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关于巴西银行业不良贷款率情况的补充说明

我处曾对巴西银行业的不良贷款率做了相关调研,并就巴西银行业未指定用途贷款不良率远高于指定用途贷款不良率的原因做了相关分析。虽然两类贷款的不良率存在一定差异,但总体来看,巴西银行业近10年来的不良贷款率表现较为稳定(见表1),尤其是在近几年巴西经济增速已经明显放缓的情况下(见表2)。我处认为这种稳定的趋势主要受益于较为完善的监管体系、对信息技术的运用、倾向性的贷款投放、破产法案修订、加强拨备计提、公开的信息披露等因素。然而考虑到巴西目前受国内政治动荡及经济严重衰退的双重困扰,我们预计巴西银行业的不良贷款率可能会呈快速上升趋势。
表1:2006-2015巴西银行业不良贷款率
单位:% 不良贷款率 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 巴西 | 3.5 | 3 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.4 |
表2:2005-2014巴西GDP增长率
单位:% GDP增长率 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 巴西 | 3.96 | 6.09 | 5.17 | -0.33 | 7.53 | 2.73 | 0.87 | 2.49 | 0.14 | -3.8 | 一、不良贷款率较为稳定的原因分析
(一)建立了较为完善的监管体系
巴西是实行金融混业经营的国家,巴西国家货币委员会(National Money Council, NMC)是巴西金融监管的主体,下设四个监管机构具体负责金融监管:巴西中央银行、证券交易委员会、私营保险监管局和补助养老金秘书处。四个监管机构联合或单独进行监管。2006年巴西政府在NMC下设立了金融业监管委员会(COREMEC)专门负责各金融监管机构的合作及信息共享。巴西中央银行是最主要的监管机构,其他的监管机构基本是处于辅助监管地位,因此,巴西的金融监管是以巴西中央银行为主题的混业监管机制,这种机制使得巴西监管部门的职能与责任明确,减少了监管部门之间的沟通与协作、信息共享等方面的障碍。巴西央行在内部设立了专门的监管部门,即监督管理局(the Office of the Supervision Director, Difis),该局由四个部门组成:现场检查部、非现场监管部、打击非法外汇交易和金融犯罪部、金融系统信息管理部。2011年巴西央行还设立金融稳定理事会专门负责对系统性风险的监控和相关政策研究。IMF在2012年对巴西进行了FSAP(Financial Sector Assessment Program)评估,评估报告称巴西已建立了较为完善的监管合作及信息共享的监管体系,监管有效性较强。
(二)建立了较为健全的数据信息管理和应用
国际著名信息技术咨询公司高德纳(GARTNE)的研究报告表明,巴西银行业的信息技术应用已居国际金融业前列。巴西银行业信息技术的应用为风险监测和宏观决策提供了依据。除了巴西央行的全国金融机构监控系统,使央行能够充分掌握所有机构的各类信息外,巴西央行于2003年成立了新的信用风险中心(credit risk center),可以有效的对信贷风险进行识别和监控。任何信贷行为只要进入金融体系,就有紧密的跟踪统计,并与合作社、信用卡管理局、联邦中介、不良债务者数据库、现场检查数据等多种渠道的大量数据核对、汇总,并进行整理分析。这一系统支撑了巴西消费贷款和信用卡对平民的大量发放,使得银行机构能够较好地控制风险。同时,强大的分析功能使监管部门可以识别可能出现的信用风险集中现象,识别高风险的机构和监控风险敞口过大的银行,也为决策者提供了信息依据。如为了刺激出口部门,多少贷款是合适的,该部门的债务水平怎样,贷款者有多少等问题都可以得到解答。
(三)近年来对指定用途贷款的加速投放
