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Buddhisme

- Stiftet af Gautama Buddha fra den nordlige Indien 500 f. Kr - Buddha = den oplyste

Buddha legenden - Palikanon • Den skriftlige kilde om Buddha • Pali = helligt indisk sprog, kanon = normgivende tekstsamling • Kaldes også Tripitaka, De tre Kurve ▪ Vinaya Pitaka: regler for munkeordenen ▪ Sutra Pitaka: blandt andet beretninger fra Buddhas liv ▪ Abhidhamma-Pitaka: uddyber lærespørgsmål • Underopdelt i flere hundrede tekster • Teksterne er sutraer; læretekster sagt af Buddha; hvert et ord er sandt - Den historiske Buddha er født cirka 560 f.v.t. i det nordøstlige Indien. Kun kendskab til ham som person gennem legendefortællingerne (i modsætning til fx Jesus og Muhammed) - Fødes af dronning Maya, og får navnet Siddharta Gautama; bedt om det af guderne? - Den lille Siddharta beskyttes mod at opdage tilværelsens lidelse, men indser den (de 4 tegn: en syg, en olding, en død og en munk) og vil finde mening med den. Forlader sin familie og liv som 28-årig - 3 skelsættende begivenheder i buddhismen: 1. Erkendelse ▪ Søger frelsen som asket, liv i pinsel, ingen mad. Efter 6 år indser han at det ikke er vejen ▪ Opnår erkendelse under det hellige figentræ Bo-træet i Bodhgaya: Den gyldne middelvej, De fire ædle Sandheder og Årsagskæden. Blevet arhat (lige før Buddhastatus, nirvana mens man lever) ▪ Det onde, fristelserne i form af fristeren Mara, prøvede at vælte ham på vejen til erkendelse 2. Forkyndelse ▪ Sætter lærens hjul i gang ▪ Første gang med Benarestalen • Vender sig imod skepticismen (umuligt at finde meningen med livet ( ansvarsløst liv i nydelse) og mystikken (askese; tro på en guddommelig sjæl i mennesket; livet er lidelse – Buddha enig med dette) • Redegør for Middelvejen og De 4 ædle Sandheder ▪ Da Buddha er enden nær, prædiker han til sine tilhængere at de skal føre læren videre, og altid søge erkendelsen. 3. Buddhas død ▪ Indgår endeligt i nirvana; træder ud af genfødslernes kredsløb. ▪ Havde forkyndt al sin lære inden ▪ Buddha blev brændt, og resterne blev delt i 8 lige store delte til helligt minde. Opbevares som kostbare relikvier mange steder ▪
Upanishaderne
- Buddhismen inspireret af Upanishaderne, Hinduister - Upanishad = ”at sidde nærved” (en guru - åndelig vejleder) - Brød med Veda-religionen (før hinduismen) • Livssyn: optimistisk ( pessimistisk • Fokus: samfundets trivsel ( filosofiske overvejelser over tilværelsens natur og menneskets skæbne - Første tanke om genfødsel - Atman findes i mennesket og er en del af det guddommelige brahman som gennemstrømmer alt - Foreningen af atman og brahman = moksha (=befrielse / forløsning). Afgørende indsigt: atman og brahman er ét - Ens karma er afgørende for om man opnår moksha (undgår genfødsel): • Karma = summen af ens handlinger i dette og de foregående liv • Gode gerninger ( opsparing af god karma; dårlige gerninger ( opsparing af dårlig karma • God gerning = bidrager til foreningen af atman og brahman • Gode gerninger ( højerestående genfødsel - Indtil man opnår moksha er atman fastholdt i samsara (livshjulet) - Mayas verden • Maya = det der måles og vejes • Den begrebsmæssigt opdelte verden; den opdelte og klassificerede verden = illusion der fastholder mennesker og hindrer erkendelsen af brahmans bagvedliggende evige og uforanderlige verden • Mayas opdelte verden ≠ brahmans virkelighed hvor alt er er forenet i brahman (ingen forskellighed) • Mayas verden anerkendes som praktisk nødvendig, men anerkender man kun Mayas verden er man offer for Mayas spind ( mister samhørigheden med Brahmans verden - Forskelle og ligheder med buddhismen: • Atman i buddhismen ▪ Ikke bestandigt ▪ Mennesket = proces af konstant forandring. Ser ud som de samme fra dag til dag, men det er kontinuitet, ikke identitet • Derfor gik buddhismen fra idéen om moksha ( nirvana ▪ Nirvana = udslukning ▪ Ingen sjælevandringslære; nirvana = individualitetens udslukning • Intet kastesystem • Ikke kun brahmanerne (præsterne) der kunne nå udfrielsen fra samsara • Ingen ofring • Guder er underlagt loven om karma og samsara; guderne tilbeder Buddha

