...are incurred by the company when constructing an asset, and the issue of what costs should be capitalized as part of the asset`s cost arise. Generally it is agreed that all costs or expenses directly related to the construction process should be included as part of the asset`s cost. However, there are controversial issues regarding the assignment of fixed overhead costs and interests. Should any fixed overhead costs be assigned to the cost of the asset? And if yes, how much should be allocated? Should interest expenses incurred from borrowing money to supply the construction process be capitalized as part of the asset’s cost? A practical example of an asset that is being self-constructed is the first nuclear energy plant in the UAE that is being constructed by Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC). They...
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...National Security and the U.S. ` Our western security Policy is the established goal of the United State of America to employ a rules-based international order which backs global economic and national security while fostering prosperity. In addition, American Security Policy is crucial to instill new dignity within the U.S. populous, while we set the stage of unified human rights standards across the globe. As discussed by Snow, the geographic location of the United States relative to other states is a key aspect impacting America's perspective on security matters and the development of the US military strategy. National security has been on the priority list of the United States since before WWI, and even could be claimed responsible for sparking our declaration of independence amongst many other nations. within is assignment ill be touching on key threats...
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...A nuclear weapon is a device that produces enormous explosive energy of mass destruction. A single bomb can destroy an entire city which can potentially kill millions of people, and cause severe damage to the environment. One nuclear bomb jeopardises the lives of future generations through long-term catastrophic effects. Today, there is a total of 16,400 nuclear weapons on Earth, more than 20 years after the cold war ended. That's enough nuclear bombs to destroy the world and make it completely uninhabitable. The US set up the 'Manhattan Project' to develop the first nuclear weapon, and were the first and only country to use nuclear weapons during the second world war on Japan. The first atomic bomb hit Hiroshima on 6th August 1945, killing...
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...Nuclear weapons related matters are dealt with by different governmental organizations. The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for the operational nuclear stockpile (Arkin and Norris, 1997). In addition that, the Department of Defense is also involved in dismantling retired nuclear stockpile and other nuclear weapons (“The Nuclear Matters Handbook”, 2011). The Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for carrying out research activities, producing nuclear weapons, and dismantling nuclear warheads and radioactive substances. The Department of Energy also handles nuclear weapons that are being repaired and carries out quality assurance activities to ensure maximum quality of the weapons produced (Arkin and Norris, 1997; “The Nuclear Matters Handbook”, 2011). The Department of Defense and the Department of Energy are jointly responsible for nuclear weapons under the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The NNSA itself is responsible for supervising and overlooking domains such as “design, evaluation, quality assurance, repair, modification, refurbishment, dismantlement, disposal, and security” of nuclear weapons that are under the charge of the DOE (“The Nuclear Matters Handbook”, 2011). On the other hand the DOD is primarily involved in handling all the nuclear weapons; it sets the requirements for the nuclear weapons; creates, fields, and maintains...
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...Stuxnet Virus According to counterterrorism czar Richard Clarke, Stuxnet was a weaponized malware computer worm. Stuxnet was launched in mid-2009, it did major damage to Iran’s nuclear program in 2010 and then spread to computers all over the world (Clarke, 2012). Type of Breach The Stuxnet is a computer worm, “it is a digital ghost with countless lines of code… it was able to worm its way into Iran’s nuclear fuel enrichment facility in Natanz, Iran” (Clarke, 2012). A worm is a program that spreads copies of itself through a network and a worm can also spread copies of itself as a stand-alone program (Pfleeger & Pfleeger, 2007). How the Breach Occurred On June 17, 2010, Sergey Ulasen, head of a small computer security firm called VirusBlokAda, was going his through e-mail when a report caught his attention. A computer belonging to an Iranian customer was caught in a reboot loop; it was “shutting down and restarting repeatedly despite efforts by operators to take control of it. It appeared the machine was infected with a virus” (Zetter, 2011). Ulasen’s research team got hold of the virus infecting their client’s computers. They realized it was using a “zero-day” exploit to spread (Zetter, 2011). Zero-days are the hacking world’s most potent weapons: The virus exploits vulnerabilities in software that are not yet known to the software maker or antivirus vendors. They’re also exceedingly rare; it takes considerable skill and persistence to find such vulnerabilities and...
