • In 2011, productive capacity of coal mines increased by 2.5 million short tons to 1.3 billion short tons. • The average number of employees in U.S. coal mines increased 6.3 percent to 91,611. • Domestic coal consumption of metallurgical coal by the coking industry rose 1.6 percent to 21.4 million short tons. The average sales price of coal increased 15.2 percent...
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...In today's fast paced society we as Americans rely on transportation and communication to support our personal needs, families and careers. For example, transportation, telecommunications, electricity, and manufacturing. Although these vehicles cannot be useful to society unless they're fueled and maintained by other resources such as crude oils, natural gas, coal, renewables, and uranium (nuclear). One area in particular I want to touch on is the creation of electricity. Therefore for the purpose of this paper I will discuss the advantages, and disadvantages of the resources required to produce electricity, their lifecycles, and economy and trade. Power generation is a viable source of producing electricity, and the fuel to support it. For example: Crude Oil - A small percentage of this resource is used in power generation as compared to other sources . Crude oil is pumped from underground reservoirs by drilling rigs, and refined . After the refining process its then transported by ships, pipelines, trucks, or trains for consumption or storage at chosen power plants. At the power plant the crude oil is used in different ways for fuel; such as burning the oils and using combined cycle technologies to produce steam which moves the turbines within the plant. Combined cycle technology is the most efficient way to burn oil at the power plant. The use of crude in power generation does not come free, and it must be purchased in the commodities market at the...
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