Hinayana buddhismen (det lille fartøj) - Ældste skole, baseret på palikanon - Også Theravadaskolen (de ældres skole); de læremæssige tvivlsspørgsmål afgøres af kompetente ældre (theraer) - Sri Lanka og Bagindien - Dharma (lære) • Dharmas hjul (lærens hjul) blev sat i gang af Buddha • Dharma er både: 1. Den faktiske lære; man bliver bekendt med Buddhas læringer 2. Virkningen af læren; man ændrer holdning pga. læren - Vejen til nirvana • Den gyldne middelvej • De fire ædle Sandheder 1. Alt er lidelse ▪ Diagnosticerer sygdommen = dukha (=lidelse; unyttig og forgæves bestræbelse) ▪ Lidelsen knytter sig ikke til selve livet, men til stræbenen bestemte mål i Mayas verden, fx rigdom ▪ Manglende kontakt til nirvanas uopdelte virkelig ( lidelse fordi mayaverdenens konstante forandring (opløsning og død) gør at man kontinuerligt må justere / ændre mål 2. Lidelsens årsag ▪ Sygdommens årsag = mennesket indser ikke mayaverdenens relative virkelighed, men klynger sig til den med begær som var det en absolut virkelighed ▪ Årsagskæden (den betingede samopståen) • Sygdommens årsag skylder 1. led i årsagskæden • Loven om fænomernes opståen i afhængighed • 12 led; stadierne i individets kredsløb gennem flere eksistenser: 1. Uvidenhed: uvidenhed om de 4 sandheder 2. Viljesytringer: kroppens, tankens og sprogets viljestyringer 3. Bevidsthed: 6 sansebevidstheder 4. Navn-og-form o Navn: følelse, indtryk, kontakt, vilje og overvejelse o Form: de 4 grundelementer og det materielle legeme 5. De seks sanser: sanserne: øjet, øret, næsen, munden, kroppen, tanken 6. Berøring, kontakt: kontakt via de 6 sanser 7. Følelse: følelserne ved de 6 forskellige sanseindtryk 8. Begær: begær efter det materielle, sanserne 9. Vedhængen: vedhængen ved begær, dogmer, skikke, ritualer og at der er ”et selv” 10. Tilblivelse: tilblivelse i begærverdenen, formverdenen og den formløse verden 11. Fødsel: Skandhaerne manifesteres og basernes erhverves 12. Alderdom og død: o Alder: livskraft forsvinder, sanserne forsvinder o Død: tilintetgøres, 5 skandhaer opløses • Første led i årsagskæden er grunden til den første ædle sandhed • Alle led betinger gensidigt af hinanden; fjernes 1, fjernes alle 3. Lidelsens ophør ▪ Frigørelsen fra duhka = nirvana (=udslukkelse) ▪ Begæret og individualiteten udslukkes ( lidelsen ophører ▪ Nirvana kan ikke defineres; ikke beskrives med sprog for det ligger uden for den sproglige erfarings verden ▪ 2 nirvanaer: o Nirvana = tilstand Buddha oplevede da han blev oplyst og blev en arhat o Parinirvana = det nirvana han indgik i da han døde; det fuldstændige nirvana ▪ Buddha betegnede sig som Tathagata = ser gennem Mayas verden i kraft af prajna (umiddelbar intuitiv indsigt baseret på ikke-viden) ▪ Gennem erkendelse fjernes første led i årsagskæden 4. Vejen til lidelsens ophør ▪ Midlet der kan kurere lidelsen er Buddhas ædle otteledede vej: o Den rette anskuelse: Erkendelsen af de 4 sandheder o Den rette beslutning: Forsagelsen(give afkald på lysterne), ikke at såre og skade o Den rette tale: Afholde sig fra løgn, bagtale, grove udtryk o Den rette handlemåde: Afholde sig for at tage liv, stjæle, utugtig opførsel o Den rette levemåde: Ingen uærlig livsførsel og indordning efter det