...A VISUAL GUIDE TO ESSAY WRITING Dr Valli Rao, Associate Professor Kate Chanock, and Dr Lakshmi Krishnan use a visual approach to walk students through the most important processes in essay writing for university: formulating, refining, and expressing academic argument. ‘MetamorTHESIS‘ Your main argument or thesis is your position in answer to the essay question. It changes and develops as you undertake your reading and research towards the essay. how to develop & communicate academic argument “I love the way the authors explain what an argument is. I also love the way they justify holding opinions in an academic context … A Visual Guide to Essay Writing shows you excellently how to communicate with your marker by employing your ‘authorial voice’.” - Dr Alastair Greig Head, School of Social Sciences The Australian National University Valli Rao Kate Chanock Lakshmi Krishnan “This is a great book ... clear, useful, beautifully conceived and produced ... an intriguing approach, one that will make sense to students and really assist their essay writing skills.” - Brigid Ballard & John Clanchy authors of the international best-seller Essay writing for students: a practical guide How effective structure supports reasoned argument in essays1 Discipline/field Topic Underlying question Introduce discipline/field/context and topic Roughly, 10–15% of essay length Why is this topic interesting from the perspective of the discipline/field...
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...questions to help you think critically. When you are asked to complete an academic assignment, your tutor will be looking for evidence of these three skills: • Gathering of complex material • Making sense of that complex material • Communicating your understanding of that complex material to an informed reader.[1] The ‘making sense’ stage is the one we tend to neglect out of fear that we may not have anything of value to contribute. But, as the eminent thinker Edward De Bono puts it: ‘Thinking is a skill that can be improved by training, by practice and through learning how to do it better. Thinking is no different from any other skill and we can get better at the skill of thinking if we have the will to do so.’[2] We hope that this handbook will help you to develop strongly argued and well-structured pieces of work, and encourage you to build critical thinking into every aspect of your academic life. Be prepared to make some changes to how you work – if you always do things in the same way, you’ll keep getting the same results. We need to change our actions to change our outcomes. Start with some small adjustments and see what a difference they make… Many of the hints and exercises are taken from Stella Cottrell’s The Study Skills Handbook (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2003), and I recommend it to you as a highly useful resource. Good luck with your work!...
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...provided a understanding of human motivation and needs which needed to be met in the given order in order to progress. 1. Psychological Needs The need for oxygen, food, sex etc. these are the basic needs required for survival. 2. Safety Needs. These are the needs for security and safety ranging from security of home or income and physical security. 3. Social Needs. The need for love and affection and feeling if they belong and not feel loneliness. 4. Esteem Needs. If people feel respected or loved it results in them feeling good about themselves resulting in them feeling 5. Cognitive Needs. This is the need to increase inteligence and the desire for knowledge. It is a natural human need to learn, explore and discover. This gives them a better understanding of the world around them. 6. Aesethic Needs. This is the appreciation and search for beauty...
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...Understanding your Learning Style Description of this Guide This is a brief overview of learning styles, their importance in Higher Education, and tips for making best use of your natural style. Learning Outcomes 1. Realise that there are many different learning styles 2. Discover resources where you can assess your learning style 3. Realise there are strategies you can use to make best use of your natural learning style Contents 1. Why tell me now? 2. What are learning styles? 1. Perceiving information 2. Processing information 3. Organizing and presenting information 3. What is my learning style? 1. Activists 2. Reflectors 3. Theorists 4. Pragmatists 4. What should I do now? 1. Advice for visual learners 2. Advice for auditory learners 3. Advice for tactile / kinaesthetic learners 5. Am I stuck with my learning style? ____________________________________________________________ ________ The material in this guide is copyright © 2003 the University of Southampton. Permission is given for it to be copied for use within the University of Southampton. All other rights are reserved. Understanding your Learning Style To begin, try a couple of mental exercises. [pic] Actvity 1 It is unlikely that your style of learning will be the same as anyone else on your programme. Try this out with a friend. Ask your friend to memorise these groups...
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...English for Academic Study New edition Writing Course Book Anne Pallant Book map Unit 1 Introductiontoacademic writing No source text Unitessay (Reflective questionnaire) Skillsand languagefocus ■ Reflecting on the process of academic writing 2 Sustainableenergy 2a Using waste, Swedish city cuts its fossil fuel use (1) 2b Using waste, Swedish city cuts its fossil fuel use (2) How can alternative sources of energy be harnessed effectively? Getting started: Planning an essay ■ Writing a first draft of an essay ■ Peer evaluation of a first draft ■ Incorporating sources ■ Writing introductions ■ 3 Thebusinessofscience 3a Stop selling out science to commerce 3b Is business bad for science? Over the past 20 years, commercial influences on scientific research have become increasingly detrimental. Discuss. Organizing and supporting ideas: ■ Generating ideas for an essay ■ Organizing ideas ■ Incorporating and referencing sources ■ Using paragraph leaders to help organization Writing in examinations: ■ Understanding key instruction verbs in examination questions ■ Interpreting examination questions ■ Writing an examination essay 4 Telemedicine 4c Telemedicine Timedessay: As technology continues to improve, the range of potential uses for telemedicine will increase. Telemedicine will offer more beneficial applications in preventing rather than curing disease. Discuss. There are many threats to global food supplies...
