...The purpose of the review is to investigate whether childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is strongly associated with non-suicidal self-injury, a post traumatic symptom, among adolescents and young adults. II. REVIEW The relationship between childhood sexual maltreatment and non-suicidal self injury can be discussed through the Glassman et al. (2007) study. The study aimed to analyze the associations between different types of childhood abuse, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect and non suicidal self-injury. A sample of ninety-four adolescents whom aged twelve to nineteen years were prepared by recruiting from local psychiatric clinics, newspapers, community bulletin boards and the internet....
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...are many things that can factor into these issues but among these, abuse and neglect are very large contributors. Many studies have been done on the effects child abuse can have. The first study I came across is a study of how violence can affect a child not only when they are young, but also in to adolescence. It is also said that many of the children who witness domestic violence have also experienced some form of child abuse. These events can effect a person's psychosocial outcome so tests were performed to determine to what extent the child was affected. The study was conducted on 457 children/adolescents. According to the Journal of Family Violence, children that were only exposed to domestic violence were more prone to low self esteem, withdrawal, depression and anxiety. Those who were exposed to violence as well as abuse had higher externalizing (acting out against others, including physical aggression, verbal bullying, relational aggression, defiance, theft, and vandalism) and internalizing behaviors( acting out against self, which includes eating too much or too little, feeling depressed, abusing substances and cutting). There were also tests done on children who were exposed to child abuse only, and children in a non-violence group as well as whether or not gender made a difference but the results are mixed and further research needs to be completed. Children exposed to violence and abuse had higher levels of externalizing behavior problems and internalizing...
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...Physical violence entails any form of physical assault (punching, shoving, etc) of an individual (Arsenault, 2014). Psychological abuse is another common form of abuse and is usually the starting point of IPV (Sorenson & Thomas, 2009). Psychological abuse entails undermining a victims confidence; by humiliation, criticism and constant corrections, leading to thoughts of impotence and incapability of surviving independently (Arsenault, 2014). Sexual assault is the act of coercing the victim into non-consensual sexual acts (Arsenault, 2014). Stalking, otherwise know as criminal harassment, involves causing fear to an individual by repeated contact (physical, verbal, etc.) (Arsenault, 2014). It is generally noted, that victims of IPV are likely emotionally and physically isolated by their abusers, rendering them a vulnerable target for abuse (McHugh & Frieze,...
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...Domestic Violence/Abuse against Women Violence against women is a major issue around the world. A large part of that violence comes in the form of domestic violence/abuse. Domestic violence and violence against women as a whole are hard situations to define, Flowers explains how our definition of domestic violence is changing with our understanding: “With advances in understanding relationships and effect of behavior, the definition of the battered woman has broadened in recent years. The term now reflects not only physical abuse but also psychological and emotional abuse, thus indicating woman can be victimized by their mates in many ways” (Flowers, 1996). The Definition of domestic violence against women is a changing thing depending on what studies or journals you read. This leads to many different definitions, each created for their own studies and journals. Thus, we find inconsistencies in the data put out by domestic violence studies, some studies claiming 12 month prevalence ratings of 2.1% for woman while others claim 28% for total abuse against women and men (Hegarty and Roberts, 1998). We need a competent definition of domestic violence against women. In this paper I will give you what I think to be the most competent definition of domestic violence against woman and compare its rates to others. I found what I believe to be the most competent domestic violence/abuse definition in a study done by Hegaty and Roberts in 1998. The study was comprised of many other...
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...Domestic Violence and Elderly Abuse Policy By; Shay B. Young May 28th 2012 CJA 464/ Criminal Justice Policy Analysis Ronald Stock Domestic Violence and Elderly Abuse Domestic and elderly abuse is two forms of violence that happens to individuals from birth aged children to elderly individuals. Domestic and elderly abuse is a major issue that is experienced all around the world. These two forms of abuse and violence have many similarities, often times the abuse that starts as a child leads to abuse during adulthood. This paper will be going over the two forms of abuse, factors, statistics, and later a policy that is in place for the reduction of the two forms of abuse. Domestic Violence Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of behavior to gain power or control over another individual in a relationship. The abuse can come in forms such as physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological actions or threats coming from the control partner to the other partner. Domestic violence happens to anyone of any race, age, sexual orientation, religion, or gender. Domestic violence affects all people throughout different backgrounds, social levels, and educational levels. Factors that perpetuate domestic violence As mentioned above there are different factors that play a role in a domestic violence setting. Culture factors may include but are not limited to gender, the role within the relationship, values, and acceptance of violence as a means to resolve...
