...together. Although very small they are subdivided into several different parts and in the eukaryotic cell one very important part is the nucleus. The person who first discovered this organelle was a botanist called Robert Brown (1773-1858). The nucleus is the most prominent organelle found in eukaryotic cells; it takes the form of a sphere like shape, and is often found towards the middle of the cell. The main structure of the nucleus is formed by a nuclear envelope, which is made up from two parallel running membranes known as the inner and outer nuclear membranes. This double walled formation is constructed from two lipid bi-layers much like the cell membrane itself; this creates a partially permeable barrier between the nucleus and the cell’s cytoplasm. Holes perforate this envelope known as nuclear pores, and they leave small spaces filled with filamentous material that creates gateways for larger molecules to exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. (ref 1) Structure and rigidity is provided to the nucleus by a meshwork of lamin proteins attached to the inner membrane this is called the nuclear lamina and also provides anchorage for DNA. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic...
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...The nucleus is an area inside the cell that contains the nucleic acids, protecting them by separating the genetic code from the cytoplasm, and keeps the cytoplasmic activity from interfering with any genetic material. Inside of the nucleus, proteins work together to copy parts of the deoxyribonucleic acids to the ribonucleic acids. This process of adding some of the DNA to the RNA is called transcription (Inside a Cell). The job of the nucleus is to coordinate all the activity of the cell, including growth, reproduction, protein production, and metabolization. Basically, the nucleus is the command center for all of the cell’s functions. Only advanced cells, which are scientifically named eukaryotes have nuclei. Unicellular prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus. Eukaryotes usually only have one nucleus, but slime molds and some types of algae can have multiple. The nucleus typically takes up a full tenth of the cell, making it one of the biggest organelles inside the cell. The average nucleus contains about 6 feet of DNA. That tiny sphere, only nanometers across, contains 6 feet of DNA. To add to that, DNA won’t properly function if it’s wound up into a tiny ball like string. It has to be combined with proteins and meticulously organized into the dense form of chromatin (The Cell Nucleus). To roll up those facts into a nice concluding wrap, I’ll just tell you this....
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...Preponderantly, the nucleus is a specialised double-membrane bound organelle which serves a vital role in eukaryotic cells. The functions of the nucleus include duplicating & storing genetic information, and coordinating cell activities such as synthesising proteins, growth, cell reproduction, and intermediary metabolism. Structures which make up the nucleus comprise a double membrane that circumscribes the entire organelle as well as isolating it’s placates from the anatomical cytoplasm, and the nuclear envelope (bounds the nucleus.). In addition to the nucleus, eukaryotic cells contain other genus of organelles which include ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chromatic and etc. Each and every organelle within the eukaryotic cell performs...
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...they can sometimes be viewed as completely transparent under a microscope. The stain is taken up by some parts more than others and the contrast makes the different parts show up darker than others. Calculate the linear magnification of an image; Magnification = length of image/ length of specimen Describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plasma (cell surface) membrane, centrioles, flagella and cilia; Nucleus: Large organelle Nucleolus: spherical structure inside nucleus. Nuclear envelope: double membrane surrounding the nucleus. Rough ER: System of membranes covered with ribosomes Smooth ER: Similar to rough ER but no ribosomes. Golgi apparatus: Groups of flattened sacs with vesicles at the edges of the sacs. Ribosomes: Very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria: Oval shaped with a double membrane. Inner membrane is...