在2008年金融危机爆发后,巴西政府通过国开行(BNDES)、巴西银行(Banco do Brasil)、巴西联邦储备银行(CaiXa)等国有银行投放信贷规模,刺激经济增长。投放主要集中于农业、房地产贷款、基础设施、能源等领域,投放对象基本为大中型企业,且贷款利率远低于市场利率(扣除通货膨胀因素,利率甚至为负),因此这部分贷款的质量一直相对较高。2008年至2015年期间巴西银行业指定用途贷款不良率一直稳定在1%左右,然而指定用途贷款占总贷款比重由29%增长至了49%。由于占比提高,因此指定用途贷款较低的不良率从整体上拉低了巴西银行业的不良贷款率。
虽然指定用途贷款的加速投放在一定程度上刺激了巴西经济的发展,但是目前这种过度的分割状态造成了信贷市场的不公平竞争,也导致未指定用途信贷市场根本无法提供具有竞争力的长期贷款,这对巴西信贷体系的长期发展是不利的。
(四)贸易融资业务占比升高 贸易融资相较于一般贷款的风险要小,因为贸易融资对象限定于贸易环节,现金流可被银行监控,具有债务自偿特性,融资周期也较短。巴西最大的私人银行Itau银行称,贸易融资历史违约率较低,在经济下滑过程中,贸易金融的低风险、轻资本、综合贡献高等特点是银行较为青睐的业务模式。巴西银行业的贸易融资占对公贷款总量从2008年的20%增加至2015年的33%。2015年末企业信贷中贸易融资的不良率约为1.4%,而流动资金贷款的不良率为4.6%。
(五)引用逾期天数细化贷款分类,加强拨备计提
2008年起,巴西央行要求金融机构在原有分类基础上,引用贷款的逾期天数,细化贷款的分类。具体分为AA、A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H共9级,其中AA-C级为正常资产(normal),D-G级为一类风险贷款(risk 1),H级为二类风险资产(risk 2)。在这个分类体系中,如果贷款逾期超过60天就必须划为一类风险贷款,若逾期超过180天则必须划为二类风险资产。根据IMF的研究报告,巴西银行业使用新的分类模型下计提的拨备要高出原模型约20%左右,另外巴西央行还采取了逆周期拨备计提的方法,因此总体来说巴西银行业的拨备计提非常充足。在拨备充足的情况下,2010年起巴西银行业加快了贷款核销的进程,2013年不良贷款全年核销较2010年增长37%。通过对不良贷款的核销,巴西银行业近几年的不良率一直保持的较为稳定。
(六)多举措控制消费信贷风险
巴西前任总统卢拉,提出以提高贫困人口生活水平促进经济发展的思路,其中最有特色的是发展消费信贷。从衬衫、家电到汽车甚至是整形手术的贷款都允许在几年内而不是几个月内还清贷款。由于消费信贷金额相对较小且一般没有抵押,因此不良贷款率一直处于较高水平。巴西政府及央行也退出了一系列措施来控制消费信贷的不良率,个人消费贷款不良率已从2009年的6.9%降低至2014年末的3.7%。 (1)增加个人社保账户担保,降低违约率
2006年巴西立法扩大了可以申请以个人社保账户为担保的消费贷款(Payroll-deductable loan,PDLs),由于有个人社保账户为担保,PDLs的违约率显著低于普通消费信贷违约率,且银行给予PDLs的利率也较为优惠。
(2)改变立法,加快处置程序
此前巴西的立法和司法均过于保护借方,2007起巴西新破产法开始实施,重组和清算程序更加灵活。特别是对于个人住房贷款,2009年巴西法律规定个人住房贷款违约后抵押物权的转移不得超过1个月,并且银行债权在判决过程中优先于国家的税收权。巴西政府对债权人在立法和司法上的保护加快了银行对不良贷款的处置程序,2010年巴西银行业贷款回收率较上年提升了30%。
(3)成立新信用评级机构,加强对个人征信的宣传及教育
受政府在2008年金融危机后对消费信贷的刺激,许多巴西民众2009年才第一次进入信贷市场,统计数据称首次贷款的个人比已经有多年贷款的个人违约率高出20%,2009年巴西首次接受消费信贷的个人为900万人次,此后每年均未满300万,这也是2009年巴西不良贷款率超过4%的一个原因。巴西央行针对这个情况也专门开展了征信的教育和宣传,培养民众重视信用记录的诚信意识。另外,2012年末巴西立法通过了“信用评级机构提供消费者全面信用状况”的提案。在原法律制度下,巴西的消费者信用评级机构仅提供个人贷款的违约记录,而现在评级机构将提供消费者是否按时缴纳税费、水电等费用、是否有不良行为等全面的信用情况,并会根据消费者的信用记录提供评分,从而为银行的贷款发放提供强有力的支撑。