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...racial, religious, and ethnic groups; whether the couple is married, divorced, living together, or still dating. Another reality is that abusers and their victims can be gay, strait, young, or old. Violence develops from verbal, physical, emotional, financial, and sexual abuse. Most domestic violence victims are women by men, but that doesn’t suggest that others cannot be battered or are perpetrators of abuse -- such as women on men, or same sex abuse. Battering or domestic violence, is now mutual and it is not a ‘couple’s quarrel’. Disagreements arise occasionally in all relationships, but battering involves every aspect of a relationship. While physical violence is the “enforcer” or the criminal act, other behaviors erode the partner or victim’s sense of self, self-determination, and free will; this is ultimately lethal for many women. Often batterers possess a low self-esteem and gain a sense of power by means of humiliating and controlling their partner. Control techniques can include verbal insults intended to bring down the partner’s self-esteem, threats meant to scare the partner into obedience, or mind games aimed at making the victim feel unsure and weak. Batterers who use physical abuse push, slap, pinch, grab, or use other demonstrations of physical strength to show that they have power in the relationship and to keep the partner from exercising control over their own life. Abusers often show extreme...
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...acts of violence or abuse against a person living in one's household, especially a member of one's immediate family (dictionary). It can happen to anyone regardless of gender, but women are usually the victims. Domestic violence has comes in different forms; verbal, physical, and sexual. People abuse to show authority and power. Verbal violence occurs when one person in the relationship uses words to put down the other (domesticviolence). Domestic violence can be shown in many ways. One way is verbally. Verbal abuse is doesn’t leave any physical damage. Verbal abuse is inflicted threw words and the damage is done mentally (about.com). Verbal abuse is usually done by telling someone what they are, what they think, their motives, and so forth. The scars from verbal abuse can last for years. They are mental scars that leave people unsure of themselves, unable to recognize their true value, their talents and sometimes unable to adapt to life’s many challenges. The abuser usually believe that it is ok to abuse someone because of their status in there relationships such as their age, because they’ve been around the place longer, are of a superior gender or race, or because they make more money than their mate (verbalabuse.com). Physical abuse is the most noticed of domestic abuse. It leaves marks on the body for others to see. According to the domestic violence oversight board, “There’s a broad range of behaviors that come under the heading of physical abuse, including hitting, grabbing...
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...Psychological Abuse Coral Nichols Liberty University Abstract Psychological abuse is a form of abuse that affects many woman across all cultures and ages. This form of abuse takes on at least two different forms: emotional and verbal abuse. These two types of abuse are not the same; however they often can be very closely compared. It is understood that if one of these forms of abuse is present then the other form of abuse is often present as well. One whom works in the helping profession needs to be able to define these types of abuse as well as be able to understand the effects of the abuse on the victim. One must also be able to understand a variety of treatment methods to be able to aid the client in the healing process. A Christian counselor must also be able to provide biblical insight in the situation for the client. Introduction Abuse against women happens in many forms; some people might considering one form of abuse more damaging than others. In order for one to have a basic concept of abuse it must be defined; Krishna, Prasanna, Sheikh & Dattatreya (2014), reports “mistreatment; harming or injuring another, abuse can be divided into two categories internal and external. The external abuse is the focus on this paper, it can be physical abuse, emotional abuse, verbal abuse or sexual abuse” (p.18). The basic understanding of abuse is that it produces a negative outcome for the victim. The most prevalent form of abuse towards women is domestic violence; it...
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...Domestic Violence & Women with Disabilities Summary In the UK there has been numbers of issue regarding domestic violence and disabled people since the movement against disability, gender and abuse hasn't been taken seriously in recent times. The abuse of women has escalated into a widespread recognition in which it has become an important issue. So what does domestic violence mean exactly? Domestic violence is known as abusive behavior that subjugates and controls over another individual. It’s known that power and control are two important roles involved in domestic violence. It can occur in same sex and heterosexual relationships but the significance of domestic violence is mainly performed towards women. One of the ways domestic violence can occur is through a relationship. In this case there will be one victim and one offender. It’s mainly the women in this intimate relationship that is most likely to face violence in the form of abusiveness. Another way domestic violence may occur is when disabled women are highly reliant on people who help them dress, shower, eat, and get them to the toilet. Disabled women do share intimacy with them and so may suffer from a various types of abuse such as verbal, physical, financial as well as forced seclusion, prevention of medication, and physical discomfort. Relating to domestic violence is public violence. Domestic violence mainly occurs in places that are viewed safe like houses, group homes or medical institutes. It is argued that...
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...Violence is defined as any action of structural arrangement that results in a physical or non physical harm to one or more persons, place or thing. The context of violence is shaped by several factors which include the victim, the offender, the specific nature of the violence, the location of the violence and the rationale for the violence. Depending on the situation, we can either associate ourselves with the victim or the perpetrator. If we closely identify ourselves with the victim, then we condemn the violence and sympathize with the victim if they are similar to us. However if we identify with the perpetrator, then we condone the violence, no matter what the situation may be. There are five classifications of violence which are expressive, instrumental, interpersonal, institutional and structural. An instrumental act of violence is where there is a means to an end and for example an assault during an armed robbery is an instrumental form of violence. An expressive form of violence is where the motivations for violence is the effect of an emotional state which includes anger and or jealousy. Interpersonal violence consists of rapes, robberies, assaults; structural violence occurs when someone or a group of people form structural arrangements that target a specific group which may range from the color of the skin, to sexual orientation, to religious practices. Lastly institutional violence is reflected around an organizational setting and an example would be within the family...