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...-Magic Carpet trip around the world in 40 minutes. -SECURITY -Europe -> Security Challenges; airlines served Europe, they put less money into their air security. -Saudi Arabia -> concerned about oil out of control. Could hurt badly. Instability is there in general. Iran and Saudi Arabia= enemies . Nuclear weapons. -Persian Gulf-> -Iran sponsors terrorism, better than Alkada. Doesn’t believe in the state of Israel and they pursue nuclear weapons. Iranian Sheia endure pain Conflict with Iran and Israel -Afghanistan & Pakistan-> both governments are weak in not providing services -weak economy, and the floods only worsened this -also terrorists threat to kill/replace governments -nuclear weapons Afghan -situation where their President reelection frauds, lots of candidates (this is positive), Nader is responsible for security in Afghan. -Need connection between police, army and President or no people will follow -If vote, were threatened to be killed, so the women would dress as mourners to vote. They want to change their government. They want improvement. They want a good government. Iraq- 50,000 troops there. Iraqis can handle their own internal security. Violence is there because of uncertainty about where the government is going. -French foreign minister says positive things about Iraq (first foreign power to do so) “The democratic Iraq has potential for changing dynamics in the middle east.” (Because the middle east with Israel...
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...Nuclear Energy in the UAE The United Arab Emirates’ annual economic growth is three times the world average. It is also expected that the energy requirements in the UAE are to more than double by 2020 (Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates, 2015). Subsequently, maintaining a constant seamless energy flow is key to maintaining the thriving economic growth of the UAE, even increasing it. In relation, the eventual limitedness and diminishing of petroleum in the Gulf region over the next half century squeezes the issue further more and turns it into a national concern; predominately with the possible repercussions on the UAE’s prosperous economy. Looking forward, the UAE government is embarking upon a nuclear program to build four nuclear reactors at Barakah near the capital Abu Dhabi by 2020, declaring nuclear energy to be the most practical solution to the rapidly growing energy requirements in the UAE. Critics of this plan deem it to be expensive, extremely risky, and an unwise move given the UAE’s geographical position in the middle of an area sparked by political tension due to nuclear issues in Iran and terrorist organizations in the Levant and Yemen. Despite the aforementioned criticism, nuclear energy is unequivocally the most efficient solution to address the rapidly growing energy requirements in the UAE, a capable long-term replacement for oil, and a potential imperative factor in mitigating CO2 emissions in the UAE, consequently preserving the environment and the...
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...Public Attitudes to Nuclear Power and Climate Change in Britain Two Years after the Fukushima Accident Summary findings of a survey conducted in March 2013 Wouter Poortinga, Nick F. Pidgeon, Stuart Capstick, and Midori Aoyagi Working Paper 19 September 2013: REF UKERC/WP/ES/2013/006 This document has been prepared to enable results of on-going work to be made available rapidly. It has not been subject to review and approval, and does not have the authority of a full Research Report. 1 T H E U K E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H C E N T R E carries out world-class research into sustainable future energy systems. It is the hub of UK energy research and the gateway between the UK and the international energy research communities. Our interdisciplinary, whole systems research informs UK policy development and research strategy. Contact Details Dr Wouter Poortinga Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University Bute Building, King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff, Wales, UK, CF10 3NB Prof Nick F. Pidgeon, Dr Stuart Capstick Understanding Risk Research Group School of Psychology, Cardiff University 51 Park Place Cardiff, Wales, UK, CF10 3AT Dr Midori Aoyagi Social and Environmental Systems Research Center, National Institute for Environmental studies (NIES), 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan PoortingaW@cardiff.ac.uk PidgeonN@cardiff.ac.uk CapstickSB@cardiff.ac.uk Aoyagi@nies.go.jp 2 Contents Acknowledgements ...........................................................................
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...Causes & Effects of Nuclear Energy Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_8208166_causes-effects-nuclear-energy.html Nuclear power is often hailed as a powerful and important alternative energy source in the quest to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Through fusion and fission, nuclear power has many important uses such as power and national security, but it also has some controversial effects on human health and the environment. Cause: Weapons Nuclear weapons are created through nuclear fusion reactions, which occurs when two light atoms are fused at high speeds to create a larger atom with a heavier nucleus. This reaction releases monumental amounts of energy and creates large explosions. The most famous examples of nuclear weapon use were the hydrogen bombs dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945. The creation and retention of these weapons was also a main factor in the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. Many nations believe these weapons increase national security by dissuading other nations from attacking them. Effect: Radiation While the bombing on Japan did cause serious physical damage due to the initial explosion, the health effects of radiation from nuclear weapons can be more devastating than the original explosion. Ionizing radiation from weapons causes living cells to sicken or mutate, causing nausea, vomiting, open sores, skin irritation, burns, ulcers, internal bleeding, hair loss and cancer. Acute exposure...
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...The three main categories of Electromagnetic Security are as follows: 1. Emissions from nuclear explosions 2. Strong EMR attacks on facility 3. Information leaks via EMR. Emissions from Nuclear Explosions A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction [1]. When nuclear explosion occurs, the electromagnetic radiations are transmitted to a very large scale radius around the explosion area. These radiations are harmful in the sense that they destroy the electrical and communication equipment and medium for the effected radius area. The radius area is usually much larger than the area where the physical security measures have been put in place. Therefore the explosion...
