...Introduction: The financial crises are major disruptions in financial markets characterized by sharp declines in asset prices and firm failures (11). The global melt down of 2007-08, the Great Depression of 1929 and South Asian crises of 1997 tested the efficiencies of concerned regulatory authorities across the world. Financial crises moves like cyclone and spirals down to all connected economies (13). Whether financial crises emerges in the developed countries or in the developing countries, the history witnesses that it has invariably led concerned economies into deep recession, unemployment, loss of public confidence, domestic and international trade reversal and even capital flight. The regulatory authorities engaged in watching and monitoring health of concerned economies have to proactively respond to mitigate and resolve the crises. There could be different causes for financial crises such as ongoing double digit inflation / uncontrolled monetary expansion, unsustainable internal or external public debt, excessive credit booms, large capital inflows, large current account deficits, balance sheet weaknesses due to maturity mismatches of public debts, fall out of impracticable exchange rate mechanism followed and currency crises (3). The selection of ways and means of mitigating and resolving a financial crisis and accelerating economic recovery is dependent upon root causes leading to financial crises. The policy options selected by regulatory authorities may be...
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...FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA BY MAURICE MUIRURI KAARIUKI A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, DEGREE OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY. JULY, 2014 DECLARATION Declaration by the Researcher This research is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. No part of this study may be reproduced without prior authority of the author and/or Kenyatta University. Signature……………………………………………………… Date………………………. Maurice Muiruri Kariuki Declaration by the Supervisor This research proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university supervisor. Signature……………………………………………………… Date………………………. Name (PhD.) School of Business ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my gratitude and regards to Professor name (PhD.) for his guidance. I am indebted to all the persons and institutions that offered support, encouragement and prayers to me during the entire research. Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible. ABSTRACT The study seeks to investigate the factors affecting performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The Background of the study reveals that there has been continued globalization and economic cooperation among the...
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...Drawing on the specific examples outlined in your text (Chapter 9), discuss the leading indicators for the banking crisis? what are the regulatory mechanisms that have been put in place by leading markets to mitigate this risk? What are the local experiences? A banking crisis is defined as a situation which the value of financial institutions or assets drop rapidly. a financial crisis is often associated with a panic or a run on the banks, in which investors sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts with the expectation that the value of those assets will drop if they remain at a financial institution. A financial crisis can come as a result of institutions or assets being overvalued, and can be made worse by investment behavior. A rapid string of sell offs can further result in lower asset prices or more savings withdrawals. If left unchecked, the crisis can cause the economy to go down into a recession or depression. There are a number of causes for banking crisis outlined in the text, it is also said that banks are more vulnerable to failures than other companies. This is because they are more fragile than many other firms and more open contagion. There are three reasons to support this view: Low capital to assets ratios (high leverage), which provides little room for losses; Low cash to assets ration, which may require the sale of earning assets to meet deposit obligations; and High demand and short term debt to total debt (deposits) ratios (high potential...
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...IMAGES How leadership failures in corporate Japan knocked its companies off the world stage by J. Stewart Black and Allen J. Morrison ifteen years ago, Japanese companies accounted for 141 of the companies and 35.2% of the revenues of Fortune’s then brand-new Global 500 list. By 2000 their share of revenues had fallen to 20.8%, and by last year it had shrunk to 11.2%, with only 68 Japanese companies making the list. During the same period, U.S. firms’ portion of Global 500 revenues, which was 28.4% in 1995, grew slightly, to 30%. Firms from the European Union and Switzerland, meanwhile, increased their portion from 31% to 36%. Much of Japan’s loss has been a gain for firms from emerging markets. Since 1995 companies from the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) have seen their combined share of Global 500 revenues leap from 0.9% to 10.4%. But will those countries lose their edge in the years ahead, as Japan did? Or will they find ways to remain globally competitive and protect their share—as the U.S. and Europe have done? To answer those questions, we first need to understand why Japan was unable to continue the meteoric rise it saw in the 1970s and 1980s, because the new generation of emerging-country multinationals bears a disturbing resemblance to corporate Japan in the 1990s. Over the past quarter century, we have tracked the rise and fall of Japanese business, and our research reveals that the very factors that enabled Japan’s early success led to its later failure...