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...Childhood Maltreatment to Delinquency Women account for nearly eight to ten percent of the offending population (accounting for jails, prisons, community supervision, or a combination of these) (Hanser 2006: 329). In both men and women, there are a number of variables and precursors that lead to delinquency or criminal behavior, ranging from socioeconomic status to development, and may be understood and examined through the lens of multiple theories of crime. One variable in particular, the sexual maltreatment of young girls, could in fact be a major factor of female offending in adulthood. A study conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 1999 found that female offenders are abused more frequently than male offenders. While only...
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...Introduction Gender-based violence is violence against women based on women’s subordinate status in society. It includes any act or threat by men or male dominated institutions that inflict physical, sexual, or psychological harm on a woman or girl because of their gender. In most cultures, traditional beliefs, norms and social institutions legitimize and therefore perpetuate violence against women. Gender-based violence includes physical, sexual and psychological violence such as domestic violence; sexual abuse, including rape and sexual abuse of children by family members; forced pregnancy; sexual slavery; traditional practices harmful to women, such as honor killings, burning or acid throwing, female genital mutilation, dowry-related violence; violence in armed conflict, such as murder and rape; and emotional abuse, such as coercion and abusive language. Trafficking of women and girls for prostitution, forced marriage, sexual harassment and intimidation at work are additional examples of violence against women. Gender violence occurs in both the ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres. Such violence not only occurs in the family and in the general community, but is sometimes also perpetuated by the state through policies or the actions of agents of the state such as the police, military or immigration authorities. Gender-based violence happens in all societies, across all social classes, with women particularly at risk from men they know. (United Nations declaration...
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...Domestic Violence Against Women is a global issue reaching across national boundaries as well as socio-economic, cultural, racial and class distinctions. It is a problem without frontiers. Not only is the problem widely dispersed geographically, but its incidence is also extensive, making it a typical and accepted behavior. Only recently, within the past twenty-five years, has the issue been "brought into the open as a field of concern and study" (Violence Against Women in the Family, page 38). Domestic violence is not an isolated, individual event but rather a Perpetrators of domestic violence can be found in all age, racial, ethnic, cultural, socio-economic, linguistic, educational, occupational and religious groups. Domestic violence is found in all types of intimate relationships whether the individuals are of the same or opposite sex, are married or dating, or are in a current or past intimate relationship. There are two essential elements in every domestic violence situation: the victim and abuser have been intimately involved at some point in time, and the abuser consciously chooses to use violence and other abusive tactics to gain control over the victim. In some instances, the abuser may be female while the victim is male; domestic violence also occurs in gay and lesbian relationships. However, 95% of reported assaults on spouses or ex-spouses are committed by men against women (MTCAWA e-mail interview) "It is a terrible and recognizable fact that...
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.../04/2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.Introduction 2.Definition of Concepts 2.1 Domestic Violence 2.2 Victim 3.Types of domestic violence 3.1 Physical Abuse 3.2 Sexual Abuse 3.3 Emotional Abuse 3.4 Economic Abuse 4. Victims of domestic Violence 4.1 Women and Violence 4.1.1 Women as Victims 5. Men as Victims 6. Children as Victims 6.1 Major types of child Abuse and Neglect 6.1.1 Children Physical Abuse 6.1.2 Children Neglect 6.1.3 Children Sexual Abuse 6.1.4 Children emotional Abuse 7. Crime and the Elderly 8. Conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 2 9. Bibliography 9 3 1.Introduction The paper seeks provide an understanding into how members of the family can be violated by their own members ,how they can be affected by such violation in their different forms. It highlights members of the family that experience violence as both men and women, the elderly and children and how each of them are impacted by the violence. As Doerner and lab (2012:206) states, it is common for one to think of crime and criminals as people not related to the victim. In actuality ,however, one is more likely to be killed or beaten by a person they know than a total stranger. This renders domestic Violence a hidden problem(Daves:1994)as it often takes place in private, behind closed doors, where no one can see the physical affliction or hear the anguished pleas for help. This paper will seek definition of key concepts such as Domestic Violence, who the victims are and...
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...Domestic Violence Introduction Domestic Violence Against Women is a global issue reaching across national boundaries as well as socio-economic, cultural, racial and class distinctions. It is a problem without frontiers. Not only is the problem widely dispersed geographically, but its incidence is also extensive, making it a typical and accepted behavior. Only recently, within the past twenty-five years, has the issue been "brought into the open as a field of concern and study" (Violence Against Women in the Family, page 38). Domestic violence is not an isolated, individual event but rather a pattern of repeated behaviors that the abuser uses to gain power and control over the victim. Unlike stranger-to-stranger violence, in domestic violence situations the same perpetrator repeatedly assaults the same victim. These assaults are often in the form of physical injury, but may also be in the form of sexual assault. However the abuse is not only physical and sexual, but also psychological. Psychological abuse means intense and repetitive humiliation, creating isolation, and controlling the actions of the victim through intimidation or manipulation. Domestic violence tends to become more frequent and severe over time. Oftentimes the abuser is physically violent sporadically, but uses other controlling tactics on a daily basis. All tactics have profound effects on the victim. Perpetrators of domestic violence can be found in all age, racial, ethnic, cultural...
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