...Chapman Business Ethics Exam Two The Stakeholder theory of a firm is made up into equal percentages on a pie chart, which is made up of Financials, Suppliers, Employees, Customers and Communities. The Stockholder theory of a firm is made up by a pyramid structure consisting of Labor, Management, CEO, Board and Stockholders. I believe the Stakeholder theory is less ethical than the stockholder theory in terms of Libertarianism and Egoism. Libertarianism view points are that there is no direct harm, not infringing on rights, not breaking the laws, government protection only, free market and charity. The Egoism viewpoint is to maximize long-term self-interest. The Stakeholder Theory is less ethical from the Libertarianism viewpoint, because there are some major concerns that don’t agree with their principles. The first principle it breaches is no-direct harm, because it does cause direct harm. The theory causes direct harm by having everybody set as equal to the firm, but in reality the creditors and shareholders are above everybody. I believe this causes harm in that you have to pay back your creditors and shareholders back first, because without them there would not be a company and if you don’t pay them their higher percentage they will not re-invest inside the company, which will cause the direct harm to the pie by causing the equal pie pieces to be broken up and forcing the company to shutdown due to default. This theory also infringes on the rights of the Financials...
Words: 1125 - Pages: 5
...Memo ______________________________________________________________________________ To: CEO, Toy Company From: Elementary Division Manager Subject: Employee Claim of Constructive Discharge Date: September 16, 2014 As you have previously been informed, the company is currently facing a lawsuit filed by a former employee. This employee is claiming Constructive Discharge under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 due to the recent changes in the company’s working schedule policy. At the beginning of the year the company changed the working schedule policy to accommodate the growth of the company. This new schedule requires all production employees to work the following rotating shift schedule: 12-hour shifts, four days on, four days off with the working days occurring any day of the week, Monday through Sunday. However, the working schedule for the office staff remained Monday through Friday, 8 am to 5 pm. All production employees used to work 8-hour shifts, Monday through Friday. The former employee, who voluntarily quit after the changes took effect, is claiming that the company “forced” him to quit because the new working schedule would require him to work on a religious holy day. A constructive discharge claim can only be established if there is either evidence of intolerable working conditions that would compel an employee to quit, or evidence of outrageous conduct by the employer, such as sexual assault or violent threats towards the employee...
Words: 1241 - Pages: 5
...Memorandum To: CEO From: Manager Date: March 9, 2012 Subject: Constructive Discharge Claim As requested, I have done the initial research on how the company should respond to the plaintiff’s claim of constructive discharge. According to The University of Chicago Law Review (1986), constructive discharge occurs when the working conditions of an employee are so unbearable and discriminatory that any sensible person would quit. The plaintiff must be able to prove two things: (1) that the working conditions were intolerable, and (2) that the employer deliberately created those conditions with the intent to cause the plaintiff to quit (Finnegan and Sheila, 1986). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against “persons on the basis of their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin” (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 2009, p.93). The plaintiff is claiming that there was no choice but to quit based on the fact that the plaintiff was required to work on a religious holy day as a result of the work schedule policy change. According to the plaintiff, the change in the work schedule policy is an infringement on their religious beliefs and is therefore claiming constructive discharge based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The legal concept of constructive discharge is relevant in this scenario, in that the plaintiff quit because he/she alleged that the work schedule policy change requires employees to work on a...
Words: 1670 - Pages: 7
... but the number of women obtaining management and executive positions has remained stagnant. Human resource policies and practices’ follow ethical guidelines, but in practicality are more difficult to apply in the workforce. Human resource practices and policies may be influenced by the overall mindset of a company. The barriers that prevent women from achieving management and executive positions are the same barriers that prevent human resource policies and practices’ from being applied. The gaps in gender equality and wages, created by the barriers, can be discouraging to women from achieving high-level positions. Overcoming the barriers is a task in undoing the mindset that has been instilled deeply within society. Introduction Studies have shown that companies who promote female gender equality surpass their competitors on every measure of profitability, yet women are failing to attain high-level positions. Possible reasons for the persistent wage and gender gap between men and women in senior leadership positions can be found by reviewing current data on women in the workplace, studies on the correlation between gender diversity in senior management and company performance, and literature on gender behavioral differences in the workplace. Women play an increasingly significant role in today’s workforce. “Women make up almost 73 percent of the healthcare workforce, yet there still remains a significant gender gap in management and executive leadership positions” (Lantz...
Words: 2524 - Pages: 11
...between individuals and their society. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Correct. | Question 2 | | 1 / 1 point | The doctrine ofstare decisis obligates judges to follow precedents established within their jurisdictions. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Correct. | Question 3 | | 1 / 1 point | Common law develops from rules of law announced in court decisions. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Correct. | Question 4 | | 0 / 1 point | A federal statute takes precedence over the U.S. Constitution. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Incorrect. The Constitution takes precedence over any conflicting federal or state statute, local ordinance, administrative rule, or court decision. | Question 5 | | 1 / 1 point | In most states, the same courts can grant legal or equitable remedies. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Correct. | Question 6 | | 1 / 1 point | Congress can regulate any activity that substantially affects commerce. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Correct. | Question 7 | | 0 / 1 point | A state law that substantially impinges on interstate commerce is unconstitutional. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Incorrect. | Question 8 | | 0 / 1 point | The Bill of Rights protects individuals against some interference by the federal government only. | True | | False | View Feedback | | Incorrect. The protections in the Bill of Rights...