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...insurance) as a proportion of the US Economy’s corporate assets? 10%? 20%? 50%? More? ~70% Why study commercial banks separate from other types of firms (Retail / Manufacturing)? Because commercial banks have some fundamental differences from non-financial firms: 1) Commercial banks have primarily financial assets; non-financial firms have primarily real assets 2) Because of the above, commercial banks are exposed to different types of risk than non-financials (some of which are related to banks’ financial assets, like interest rate risk and default risk.) 3) Commercial banks market products from BOTH sides of the balance sheet making it more difficult to balance their sources of funds (i.e., deposits) and uses of funds (new loans). Non-financials determine how much capital is necessary to purchase new assets and then (assuming the project is +NPV) determine how to fund the purchase. Big picture: How to non-financial firms earn profits? How to commercial banks earn profits? Commercial banks earn profits from generating higher levels of interest income and fee income than they incur in interest expense (paid on deposits and other liabilities) and operating costs. Non-financials earn net revenues generated from positive NPV investments, primarily in real assets Current Topics in the News… Bank Regulation and the Presidential Candidates: Sanders vs. Clinton vs. Republicans Note that one reason banks are regulated is because government deposit insurance...
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...TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN BRAZIL AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEVELOPMENT FAILURE 5335 Wisconsin Ave NW Suite 440 Washington, DC 20015 tel 202.274.1830 fax 202.274.1831 James Gregoire Copyright © February 2011 www.nexusinfrastructure.com Transport Infrastructure In Brazil and the Consequences of Development Failure CONTENTS ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................................................1 I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................1 A. Airports ................................................................................................................................................4 B. Roadways .............................................................................................................................................5 C. Rail ..........................................................................................................................................................7 D. Ports ......................................................................................................................................................8 E. Summary .............................................................................................................................................9 III. SPECIAL FACTORS ..................................
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...s oНОВИНИ ЗАРУБІЖНОЇ НАУКИ 415 Mian Sajid Nazir1, Aqsa Butt2, Muhammad Musarrat Nawaz3 INTEREST RATE DETERMINANTS OF BANKS IN PAKISTAN This study attempts to investigate determinant factors of interest rate differential on deposits and loan accounts of Pakistani banks. For this purpose 4 year data on 30 banks is included in this research paper. The empirical results based on the correlational analysis of the relationship between weighted average rate of interest and 10 independent variables which are credit risk, amount of deposit, administrative cost, profit margins, bank's liquidity, amount of loan, market share, inflation rate, macroeconomic conditions and bank specific factors. These variables will help to highlight customer reaction towards variation in interest rates which help banks to review their policies regarding interest rates, margins and risk premium. The results shows that credit risk, administrative costs, profit margins and deposit amounts are important factors for the interest rate determination and these are positively related with interest rate. Bank's liquidity and deposit amount have negative relationship with interest rate. Meanwhile, inflation and market share have no significant relationship with interest rate fluctuations. Keywords: interest rate; banking sector; Pakistan; risk; deposits. Міан Саїд Назір, Акса Батт, Мухаммад Музаррат Наваз ЧИННИКИ, ЩО ВИЗНАЧАЮТЬ ВІДСОТКОВІ СТАВКИ У БАНКАХ ПАКИСТАНУ У статті зроблено спробу визначити чинники...
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...Management Ltd October 2011 Evaluation of Agent Banking Models in different countries ii Oxford Policy Management Evaluation of Agent Banking Models in different countries Table of contents Table of contents Abbreviations Executive summary Agent banking regulation and impact Permissible agent activities Volume and value of different types of activities Introduction 1 1.1 Analysis of agent banking regulations Colombia 1.1.1 Background & implementation of regulations 1.1.2 Definition of agent, approval by the regulator & types of entities that can be agents 1.1.3 Rules governing exclusivity/non-exclusivity of agents 1.1.4 Permissible activities 1.1.5 Roles and responsibilities & minimum standards 1.1.6 Typical remuneration structure Brazil 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 Peru 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 Kenya 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 India 1.5.1 i iv vi viii x xi 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 1.2 6 Background & implementation of regulations 6 Definition of agent, approval by the regulator & types of entities that can be agents 7 Rules governing exclusivity/non-exclusivity of agents 7 Permissible activities 8 Roles and responsibilities & minimum standards 8 Typical remuneration structure 9 9 Background & implementation of regulations 9 Definition of agent, approval by the regulator & types of entities that can be agents10 Rules governing exclusivity/non-exclusivity of agents 10 Permissible activities 11 Roles and responsibilities & minimum standards 11 Typical...