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...Thomas Spann Biology Lab Plant Cell Definitions and Functions Nucleus: The cell nucleus is supposed to be the most important organelle. It carries the genetic information present in this organelle which inherits the physical traits from one generation to another. It has a dark stained nucleolus mainly responsible for protein formation. Apart from this, the nucleus coordinates all the cell functions and regulates the metabolism of plants. The passage of food and water and the influx of nutrients in and out of the cells are some of the characteristic functions of a plant cell. Nuclear Membrane: As the name indicates, this membranous sheath surrounding the nucleus protects it from physical damage. You can go through the nuclear membrane function for better understanding. Cytoplasm: As seen from the diagram, the cytoplasm of a cell is the ground substance or the matrix which is jelly like material in which all the cell organelles are embedded and suspended. The main cytoplasm function in a cell is to keep all the cell constituents intact. Cell Membrane: Similar to a nuclear membrane, the main cell membrane function is to give the cell an appropriate shape and size. This thin membrane is made up of cellulosic fibers and proteins and its main function is transport of materials through cells. Cell Wall: The cell wall is a distinguishing part which is not present in animals and mainly responsible for imparting rigidity to the cells. The cell wall material differs with...
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...SUMMARY CBH Ex I CELLS AND ORGANELLES Cell Membrane: consist of a lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic tails are located in the interior. Transmembrane protiens are anchored to the core of the bilayer and can be removed only by detergents that disrupt the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins are attatched to the cell surface electrostatically and are easily removed by altering the pH. Eucaryotic cells with outer- and intra- cellular membranes ~ half the cell’s total volume -separate intracellular organelles Nucleus- double membrane-bound organelle containing chromatin. Contains the genetic blueprint for every protein in the body. Nuclear Envelope- separates and mediates transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is supported by intermediate filament proteins, the lamins. Nucleolus- dense non membrane bound structure. rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly. Ribosome-consists of 2 subunits of ribosomal RNA. Protein synthesis- formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to make polypeptide chains using messenger RNA as a template. Endoplasmic reticulum- (rER) Protein synthesis (sER)is involved in steroid synthesis and detoxification. Golgi apparatus- determines vesicle fate. Finaly assembly and glycosylation of proteins. Mitochondria – double membrane bound energy production mainly in the form of ATP Lysosomes- high acidity, killing of pathogenic organisms, and degradation of waste products. Endosomes- Peroxisomes – production of hydrogen peroxide...
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...outer covering of the cell, and is semi-permeable. Cytoplasm - is a gel-like matrix where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside the cell. Nucleus - contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell. Centrioles - organize the microtubules assembly during cell division. Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex - is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products. Lysosomes - are enzyme sacs, that digest cellular wastes. Microtubules - are hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell. Mitochondria - is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy. Ribosomes - are made of RNA and proteins, and are sites for protein synthesis. Nucleolus - is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes. Nucleopore - is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane, allows the movement of nucleic acids and proteins in/out of the cell Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant cell. Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the cell wall. Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes all other cell organelles. Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which contains the hereditary material of the...
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... Image 2 (Kaufman and Thompson) Eukaryotic Cell A prokaryotic (pro- before; karyotic-nucleus or before the egg) cell does not have a true nucleus. A eukaryotic (eu- true; karyotic- nucleus) cell has a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Let’s start with the CELL MEMBRANE Image 3 (Hese) Pretend the cell is a house. The cell membrane is just like the fence and gate around the house. It says what enters and exits the property just like a cell membrane decides what enters and exits a cell. It’s what separates the inside and outside of a cell just like a fence separates a home’s yard from other yards. Next, let’s talk about RIBOSOMES Image 4 (Hickman) Ribosomes are like little protein making factories inside the cell. They make proteins for the cell and proteins that can be moved outside the cell for work somewhere else in the body. Next up, the NUCLEUS and NUCLEOLUS (eukaryotic cells only) Image 5 (Creative Commons) The nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell, or the DNA. It controls what kind of cell the cell will become as well as the cell itself. It’s kind of like the brain of the cell. The nucleolus is in the center of the nucleus and it is where ribosomes are made and assembled. On to the ROUGH and SMOOTH ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Image 6 (Cronodon) The rough ER comes out from the nucleus and has ribosomes attached to it. The rough ER makes membranes and provides the materials needed (messenger...