(七)规范信息披露
除会计报表外,2003年起巴西央行要求所有金融机构必须制作金融信息季度报告(Quarterly financial information, QFI),同时将此报告在巴西央行的官网上公布。QFI集合了财务、统计、风险管理等信息,金融市场能迅速获取金融机构的业务、风险管理及资产负债结构信息。采用QFI报告制度加快了金融机构透明制度建设和市场约束,也有利于金融监管机构更充分地了解被监管机构的运营现状,多渠道、多层次的提高金融监管的效能。相比而言,我国的金融业信息披露并不充分。除上市的金融机构受到较为规范的市场监督,不得不按要求进行信息披露外,其他金融机构的信息披露内容十分有限。
三、信用风险可能进一步上升
目前巴西经济已陷入衰退,IMF预计巴西2016年经济仍将衰退3.5%。各大评级机构相继下调巴西主权评级。巴西法庭2015年批准了5500多家企业的破产申请,破产企业数量创下自2008年以来新高,意味着巴西的信贷危机逐步加重。据国际清算银行(BIS)预测,受政治动荡和经济衰退的双叠加影响,巴西银行业的信用风险有可能迅速攀升。
2016年1月巴西银行业的不良贷款率为3.6%,已创2010年以来新高。未指定用途贷款利率为5.3%,已较2014年末上升了1.2个百分点,上升趋势明显且速度较快。巴西最大的国有银行巴西银行(Banco do brazil)预测其2016年企业不良贷款率约为3.9%,巴西第二大的私人控股银行Bradesco预测其2016年不良贷款率为5.6%,较上年度均有大幅提升。
另外一些国际大型银行也并不看好巴西市场,特别是消费信贷市场,原因主要为个人收入的下降及失业率的攀升。目前多家银行选择退出或收缩巴西市场业务,比如汇丰控股2015年出售了巴西境内的大部分资产;花旗银行调整网点布局并出售了信用卡和消费业务;法国兴业银行出售了消费金融业务;美国银行出售私人银行和财务管理业务。
四、相关启示
(一)加快银行业信息技术的推广和应用。巴西金融业先进的信息系统使我们认识到,加强对信息数据的整理和分析,加强各类数据信息的核对和汇总,有利于风险的监测和分析,有利于增强决策的准确性和及时性。因此,建议加大银行领域信息技术的投资,大力推进银行信息化建设;同时,加强政府各级部门不同数据系统的整合和汇总,增强风险监测的能力和水平,提高决策的前瞻性和敏感性。
(二)适当加大消费信贷投放,并完善信用体制。当前我国的消费率不到50%,消费信贷占全部信贷的比例约在20%,远低于发达国家30%-50%的比例。与巴西的消费信贷相比,我国的消费信贷主要以中高档消费品为主,住房与汽车类消费贷款占比达到90%以上,针对中低收入阶层的小额消费信贷很少。因此,建议应大力发展消费信贷,根据不同商品和不同消费者阶层的特点,拓宽消费信贷的范围和品种,满足不同层次的个人消费信贷需求,提高消费信贷的覆盖面。同时,加快建立相应的信用评估办法、完善个人信用体制,加强信用风险管理。
(二)完善相关立法。在我国现行的破产法、物权法等相关的法律制度下,企业的破产清算及抵押权、质押权等物权的转移过程相对缓慢,且银行的一般债权优先级较差。建议完善对银行借贷的相关法律制度,加强对银行作为债权人的司法保护,提高不良贷款处置效率。
(三)加强信息披露。从金融业竞争的角度看,规范的信息披露不仅有利于对金融机构的经营形成社会监督的压力,促使落后的金融机构采取有效措施改善经营情况和风险管理措施应对市场竞争,也有利于提高监管效能。因此建议加强对我国金融机构的信息披露,并定期予以公开,从而加快金融机构透明制度建设。

以上,请领导阅示。
拟稿人:朱晓(50478)
外资分行处
2016-3-15

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