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... may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Can Inflation Targeting Work in Emerging Market Countries? Frederic S. Mishkin NBER Working Paper No. 10646 July 2004 JEL No. E5, F3 ABSTRACT This paper explores issues in emerging market countries to make inflation targeting work for them. It starts by outlining why emerging market economies are so different from advanced economies and then discuss why developing strong fiscal, financial and monetary institutions is so critical to the success of inflation targeting in emerging market countries. Then it discusses two emerging market countries which illustrate what it takes to make inflation targeting work well, Chile and Brazil. It then addresses a particularly complicated issue for central banks in emerging market countries who engage in inflation targeting: how they deal with exchange rate fluctuations. The next topic focuses on the IMF's role in promoting the success of inflation targeting in emerging market countries. The conclusion from this analysis is that inflation targeting...
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...A N N U A L REPORT 2015 Financial Highlights As of or for the year ended December 31, (in millions, except per share, ratio data and headcount) Reported basis1 Total net revenue Total noninterest expense Pre-provision profit Provision for credit losses Net income Per common share data Net income per share: Basic Diluted Cash dividends declared Book value Tangible book value2 2015 $ $ $ Selected ratios Return on common equity Return on tangible common equity2 Common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio3 Tier 1 capital ratio3 Total capital ratio3 Selected balance sheet data (period-end) Loans Total assets Deposits Total stockholders’ equity Headcount 93,543 59,014 34,529 3,827 24,442 6.05 6.00 1.72 60.46 48.13 2014 $ $ $ 95,112 61,274 33,838 3,139 21,745 5.33 5.29 1.58 56.98 44.60 11% 13 11.6 13.3 14.7 $ 837,299 2,351,698 1,279,715 247,573 234,598 10% 13 10.2 11.4 12.7 $ 757,336 2,572,274 1,363,427 231,727 241,359 Note: 2014 has been revised to reflect the adoption of new accounting guidance related to debt issuance costs and investments in affordable housing projects. For additional information, see Accounting and Reporting Developments and Note 1 on pages 170 and 183, respectively. 1 Results are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), except where otherwise noted. 2 Non-GAAP financial measure. For further discussion, see “Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use Of Non-GAAP ...
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...LITERATURE REVIEW ON SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES’ ACCESS TO CREDIT AND SUPPORT IN SOUTH AFRICA December, 2011 Literature Review on Small and Medium Enterprises’ Access to Credit and Support in South Africa Prepared for National Credit Regulator (NCR) Compiled by Underhill Corporate Solutions (UCS) Project Manager and Lead Researcher: Edmore Mahembe Contact Details: Edmore Mahembe 357 Flowers Street Capital Park, 0084 Cell: +27 (0)83 757 3733 Phone: +27 (0)12 751 3237 Fax: 086 540 7052/ 086 639 8976 E-mail: eddiem@underhillsolutions.co.za info@underhillsolutions.co.za Website: www.underhillsolutions.co.za Pretoria, South Africa December, 2011 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research team wishes to acknowledge the co-operation of the following organisations and individuals that helped attain the goals of the evaluation. 1. National Credit Regulator (NCR) for the opportunity afforded to Underhill Corporate Solutions (the research consultants) to conduct this study “Literature Review on Small and Medium Enterprises’ Access to Credit And Support in South Africa”. 2. Client project managers: Thandile Gubevu and Darrell Beghin, for facilitating the overall project exercise and the useful comments on the draft report that helped shape the format of the final report. 3. NCR board members; for useful and valuable comments on the draft report that helped in the development of detailed and well informed recommendations. 4. Finally, special appreciation to key research team members, namely;...