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...A plant cell is like a jungle because the organelles in a plant cell are very similar to the organisms in a jungle. Both of these things are very different, but when you think about what’s inside of a plant cell and a jungle, it’ll make sense. The nucleus of a cell is known for controlling the organelles and their functions. In shorter words, it’s the boss of the cell. A lion’s nickname is “the King Of The Jungle”, so this proves the point that they are related in a way. Lions are also known as the leaders of a group, so this would make sense. The trees of a jungle would be reasonable to be chloroplasts. This is because chloroplasts make food, and trees bring color to the jungle like how chloroplasts are responsible for bringing color in the...
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...University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. [pic] 2. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that recognizes the fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types...
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...word ‘cella’ , meaning small room. Cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke as a descriptive term for the smallest living biological creature. The cell theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann states that all cells arise from pre- existing cells by cell division , each cell acts as an elementary organism and all organisms are composed of one or more cells. On the basis of number of cells organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including most bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). Humans contain about 10 trillion cells. Cells are of two types – Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles like endoplasmic reticulum , golgi apparatus and so on, example bacteria . Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane...
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...Organelles and Disease: Adrenoleukodystophy (ALD) Understanding an Animal Cell: Basic Units of Life The cell is the fundament unit of life. They make up the smallest level of a living organism in the human body, where the metabolic processes happen to in order to maintain life. It itself is considered a mini-organism made up from organs called organelles. These organelles are the structural and functional units and are created from several macromolecules connected together. A typical animal cell contains the following organelles (Tracey Greenwood, 2012): the nucleus (which houses the DNA), mitochondria (which produce energy), ribosomes (which make protein), the endoplasmic reticulum (for transportation) and the golgi apparatus (which distributes...
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...there is a huge difference between the mitochondria and the chloroplast as the function of the mitochondria is to produce ATP and the function for the chloroplast is to get energy from sunlight. The correct answer was mitochondria because they are open and have string like structure in the inside to produce the ATP. F: The reason why I choose Golgi apparatus was because I mixed up this and the rough ER because they both have a very similar structure that got me confused. I learned how to tell the difference between both the Golgi apparatus and the Rough ER. I also learned that the unction of Rough ER is to modify the protein to send off to the Golgi apparatus. The correct answer was Rough ER because this has to be closer to the nucleus as it has to transfer the proteins into the Golgi apparatus. G: The reason why I choose Rough ER was because I mixed up this and the rough ER because they both have a very similar structure that got me confused. I learned how to tell the difference between both the Golgi apparatus and the Rough ER. I also learned that...
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...magnification of the light microscope when observing the animal cell, only the nucleus and cell membrane could be seen. The nucleus was the small spot inside the cell, and the cell membrane was the outline of the cell. Whether...
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...P1: Task 1 A. Using simple light microscopy prepare labelled diagrams of a bacterial, plant and animal cell. With each diagram you must identify the characteristic features and functions of the cells key characteristics. Light Microscopy Diagrams *attached Bacterial Cell Diagram Key Characteristics * Cell wall * Plasma Membrane * Cytoplasm * Ribosome * Plasmid * Flagella * Pilli * Capsule Characteristic Features and Functions Cell Wall: * Cell walls of bacteria are made up of glycoprotein. * The main function of cell wall is it helps in providing support, mechanical strength and rigidity to cell and to also protect against osmotic substances. * It also protects the cell from bursting in a hypotonic medium. Plasma Membrane: * It is also known as cytoplasmic membrane (or) cell membrane. * It is composed of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates, forming a fluid-mosaic. * It helps in transportation of substances including removal of wastes from the body. * It helps in providing a mechanical barrier to the cell. * Plasma membrane acts as a semi permeable membrane, which allows only selected material to move inside and outside of the cell. Cytoplasm: * Helps in cellular growth, metabolism and replication. * Cytoplasm is the store houses of all the chemicals and components that are used to sustain the life of a bacterium. * There is also regulation of substances being transported...
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