...Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. China has been identified to be the world's largest consumer of energy. The country is poised to spend $473.1 billion on clean energy investments in the next five years. The planned investment is part of China's 12th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (2011-2015) which aims for an installed solar energy capacity of 10 gigawatts by the end of the period. China also wants 20 per cent of its total energy demand to be met by wind and solar by 2021. A report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) notes that in 2010, the world's second-largest economy (China), led all nations investing in renewable energy, with $49.8 billion in funds. China had been ranked as the world's largest consumer of energy surpassing, the U.S. and EU. In the next 25 years, 90 per cent of the projected growth in global energy demand will come from non-core economies...
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...2. Energy Sources and Consumption Level a) Fossil Fuel: Oil, Nature Gas and Coal Oil China is the second largest oil consumer and oil importer in the world.(EIA,2013) The demand of oil is driven by the rapidly growing economic and the large population. Oil consumption is also influenced by Chinese government’s energy polices, national oil companies and oil imports. In order to perform more efficiently the Chinese government has improved their policymaking and implementation capacity. Nation oil companies dominate the production of China’s oil. They also do oversea acquisition to meet the increasing demand of oil and develop more qualified technicians. China’s oil imports are increasing over years. It predicted that China will become the largest oil importers by 2013. Most of China’s oil fields are located onshore. They are more mature and the productions are approaching the peak of capacity. Now, China is more concentrated on developing fields which are located in new western interior provinces and offshore. Nature Gas The consumption of nature gas is rising very fast. In 2007, China became to be a net import of nature gas since the Chinese government promoted the consumption of nature gas to reduce the pollution from the use of coal.(EIA,2013) The major source of natural gas are from southwest of country and offshore fields such as Yellow Sea and South China Sea. Government encourages to developing more fields, pipelines and advanced technology to satisfy the rapidly...
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...Should the global super powers lead an effective way in developing renewable energy? Global super powers rely heavily on energy, so therefore they should develop and fund renewable energy sources. Small countries have a smaller need. They do not have as much capital, so they rely on the global superpowers. Renewable energy is the cleanest way to keep earth clean and free of pollution. Global powers have the resource to advance renewable energy quickly. They have professional people, machinery, technology, money know-how, etc. to make things happen. Different countries in different parts of the world use different kinds of renewable energy. Countries can share with other countries what they’ve learned. This is an effective way to increase renewable energy. The population of the world will greatly benefit from renewable energy. People will be healthier and pollution will be greatly decreased. There will be an ongoing supply of power for every facet of life. Renewable energy must be developed because nonrenewable energy is becoming expensive and environmentally damaging to retrieve. Renewable resources are constantly replenished and will never run out. A clean energy revolution is taking place among global super powers. This generates hundreds of billions in economic activity, and is expected to continue to grow rapidly in the coming years. This...
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...Brief: Clean Energy Markets: Jobs and Opportunities April 2010 Update [Type text] In Brief: Clean Energy Markets: Jobs and Opportunities Executive Summary This brief discusses how investment in clean energy technologies will generate economic growth and create new jobs in the United States and around the globe. The United States stands to benefit from the expansion of global clean energy markets, but only if it moves quickly to support domestic demand for and production of clean energy technologies through well-designed policy that enhances the competitiveness of U.S. firms. Clean energy markets are already substantial in scope and growing fast. Between 2004 and 2007, global investments in renewable energy more than doubled. Forecasts of investment totals over the next few decades vary according to assumptions made regarding the nature of future global climate agreements. Annual investments in global renewable energy markets could reach $106-$230 billion a year in 2020 and as much as $424 billion a year in 2030 (in year 2000 dollars). Over the next decade, assuming strong global action on climate change, cumulative global investment totals for clean power generation technologies could reach nearly $2.2 trillion. Recognizing the potential of these markets, China, Europe, and other nations are moving to cultivate their own clean energy industries and position them to gain large market shares in the decades ahead. In 2009, China invested more money in clean energy technologies...
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...are usually designed for fuel economy, not power and thus they tend to produce less power than their full fuel counter parts. (b) High Maintenance Costs The complexity of hybrids mean they cost more to maintain. 2. Fully Electric cars are powered exclusively by electric motors. They usually have batteries, where electricity is stored, or collect electricity from an external source. Advantages of these engines include: 8 (a) No Emission Because fully electric engines do not burn anything, there are no emission, and regulation to worry about. (b) Low Operating Costs Electricity is reasonably cheap in most parts of the world, and, as a result, it is cheaper to run electric engines; and, in a situation where there is access to renewable energy, e.g. wind, solar, there could be no operating costs. There are some disadvantage to this technology, a few include: (a) Long recharging times Battery operated electric engines take much longer, anywhere from 20 minutes to a few hours, to recharge, than standard engines, which can be re lled in a few minutes. Also, because recharging requires special equipment, getting stranded is a bit more likely. (b) Limited Range Range refers to how long (or far) the engine can run before depleting all its charge. This, coupled with the long recharging time, means continuous work is a bit more stressful. Also, electric engines usually drain faster than they recharge, so keeping it plugged in would not be enough to keep it running inde nitely...