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...for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 1999 Second edition 2003 Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1-4039-1135-5 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 12 11 8 7 10 09 6 08 5 07 4 06 3 2 1 05 04 03 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the following: TMP Worldwide Research, 32 Aybrook Street, London W1M 3JL (tel. 0171 872 1500), for permission to reproduce their data on ‘soft...
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...every time we write something down—with the possible exception of a private journal entry—we are anticipating that someone else will read or see it, and we hope to achieve some kind of response in that reader or viewer. So even if you are writing a description of your favorite vacation spot, you are probably trying—maybe without even realizing it—to convince your reader that your vacation spot is the most beautiful place in the world. Think about it. When did you read any nonfiction writing that wasn't, finally, trying to persuade you of something in some way? Most rhetoricians—that's people who think about argument and language—agree that there are three basic ways to appeal to an audience. You can appeal to logic. That is, you can lay out your argument in clear, coherent steps, so your reader or listener can see how you get from one conclusion to the next. Or you can appeal to authority. Here you may want to find experts or facts to support your argument—think about Tiger Woods endorsing golf clubs. (Of course, do we also trust Tiger to advise us on buying watches? Not so clear.) Or you can appeal to emotion. Emotional appeals can be extremely powerful, especially when you are able to relate your argument to your readers' values or needs. Most good arguments make use of all three appeals in some way. But how do you actually construct an argument? First things first: the thesis. The thesis is probably the single most important sentence in the entire paper, because it's what...
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...Ashworth Website The Structure of Programs Your Technology Choices 1 1 4 4 5 11 14 22 STUDY SKILLS Introduction The Importance of Time Management A Place to Study An Approach to Your Studies All about Learning Styles The Art of Taking Notes 26 26 26 30 32 33 44 EXAMINATIONS AND OTHER ASSESSMENTS Introduction Saving Your Written Work Types of Assessments Prepare for Online Exams Take Online Exams Deal with Test-Taking Anxiety Strategies for Multiple-Choice Exams Strategies for Essay Questions 49 49 49 50 52 53 53 54 55 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY SKILLS Introduction Summary 59 59 62 CHECK YOUR LEARNING ANSWERS 67 LEARNING AT ASHWORTH iii INTRODUCTION Welcome! Welcome to Ashworth College! And welcome to your very first Ashworth lesson: Learning at Ashworth. Why are we starting you with this lesson? First—and most importantly—we want to make sure you have the foundation you need to be successful with your studies. The most basic foundation for success is knowledge of both what and how to study. Most people think “studying” involves reading pages from a textbook or lesson. That’s only partially true. The word study is a verb—that means it’s a process. Studying does involve reading. However, successful studying involves much more than that. It involves active engagement with the material. In this unit, we’ll share techniques you can use to learn more easily—and remember more. Second, your home base for your studies is the Ashworth College website...
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...study skills. Students must first learn these skills, practice them and develop effective study habits in order to be successful. Very often the study habits and practices developed and used in high school do not work for students in college. Good study habits include many different skills: time management, selfdiscipline, concentration, memorization, organization, and effort. Desire to succeed is important, too. In this module you will discover your areas of strength and identify your weaknesses pertaining to studying. You will learn about your preferred learning channel, tips to organize your studies, and ways to help you remember what you study. The skills you will learn about in this module can be applied in other areas of your life as well: your job, your career, or any activity that requires thought, planning, information processing, and selfdiscipline. You’ll find that once you develop effective study habits, the job of studying and learning will become easier. Instead of working harder, you'll be working smarter. Exercise: Discover your approach to studying. Circle the responses that apply to you. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. My study habits are... good For every hour in class, I study… a little I have an organized plan and schedule for study... I have a quiet place...
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...HOW TO WRITE GREAT ESSAYS HOW TO WRITE GREAT ESSAYS Lauren Starkey ® NEW YORK Copyright © 2004 LearningExpress All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Learning Express, LLC, New York. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Starkey, Lauren B., 1962– How to write great essays / Lauren Starkey. —1st ed. p. cm. ISBN 1-57685-521-X 1. English language—Rhetoric—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Essay—Authorship—Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Report writing—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1471.S83 2004 808'.042—dc22 2004003384 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition ISBN 1-57685-521-X For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at: 55 Broadway 8th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learnatest.com Contents Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 vii Organization 1 Clarity 11 Word Choice 21 Mechanics 39 Revising, Editing, and Proofreading 55 Untimed Essay Writing Strategies 67 Timed Essay Writing Strategies 85 Sample Essay Prompts and Essays 97 Resources 111 CONTENTS HOW TO WRITE GREAT ESSAYS v Introduction n your preparations for college, you may find yourself facing a handful of high-stakes essays. Your college application requires at least one, and the SAT requires another. Depending upon the high...