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...Submitted By : NAME ID Nazibur Rahman : 08410105 Abdullah- al Zihad : 08510061 Qazi Ismat Ahmed Rushe’d Chowdhery : 08410106 Date of Submission : 14th December, 2010. Executive Summary The bond market is a financial market where participants buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bonds. Like emerging-market countries around the world, Bangladesh could benefit from having a local-currency, fixed-income securities market. At present, its main fixed-income financial products are bank deposits, bank loans, government savings certificates, term loans, treasury bills, and government bonds and corporate debt (syndicated loans, private placement, and debentures). But in general the corporate debt market is still very small compared with the equity market. Numerous factors in Bangladesh today suggest that Bangladesh will not be able to develop an active, local-currency fixed-income market. In this paper, we will discuss the current situation of our bond market, what the drawbacks are and what may be the remedy for overcoming these drawbacks. Bangladesh's bond market represents the 'smallest' in South Asia, accounting for only 12 per cent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), a World Bank report said. At US$7.35 billion, the size of the country's bond market is far smaller than the banking assets...
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...SYLLABUS INDIAN BUSINESS ENIRONMENT MBA–2nd SEMESTER, M.D.U., ROHTAK External Marks : 70 Time : 3 hrs. Internal Marks : 30 UNIT-I Nature, components and determinatnts of business environment; basic nature of Indian economic system; relation size and growth of public and private corporate sector, social responsibility of business; broad features of India's now economic policy. UNIT-II Trend and pattern of industrial growth; review of industrial policy developments; industrial licensing policy; liberalisation of the private sector; trends and issues in corporate management; growth and problems of the small scale sector; public sector reforms and privatisation the problem of industrial sickness; MRTP Act, SICA and Industrial Disputes Act. UNIT-III Development banks for corporate Sector (IDBI, IFCI, ICICI) - trends pattern and policy; regulation of stock exchanges and the role of SEBI; banking sector reforms, challenges facing public sector banks; growth and changing structure of non bank financial institutions; problem of non performing assets in Indian Banks. UNIT-IV Trend and pattern of India's foreign trade and balance of payments; latest EXIM policy-main features; policy towards foreign direct investment; globalisation trends in Indian economy; role of MNC's; India's policy commitments to multilateral insitiutions - IMF, World Bank and WTO. NOTE : The question paper will be set by the external examiners. The external examiner will set 8 questions...
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...• The microfinance sector in India has developed a successful and sustainable business model which has been able to overcome challenges traditionally faced by the financial services sector in servicing the low income population by catering to its specific needs, capacities and leveraging preexisting community support networks. As of March 2009, microfinance institutions (“MFIs”) in India reached over 22 million borrowers and had a portfolio outstanding in excess of $2.3 billion. The microfinance business model in India typically generates a Return on Equity (“ROE”) of between 20% and 30%, driven by financing from commercial banks, strong operating efficiency and high portfolio quality.1 Despite achieving rapid growth with a CAGR of 86% in loan portfolio outstanding and 96% in borrowers over the last five years, the microfinance sector still faces a large unmet demand which means that it still has great potential for continued growth. The microfinance sector is maturing and beginning to diversify its product and service base to address other unmet financial and non-financial needs of the low income population either directly or by acting as a conduit for third-party providers – savings, insurance, remittance and low cost education and healthcare services being some of the key examples. Given this growth and maturity dynamic, the Indian microfinance sector is increasingly becoming a viable investment sector with commercial investors joining social investors who have been nurturing...
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...SYLLABUS INDIAN BUSINESS ENIRONMENT MBA–2nd SEMESTER, M.D.U., ROHTAK External Marks : 70 Time : 3 hrs. Internal Marks : 30 UNIT-I Nature, components and determinatnts of business environment; basic nature of Indian economic system; relation size and growth of public and private corporate sector, social responsibility of business; broad features of India's now economic policy. UNIT-II Trend and pattern of industrial growth; review of industrial policy developments; industrial licensing policy; liberalisation of the private sector; trends and issues in corporate management; growth and problems of the small scale sector; public sector reforms and privatisation the problem of industrial sickness; MRTP Act, SICA and Industrial Disputes Act. UNIT-III Development banks for corporate Sector (IDBI, IFCI, ICICI) - trends pattern and policy; regulation of stock exchanges and the role of SEBI; banking sector reforms, challenges facing public sector banks; growth and changing structure of non bank financial institutions; problem of non performing assets in Indian Banks. UNIT-IV Trend and pattern of India's foreign trade and balance of payments; latest EXIM policy-main features; policy towards foreign direct investment; globalisation trends in Indian economy; role of MNC's; India's policy commitments to multilateral insitiutions - IMF, World Bank and WTO. NOTE : The question paper will be set by the external examiners. The external examiner will set 8 questions in all, selecting not more...
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