Words: 1236 - Pages: 5
...of lots of separate institutions. They believe that for a society to work they all have to work together as a whole, for example, the organs in a body had to work together for the body to work itself. Their beliefs in the working of the education system is such one, that each stage leads/prepares you for the next one e.g. nursery – primary school – comp school – college – work. They have a structuralist theory. “The functionalist view is that illness has a social consequence and must be swiftly dealt with, where possible, for the smooth running of society” (Billingham, 2007, p.350) Marxist; The approach of these people is biased on the social class of society, they believe that there are two roles of people, the bosses (bourgeoisie) and the worker (proletariat). They feel that they can exploit the worker as much as possible because they individually cannot make an impact on a whole. They difference is great between a boss and a worker because the boss controls the within working times. “Their job is to provide the company with a healthy workforce. In addition, the government allows companies to make profits from products that cause ill health, for example, tobacco and junk food.” (Billingham, 2007, p.351) Interactionist; This approach is the complete opposite to the Marxist way of looking at the society as a whole. They believe that every person has their own right to speak up and are equal to everyone else. This is seen as a bottom up theory, you as an individual have...
Words: 793 - Pages: 4
...Question The dividend discount model tells us that the value of a firm is equal to the present value of its expected dividend payments. Some firms have never paid dividends and have no intention of doing so. Does this mean that these firms are worth nothing? Discuss with reference to academic research and theory. Answer 719 words Two schools about dividend policy: relevant dividend theory and irrelevant dividend theory The dividend discount model tells us the value of a firm is equal to the value of its expected dividend payments. The dividend discount model provides a means of developing an explicit expected return for the stock market. Elaborations on the simple dividend discount model provide an important tool for comparing relative values across a sample of individual stocks. [pic] V is the value of the stock. Dt is the expected dividend payment at the year t. K is the discount rate. Dividend policy has always been a baffling problem of financial management. In theoretical circles there are two schools about dividend policy: relevant dividend view and irrelevant dividend view. Relevant dividend view: Farrar, Salwyn and Gordon are representatives of this theory. Their theory is that company's dividend distribution has an impact on the value of the company. Dividend payment is not dispensable, but very necessary. It is an important strategy of a company. If the company’s choice of the dividend payment policy on the stock market changes , the company's...
Words: 788 - Pages: 4
...RUNNING HEADER: Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Sociological, Legal, and Organizational Issues Proposal - Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Sociological, Legal, and Organizational Issues HR594: Staffing Strategies Introduction In the year 2012, there are still certain groups of people not being proportionally represented in all levels of the work force. The ‘glass ceiling’ is a metaphor used to describe the invisible barriers that often confront women and minorities when trying to move into the top positions at all levels of employment in business and government because of their sex or race. It’s also important to understand that the “glass ceiling” today has a different meaning than when it was first introduced. The term “Glass Ceiling” originally only referred to women, based on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed sexual discrimination in the workplace. It was an article by Carol Hymowitz and Timothy Schellhardt in the March 24, 1986 edition of the Wall Street Journal that brought new meaning to the term. This was the first time that “Glass Ceiling” was used to determine the recognition of the gender bias in Corporate America. By 1991, the US had created a Federal Glass Ceiling Commission with the Secretary of Labor as its chair. The US Department of Labor understood the concept to mean “those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organizations into management level positions”;...
Words: 2822 - Pages: 12
...During the middle ages, society viewed women as submissive and lesser than men. During the Reformation, views became slightly skewed as religions developed different opinions towards the issue of women in society. 16th and 17th century Europe portrayed different religions such as Lutheranism and Calvinism that changed views on women in society, while the Anabaptist kept previous views. Lutheranism, a branch of Protestant religion showed a shift in view towards women being equal to men. Martin Luther, the founder of Lutheranism, believed that views and rules written in Bible were what life actions should be lived and based off on. “God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them,” Genesis 1:27. This passage from the Bible states that both men and women were created in the same image and likeness by God. Being written in the Bible, Luther believed and preached the idea that men and women are equal, based off of the image of their creator, God. “...husband differs from the wife in no other respect than in sex; otherwise the women is altogether [as] man… If the wife is honorable, virtuous, and pious, she shares in all the cares, endeavors,...
Words: 951 - Pages: 4
...What is pay equity? The definition of pay equity is really equal pay for equal work or in other words a man and a woman should get the same pay for the same job. This is not always the case for women. Unions have been an asset to the female work force because the wages are set by the union for the job duties performed, not by who performs them. Women often are in administration jobs with a great amount of responsibility, but are often under paid as compared to a man with similar responsibilities. By enforcing pay equity laws, an employer will create a productive workforce among all employees. In the Canadian workplace employees can value equity in different ways. They can compare their job to similar jobs within the same department, or compare their job to different jobs within the same workplace. Therefore, the equity or pay they receive can make the employee satisfied or dissatisfied depending on their view of the job they perform. Also, employees can compare their equity to others in another company who do similar jobs or others who are in the same union or profession. To an employer equity can be compared in four categories: external equity, internal equity, individual equity and personal equity. External equity is when an employer pays wages comparable to similar companies doing the same jobs. There are many factors involved in this type of comparison. The factors can be geographic location, organization size, unions, industry sector, competition in the...