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...Introduction By general agreement and on the basis of first hand experience, the review of literature in most student research (and some professional academic research too) is clumsy, naive, turgid, confusing and often down right dull. But given the central importance the literature review holds in our academic writing tradition, and its pivotal role in the academic assessment of research why are we still executing them so badly? Specifically, why do students find them so difficult to write? And academics find them so disheartening to read? There is no shortage of guidance in how to undertake a literature review. Comprehensive guides to business research such as Gill and Johnson (1991) or Cooper (1989) contain some guidance. More comprehensive are the general thesis guides such as Dunleavy (2003), Teitelbaum (1998), Baker (2003), or Evans (1996). There are also many specific guides to undertaking a literature review such as Baker (2000), Rowley and Slack (2004) or Hart (1999). Indeed, any competent trawl of the internet will generate innumerable guides and resources from universities around the world. The issue it seems is not the lack of guidance, but how such guidance is translated into the finished product. As a consequence this article focuses upon how to write the literature review, some techniques that can be used to ^ Correspondence: Mark Gabbott, Department of Marketing, Monash University, P.O. Box 197, Caulfield East Melbourne, Vic 3145, Australia, Tel: 00 61 3 9903...
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...and argument essays. The purpose of a position paper or argument essay is to explain both sides of a controversy and then argue for one side over the other. This two-sided approach is what makes position papers and argument essays different from commentaries (Chapter 10). A commentary usually only expresses the author’s personal opinion about a current issue or event. A position paper or argument essay explains both sides and discusses why one is stronger or better than the other. Your goal is to fairly explain your side and your opponents’ side of the issue, while highlighting the differences between these opposing views. You need to use solid reasoning and factual evidence to persuade your readers that your view is more valid or advantageous than your opponents’ view. In college, your professors will ask you to write position papers and argument essays to show that you understand both sides of an issue and can support one side or the other. In the workplace, corporate position papers are used to argue for or against business strategies or alternatives. The ability to argue effectively is a useful skill that will help you throughout your life. 221 CHAPTER AT–A–GLANCE Position Papers This diagram shows two basic organizations for a position paper, but other arrangements of these sections will work too. In the pattern on the left, the opponents’ position is described up front with its limitations; then your own position is explained with its strengths. In the pattern...
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...straighten your books, water your plants, or sharpen your pencils for the fifth time. If this situation sounds familiar, you may find it reassuring to know that many professionals undergo these same strange compulsions before they begin writing. Jean Kerr, author of Please Don’t Eat the Daisies, admits that she often finds herself in the kitchen reading soup-can labels—or anything—in order to prolong the moments before taking pen in hand. John C. Calhoun, vice president under Andrew Jackson, insisted he had to plow his fields before he could write, and Joseph Conrad, author of Lord Jim and other novels, is said to have cried on occasion from the sheer dread of sitting down to compose his stories. To spare you as much hand-wringing as possible, this chapter presents some practical suggestions on how to begin writing your short essay. Although all writers must find the methods that work best for them, you may find some of the following ideas helpful. But no matter how you actually begin putting words on paper, it is absolutely essential to maintain two basic ideas concerning your writing task. Before you write a single sentence, you should always remind yourself that 1. You have some valuable ideas to tell your reader, and 2. More than anything, you want to communicate those ideas to your reader. These reminders may seem obvious to you, but without a solid commitment to your own opinions as well as to your reader, your prose will be lifeless and boring. If you don’t care about your subject...
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...This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensee. Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 1 Preface Writing is often a challenge. If you were ever challenged to express yourself via the written word, this book is for you. Writing for Success is a text that provides instruction in steps, builds writing, reading, and critical thinking, and combines comprehensive grammar review with an introduction to paragraph writing and composition. Beginning with the sentence and its essential elements, this book addresses each concept with clear, concise, and effective examples that are immediately reinforced with exercises and opportunities to demonstrate learning. Each chapter allows students to demonstrate mastery of the principles of quality writing. With its incremental approach, this book can address a range of writing levels and abilities, helping each student prepare for the next writing or university course. Constant reinforcement is provided through examples and exercises, and the text involves students in the learning process through reading, problem solving, practicing, listening, and experiencing the writing process. Each chapter also has integrated examples that unify the discussion and form a common, easy-tounderstand basis for discussion and exploration. This will put students at ease and allow for greater...
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...Dwight Waldo, 1913-2000 James D. Carroll; H. George Frederickson Public Administration Review, Vol. 61, No. 1. (Jan. - Feb., 2001), pp. 2-8. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-3352%28200101%2F02%2961%3A1%3C2%3ADW1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V Public Administration Review is currently published by American Society for Public Administration. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aspa.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more...
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