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...environmental issues coming with a rapid and intensive economic growth, the Chinese government has made of green energy a top priority. The latest Chinese five year plan sets strong goals in that regard. And wind energy plays a key role in the promotion of green energies. Harvard researchers have put forward that wind power could account for the totality of energy use in China within two decades (Michael B. McElroy). Wind energy could even provide 24 700 TWh of electricity annually which is seven times the current Chinese consumption. China has become the leading power in the field of wind energy. Once leader in that field with a production of 40 GW, the US have been surpassed by China with a production of 42,3 GW in 2010. As the growth in certain countries has considerably slowed down due to the global financial crisis (minus 50% in the US), China’s wind energy market has continued to soar. According to Li Junfeng, secretary general of China Renewable Energy Industry Association (CREIA), China could reach a production of 200 GW by 2020. Even though China’s market is developing incredibly quickly and that the Chinese market offers huge opportunities for Chinese and international companies there still remain important challenges which have to be met. * * * I- Market development: the'' boom'' of the Chinese wind * a) The Players in China China has become the world's largest producer of wind power and of wind power equipment, now surpassing worldwide...
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...Alternative Energy With the world economy growing at a fast pace, energy demand too has been witnessing a sharp rise in the past few decades, with demand mainly originating from the big developing economies of Asia, namely, India and China. Factors such as high population growth, growing urbanisation and changing lifestyles in these developing nations are behind the increase in demand for energy. According to International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates, during 1990-2008, while world population increased by around 27%, energy use increased by around 39%. Consequently, average per person consumption of energy has seen a rise of 10% for the same period. The year 2010 has seen a further increase of around 5% in the world energy consumption levels. Most of the countries in the world use coal, oil and natural gas as their primary sources of energy. Around 90% of the total global energy requirement is met through these non-renewable energy sources. This heavy reliance on fossil fuels poses certain major concerns. Most importantly, these sources are limited. So, it is only a matter of time before these resources are exhausted completely. Another important factor that works against the heavy use of fossil fuels is that they are detrimental to the environment. The use of fossil fuels leads to emission of greenhouse gases which causes global warming. Also, these fuels are a major source of air, water and soil pollution. All these factors have created a need for alternative energy sources...
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...Renewable Energy 50 (2013) 456e463 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Renewable Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene Overview of potential and utilization of renewable energy sources in Turkey E. Toklu* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duzce University, Düzce, Turkey a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 22 May 2012 Accepted 20 June 2012 Available online 9 August 2012 Keywords: Energy utilization Renewable energy Sustainable development Turkey a b s t r a c t The necessity of minimizing environmental impacts of energy use, particularly those with potentially worrisome global effects, is perhaps the greatest challenge resulting from the twentieth century’s energy advances. The renewable energy technologies of wind, biofuels, solar thermal and photovoltaics are nally showing maturity and the ultimate promise of cost competitiveness. Turkey’s demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly and heavily dependent on expensive imported fossil energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and environmental pollution is becoming an important concern in the country. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey’s carbon dioxide emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most ef cient and effective solutions...
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...PV StatuS RePoRt EUR 24807 EN - 2011 The Institute for Energy provides scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of community policies related to energy. Special emphasis is given to the security of energy supply and to sustainable and safe energy production. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Contact information Address: Via Enrico Fermi 2749 TP 450 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy E-mail: arnulf.jaeger-waldau@ec.europa.eu Tel.: +39 0332 789119 Fax: +39 0332 789268 http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu www.jrc.ec.europa.eu PV Status Report 2011 Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics July 2011 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Renewable Energy Unit Via Enrico Fermi 2749; TP 450 I – 21027 Ispra (VA), Italia EUR 24807 EN Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 64900 EUR 24807 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20171-4 ISSN 1831-4155 doi 10.2788/87966 The report...
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...| | |NAME : RAUNAK ZATAKIA | | | |COURSE : ( BBA / TP / ) | | | |SUPERVISOR : Prof. Tapobrata Ray | | | |TITLE : Telecom Industry Marketing | |DATE : 06.12.2013 | Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment Of the requirements of the Graduate Degree BACHELOR IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION J.D.BIRLA INSTITUE At the JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY KOLKATA The Controller of Examination, Jadavpur University, Kolkata Respected sir, This research work has been conducted by me and is an...