rette livsmønster o Den rette stræben: Stræbe efter at nye slette fænomener ikke skal opstå, og sørge for at fuldende de gunstige fænomener som allerede er opstået o Den rette besindelse: Lever med legemet, følelsen, tanken og fænomenerne, alt i mens han iagttager dem, og tøjler sine lyster og utilfredsheder o Den rette koncentration: Afholder sig fra nydelser og ugunstige fænomener ▪ Første del (ret anskuelse og beslutning) vedrører tanken ▪ Andel del (ret tale, handlemåde, levemåde og stræben) vedrører handlingen ▪ Tredje del (ret besindelse og koncentration) vedrører meditationen - Meditation • Yoga = indisk betegnelse for askese- og meditationsteknik • Kun meditere hvis man søger erkendelse, ikke for personlige fordele (fx bedre koncentration) • Buddhistisk yoga praksis er opdelt i 8 dhyanatrin ▪ De første 4 bringer gradvist sindet i ro (koncentration); jeg’et adskiller sig ikke fra det omgivende; ender i sindets oprindelige tilstand af enhed, samadhi ▪ De sidste 4 er fordybelser på rummets uendelighed og tomheden (ophøret af sanseoplevelser og forestillinger); ego-bevidsthedens ophør; ophøret af al rationel aktivitet • Derudover er der vipasyana; meditation på prajnas ikke-viden; intuitiv indsigt i Buddhas lære • Munke der er fuldt trænede får ifølge Buddha specielle evner (flyve, usynlig, mangfolddigøre sig, gå på vandet og under jorden) - De 5 skandhaer: • De fem foranderlige grundelementer et menneske består af • Krop, følelser, forestillinger, vilje, bevidsthed • De karmiske handlinger knytter skandhaerne sammen og skaber idéen om et jeg • Skifter i styrke afhængig af karma • Erkendelse ( Skandhaerne opløses ( ingen karmiske handlinger ( nirvana - Livshjulet (samsara) • Omklamres af Mara, fristeren • I centrum er en gris, slange og hane der bider hinanden i halen – symboler på dumhed, had, og begær. Disse tre vildfarelser holder hjulet i gang • Udenom er der en cirkel som på den ene side holder dem der bevæger sig mod det bedre, og på den anden dem som bevæger mod en ringere tilværelse • Næste kreds består af de 5 genfødselstrin ▪ Guder og halvguder, mennesker, dyr, sultne ånder, helvedes væsener. ▪ Nogle gange deles guder og halvguder i to, er der er 6 genfødselstrin • I den yderste ring er tegninger af de 12 led i årsagskæden ▪ En blind – uvidenhed, pottemager – viljestyring, abe – bevidsthed, mennesker i båd – navn og form, huse med 6 vinduer – de 6 baser(sanser), elskende par – kontakt, mand med pil i øjet følelse, mand der drikker af bæger – tørst(begær), abe klyngende til frugttræ – vedhængen, gravid kvinde – tilblivelse, fødende kvinde – fødsel, mand der bærer på lig – alder-død • Uden for hjulet peger Buddha ind over Maras hoved på hjulet med 8 eger(den otteledede vej)

Den buddhistiske munkeorden - Sangha = den buddhistiske orden i helhed eller mindre samfund af munke der bor sammen - Den buddhistiske trosbekendelse = de tre juveler: • ”Jeg tager min tilflugt til Buddha. Jeg tager min tilflugt til dharma. Jeg tager min tilflugt til sangha” - Lægfolket sørger for materiel hjælp til munkene; munkene sørger for spirituel støtte - Lægfolket skal overholde 5 forskrifter: 1. Ikke slå noget levende væsen ihjel 2. Ikke stjæle 3. Ikke bedrive utugt 4. Ikke lyve 5. Ikke nyde alkohol - Munkene skal overholde 5 yderligere (og fuldstændig seksuel afholdelse): 6. Ikke spise på upassende tidspunkter 7. Ikke ved dans, blomsterkranse eller parfumer og salver tiltrække sig opmærksomhed 8. Ikke bruge høje og luksuriøse sæder 9. Ikke bruge store og magelige senge 10. Ikke have noget med sølv og guld at gøre - Sanghaens ordensregler: • Fire regler der betyder direkte udsmidning hvis overtrådt: ▪ Seksuelt samkvem af enhver art (også med dyr) ▪ Tyveri ▪ Drab på et menneske ▪ Forsøg på at udgive sig for at være mere lærd end man er • Derudover 13 overtrædelser der straffes med bodsøvelser og 30 regler for fordelingen af ejendele og 90 regler om takt og tone • Uposatha-ceremoni. Recitation af reglerne i Vinaya Pitaka. Ved ny- og fuldmåne - Optagelsesbetingelser • 8 år for optagelse, 20 år for egentlig munk • Ikke eunuk, fri man uden gæld og ikke være i en konges tjeneste • Det er hele tiden muligt for munken at forlade ordenen