Words: 926 - Pages: 4
...Leave: For Him, Her, and Them The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, instituted by President Bill Clinton, established that companies are required to give at least 12 weeks of unpaid leave to new mothers. Over twenty years later, and there are no laws or acts that benefit new fathers in the workforce. While tradition has always been an influence in the way of life, traditions do change often and most usually to the benefit of the citizens. There was a time in history when tradition was that women stayed at home, but traditions have changed to the point where there is a woman in the presidential campaign. Not only did the tradition of women working change benefit women, but it benefitted all of the citizens. Traditions are being...
Words: 848 - Pages: 4
...same time can hurt the patient as well considering it is just trial versions and not completely affective. This is shown that many people chose to try and be vaccinated in order to help prevent the HIV disease from spreading, but at the same time there are many side affects to these trials. So we are not really going to help the patient, rather prolong the symptoms of HIV and also hurt the patient, with all these other side effects that come along with the vaccination. This is an ethical issue because we want the patients to have a chance of fighting the HIV, but at the same time these results are not producing results that we would like. There is no cure that will rid the HIV virus that someone may consume. Many people in South Africa do not have the technology, medical availability and the money to help cope with the disease that they inquire such as HIV, where in America you are given opportunity to be able to pay for the correct treatments, and the money to afford to have those treatments done, to help you be comfortable. Also we are not given trial vaccinations that have all these other...
Words: 1411 - Pages: 6
...individuals in the organizations that make it hard for others to make a moral judgment and have good objectives of judgments being made. The two common strategies or views of administration is that many people that are in the administrative position do not want to abide by the ethics codes, so they should resign from the their spot so that they can put someone there who do understand the reasons for the ethics by the administrative codes. When trying to make sure that you have a powerful effective establishment, you must make sure that you find a plan that will produce a policy that would be successful to your company. One of the laws that allows companies and professionals to hire people that are qualified for a certain position in their firm, they are able to come immediately and get an interview, which is called the Affirmative Action. And Equal Employment Opportunity. Administrative code of ethics is almost the same thing as the Affirmative Action because it makes sure that the public administration adjusts their decision making in the way of not having so much change to the public interest. In, 1984, ASPA adopted a code of ethics that drew from all of the normative perspectives. They divided them into sections to explain the codes that reflects the Constitutional values of having, Equal opportunity, which is fairness to one another and also free speech, meaning being able to speak their mind as long as it was in a good tone and...
Words: 1110 - Pages: 5
...great political thinkers. There are a lot of differences between the two even though Aristotle was a great student of Plato. They each had ideas of how to improve existing societies during their individual lifetimes. It is necessary to look at several areas of each theory to seek the difference in each. Plato’s thoughts on democracy were that it causes the corruption of people through public opinion and creates rulers who do not actually knowhow to rule but only know how to influence the “beast” which is the Demos, the public. Aristotle’s views about democracy hold that democratic office will cause corruption in the people, if the people choose to redistribute the wealth of the rich they will end up destroying the state and since the people have no knowledge about governance when they elect rulers they will err. The “Republic” of Plato created a country with strict hierarchy. It has a rigorous legal system and a sound education system. All public good, servicers and desires are controlled by the country. It has its own advantages such as the idealized organized national order, and discussion of country’s justice and individual’s justice;, but it also has its shortcomings, for instance, the discordance between spiritual pursuit and basic material demand. However, it is an “ideal model”, meaning that people have to doubt if it is feasible in the real world. By contrast, the “Politics” of Aristotle are both entertaining and valuable. It is entertaining because Aristotle said many...
Words: 1777 - Pages: 8
...Manuel Velasquez Questions of distributive justice arise when different people put forth conflicting claims on society's benefits and burdens and all the claims cannot be satisfied. The central cases are those where there is a scarcity of benefits such as jobs, food, housing, medical care, income, and wealth-as compared to the numbers and the desires of the people who want these goods. Or (the other side of the coin) there may be too many burdens - unpleasant work, drudgery, substandard housing, health injuries of various sorts-and not enough people willing to shoulder them. If there were enough goods to satisfy everyone's desires and enough people willing to share society's burdens, then conflicts between people would not arise and distributive justice would not be needed. When people's desires and aversions exceed the adequacy of their resources, they are forced to develop principles for allocating scarce benefits and undesirable burdens in ways that are just and that resolve the conflicts in a fair way. The development of such principles is the concern of distributive justice. The fundamental principle of distributive justice is that equals should be treated equally and unequals, unequally. More precisely, the fundamental principle of distributive justice may be expressed as follows: Individuals who are similar in all respects relevant to the kind of treatment in question should be given similar benefits and burdens, even if they are dissimilar...
Words: 12435 - Pages: 50