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...Europe, The Renewable Energy Union Europe, the renewable energy union It is not a secret anymore that the world is running out of fossil energy resources. The oil winning has peaked which means that it becomes harder and harder to pump up the oil these days. Eventually the costs will exceed the benefits. Without payable energy resources the world economy will collapse which will result in hunger, chaos and war. Action has to be taken on a wide scale to prevent these scenarios and the European Union has a big role in this. Leaders and civilians have to be prepared, lifestyles adjusted and alternatives implemented. I can argue that securing the availability of the EU’s energy resources can only be done by modifying all member states, from fossil energy consumers, to renewable energy consumers. The European Union and fossil energy resources Only 15.59% of all oil the EU member states consume comes from their own natural resources. This means that 84,41% comes from non-EU members which shows how dependent we as the EU are on other countries. The EU is mostly dependent (42,4%) on the FSU (former soviet union) with Russia as its biggest supplier.[1] This means that they decide whether the prices are high or low. And nowadays, with the oil peak that is reached and other negative forecasts, barrel prices are increasing rapidly. Next to oil, another major energy resource is gas. By 2030, 60% of all natural gas the EU consumes comes from Russia too.[2] Clearly, Russia is of big...
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...Clean technology Clean technology includes recycling, renewable energy (wind power, solar power, biomass, hydropower, biofuels), information technology, green transportation, electric motors, green chemistry, lighting, Greywater, and many other appliances that are now more energy efficient. It is a means to create electricity and fuels, with a smaller environmental footprint and minimise pollution. To make green buildings, transport and infrastructure both more energy efficient and environmentally benign. Environmental finance is a method by which new clean technology projects that have proven that they are "additional" or "beyond business as usual" can obtain financing through the generation of carbon credits. A project that is developed with concern for climate change mitigation (such as a Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism project) is also known as a carbon project. While there is no standard definition of "clean technology," it has been described by Clean Edge, a clean technology research firm, as "a diverse range of products, services, and processes that harness renewable materials and energy sources, dramatically reduce the use of natural resources, and cut or eliminate emissions and wastes." It notes that "Clean technologies are competitive with, if not superior to, their conventional counterparts. Many also offer significant additional benefits, notably their ability to improve the lives of those in both developed and developing countries". Many countries have developed...
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...8: Renewable Energy Sources The Sustainability Revolution John C. Ayers "In a sense, the fossil fuels are a one-time gift that lifted us up from subsistence agriculture and should eventually lead us to a future based on renewable resources." Kenneth Deffeyes (2001) "I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that." — Thomas Edison, 1931 We cannot create or destroy energy. We can only capture it. The sun provides either directly or indirectly nearly all of the energy available to us. Plants capture solar energy directly through photosynthesis. Fossil fuels contain the energy of sunlight captured hundreds of millions of years ago. Photovoltaic (PV) cells also capture sunlight energy directly. Other energy sources capture the energy of sunlight indirectly. Heat from the sun powers the flowing air and water. We usually capture the kinetic energy of wind and water by using turbines that transfer the energy to an alternator, an electrical generator that produces alternating current. Geothermal energy is different in that it captures flowing heat energy produced by radioactive decay in the earth’s interior. In this chapter we will see that Wind, Water, and Sun (WWS) energy sources are sustainable because they are renewable, clean, safe, and nearly carbon-free. Although they have low energy densities, meaning that they require large areas of land or water to produce energy, they...
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...global trends in sUstainable energy investment 2010 Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency United nations environment Programme Endorsed by Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance, 2010 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer United Nations Environment Programme: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Bloomberg New Energy Finance: The information contained in this publication is derived from carefully selected public...
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...the potential to adversely affect our environment, our communities and our economy unless we take action now to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and prepare for the impacts. Climate change will alter global and local climates. In Victoria, this means a warmer and drier future, with an increasing likelihood of more extreme events such as heatwaves, bushfires and storm surges. Climate change is the greatest threat facing our planet today. A warming planet alters weather patterns, water supplies, seasonal growth for plants and a sustainable way of life for us and the world’s wildlife. Climate change has already started, but it’s not too late to take action. There’s still time for us all to be part of the solution. A continuous flow of energy from the sun heats the Earth. Naturally occurring gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases – this includes carbon dioxide (CO2) - , trap this heat like a blanket, keeping the Earth at an average of 15 degrees Celsius – warm enough to sustain life. The overuse of fossil fuels is increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, trapping more and more heat and warming the Earth. As a result, we’re seeing more dramatic weather patterns across the globe resulting in devastating natural disasters and shrinking the world’s ice shelves and glaciers due to warming sea water. Because ice acts as a solar reflector, the less ice there is, the less heat the Earth reflects. WWF provides more detail on the impacts of climate change on our polar regions...
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