Mahayana buddhisme (Det store fartøj) - Modspil til hinayana og anden nirvanaopfattelse: • Hinayana: Kun munke kan opnå nirvana og undslippe samsara fordi de har opsparet god karma gennem deres tidligere liv. Nirvana og samsara er væsensforskellige, anden ’lokalitet’ • Mahayana: Nirvana er tilstede i alting som Buddhanatur. Man skal ikke finde uden for sig selv, men derimod i sig selv, sin egen medfødte buddhanatur - Bodhisattva • Bodhisattva = en Buddha der har opnået nirvana, men lader sig genføde for at hjælpe sine medmennesker som han nærer kærlighed og medfølelse til (karuna) • Skepsis overfor arhat-idealet i Hinayana; en arhat er en egoist fordi han kun befrier sig selv • Derfor tre slags buddhaer: ▪ Prateyka-Buddha: indgår i nirvana uden at have forkyndt sin lære for andre ▪ Buddha der indgår i nirvana, men efter at have forkyndt sin lære ▪ Buddha der undlader at gå ind i nirvana og lader sig genføde igen og igen for at hjælpe andre - Tilbeder både fortidens og fremtidens buddhaer - Buddhaerne manifester sig på jorden forskelligt; beskrevet som trikayalære (tre legemer) • Nirmanakaya. På det materielle plan manifesterer de sig i et almindeligt dødeligt legeme; laveste manifestationsform. • Sambhogakaya. Buddhaernes frydslegemer. Mennesket kan se disse i visioner af meditationsbuddhaer og bodhisattvaer • Dharmakaya. Højeste form, absolut virkelighed. Gennemstrømmer både nirmanakaya og sambhogakaya. Forsøges beskrevet som sunyata. Paradoksal form for tomhed der udgår af alle former. - Spekulativ mahayana buddhisme • Madhyamikaskolen = spekulativ intellektuelt retning • Nirvana kan ikke opnås ad viljens vej fordi begær efter at begære også er begær • Nirvana og samsara er det samme, anskuet forskelligt ▪ Samsara = virkeligheden i begrebsmæssig opdeling ▪ Nirvana = virkelighed i uden konventionel begrebsopdeling • Alle mennesker er født med Bodhisattva - Folkelig mahayana buddhisme • Lover frelse til alle gennem Buddhaers og Bodhisattvaers medfølelse, overskydende gode gerninger og forkyndelse • Tilbeder Buddhaen Amitabha (Det rene land). Bare gennem troen på ham kan man opnå nirvana
Vajrayana buddhisme (diamantfartøjet) - Grundlagt 400 e.v.t.; ifølge legenden af mahasiddhaer (de fuldkomne), indiske yoga specialister - Kombinerer forskellige mahayana skoler - Alt er skabt af Adi-Buddha (en urbuddha) = hele universet; befinder sig i evig meditation. Han har frembragt de 5 meditationsbuddhaer som har skabt verden. Alt indgår i Adi-Buddha og alt har derfor Buddhanatur - Mennesket = mikrokosmos; en del af makrokosmos. - Mand og kvinde er lige. Lynsymbolet = manden. Klokkesymbolet = kvinden. Tilsammen afspejler de den kosmiske enhed - Trikayalæren (tre legemer) + et 4. legeme = svabhavikakaya hvor de tre andre legemer forenes - Meditation i 2 faser • Den opbyggende fase - Visualisering af forskellige guddomme, mantra, symbolske håndstillinger, koncentration på kroppens energicentre og åndedrætsbeherskelse • Den fuldendende fase – meditation på tomheden - Tantrisk meditation ( menneske til buddhatilstand på 1 liv

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