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...Course Date Stuxnet virus was created as a strategic plan to end and disable the Iranian nuclear plant that was called Busheur. It is alleged that the virus was created and spread by the governments of Israel and United States of America (Nakashima, Ellen, Greg Miller, and Julie Tate, 1). Systems that might have assisted to quickly build an Iranian nuclear bomb were effectively damaged and crippled by the nasty software. Stuxnet was first discovered in July 2010 when approximately 60% of infections were reported from Iran (Etalle, 3). While the United States and Israel did lead an aggressive international political campaign to get Iran to halt its nuclear program, neither country has openly admitted any involvement in this cyber-attack. There is no hard evidence that links either country to Stuxnet. Regardless, most experts believe that this cyber-attack was carried out by the two countries on Iranian computers that control centrifuges in key nuclear plants, and that it has set the country back at least a few years in its quest to build nuclear weapons. However, some researchers have discovered that the program had also spread throughout many countries worldwide. As early as 2004 the united states intelligence agencies had identified the NEDA industrial group, an Iranian company, that had an oversight of the Natanz facility computerized industrial control system and other nuclear proliferation reports, leaked state department cables and other documents that were gleaned...
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... Whitaker ENGL 1101-08 November 17, 2012 The Nuclear Solution The need for electricity has risen to an all time high, as the number of electronic devices in use increases along side that of America’s growing population, consumption has began to exceed that of production. In order to meet these demands energy needs to be produced in a more efficient and effective manner. Although there is no shortage of renewable resources such as water, wind, and the sun, these resources have yet prove their ability to provide us with the extensive amount of energy we require. On the other hand nuclear power has shown great success and I believe may be the solution to the energy crisis. Nuclear power plants split uranium and plutonium atoms, a process known as fission, to produce high amounts of heat within a reactor, turning water into steam used to power generators (Introduction to Nuclear Energy). Twenty percent of America's energy already comes from nuclear power (Alexander); thus arising an essential question, why have we not expanded this technology? America should turn to nuclear power as its primary source of energy because it will help stimulate the economy, create new advancements in nuclear technology, limit the stress put on our environment, and is much more safe than once believed. Increasing the number of nuclear power plants would be positive to the economy in an array of ways. Some people argue that the cost of nuclear power plants are more expensive to build compared...
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...Hiroshima, Japan. This atomic bomb, the equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT, flattened the city, killing tens of thousands of civilians. While Japan was still trying to comprehend this devastation three days later, the United States struck again, this time, on Nagasaki.[1] The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in 1945. These two events represent the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date. [2] Following a firebombing campaign that destroyed many Japanese cities, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of Japan. The war in Europe ended when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May, but the Pacific War continued. Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, threatening Japan with "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum, and the United States deployed two nuclear weapons developed by the Manhattan Project. American airmen dropped Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by Fat Man over Nagasaki on 9 August.[3] Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day.[4] The Hiroshima prefecture health department estimated that, of the people...
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...capital). c. The cost of preferred stock, kps, is the cost to the firm of issuing new preferred stock. For perpetual preferred, it is the preferred dividend, Dps, divided by the net issuing price, Pn. Note that no tax adjustments are made when calculating the component cost of preferred stock because, unlike interest payments on debt, dividend payments on preferred stock are not tax deductible. d. The cost of new common equity, ke, is the cost to the firm of equity obtained by selling new common stock. It is, essentially, the cost of retained earnings adjusted for flotation costs. Flotation costs are the costs that the firm incurs when it issues new securities. The funds actually available to the firm for capital investment from the sale of new securities is the sales price of the securities less flotation costs. Note that flotation costs consist of (1) direct expenses such as printing costs and brokerage commissions, (2) any price reduction due to increasing the supply of stock, and (3) any drop in price due to informational asymmetries. e. The target capital structure is the relative amount of debt, preferred stock, and common equity that the firm desires. The WACC should be based on these target weights. f. There...
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...University of Hong Kong and University Distinguished Professor. As an expert in the area of safety reliability, Professor Kuo wrote one of his popular science books named “Key Report of Nuclear Power” (2013), which aroused great impacts. The presentation was based on this book, which we could divide into three areas: Nuclear Safety & Environmental Issues, People’s Acceptance and Public Media Impacts. Nuclear Safety & Environmental Issues In the presentation, Professor Kuo said, currently the main resource to generate electricity was fire, such as coal and gas etc. The next would be water resource, nuclear resource and other new energy resources. In China, the most frequently used was fire to generate electricity. However, this created a lot of environment pollutions such as haze in Beijing. Moreover, in spite of the large amounts of rivers in China, waterpower was still lacking. It could not 1 become an alternative generation to support the increasing electricity consumption demand. Due to these reasons, now China was actively promoting the development of nuclear energy, with constructing a large number of nuclear power plants and investing a lot of money on nuclear research in order to try to change the current energy structure. Threaten of nuclear safety However, once we talked about nuclear power, the public would be...
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