...Associate Program Material Dameon Andrews Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Worksheet Provide a list describing at least three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: 1. Prokaryotic cells are smaller in size and have simpler structures, whereas eukaryotic cell are bigger and have a more complex structure. 2. Eukaryotic cells have many types of organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells lack most organelles. 3. Prokaryotic cell have DNA, which is constructed in the nucleoid region. It is not enclosed by the membrane; the eukaryotic cells have DNA and are in the nucleus, which is enclosed by the membrane. Choose two internal structures of prokaryotic cells and three from eukaryotic cells and describe their function in your own words. |Cell Structures | |Structure |Function | |Golgi (Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus) |It is responsible for processing, packaging, and transporting synthesized proteins to | | |other parts of the cell. | |Mitochondrion |It the powerhouse of the cell and is job is to produce energy for the cell. | |Ribosome ...
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...three-dimensional lattice of thin protein-rich strands. These lattices are known as microtrabecular lattice (MTL) and serves to interconnect and support the other "solid" structures in the cytoplasm. In other words, the cytoplasm is like a fence that is made up of lattes that are connected together. This fence's main purpose is to hold together the organelles within the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is the home of the cytoskeleton, a network of cytoplasmic filaments that are responsible for the movement of the cell and give the cell its shape. The cytoplasm contains dissolved nutrients and helps dissolve waste products. The cytoplasm helps materials move around the cell by moving and churning through a process called cytoplasmic streaming. The nucleus often flows with the cytoplasm changing the shape as it moves. The cytoplasm contains many salts and is an excellent conductor of electricity, which therefore creates a medium for the vesicles, or mechanics of the cell. The function of the cytoplasm and the organelles which sit in it, are critical the cell's survival. http://sln.fi.edu/qa97/biology/cells/cell3.html Mitochondria Mitochondria are the energy factories of the...
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...Cell Structure and Function AbstractThis report is about cell structure and function. The cell is the basic unit of life. All living things are madeof cells. By doing this lab, I hoped to learn how a cell looked and how it functioned. I also wanted toknow the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Introduction The concept of this lab is producing a replica of an animal cell, and a plant cell. Producing the models of the cells helps to provide a better understanding of each cell and its contents also, to explore thedifferences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cell theory states that all cells reproduce new cells,while passing their genetic information. In addition, cells make up all living things, metabolize energyand that the chemical make-up of cells is similar. The objectives for this lab are to gather the materials,which include gelatin packs, plastic bags, water, Tupperware, bowls, and some small various householditems. The other objectives are preparing the gelatin as directed, gathering the household items that willserve as cell organelles, pouring the gelatin in the bag and placing the items in the plastic bags. Thenplace the cell replicas in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Results After twenty-four hours, I removed the cell replicas from the refrigerator and observed them. They didnot look exactly like I planed but they were understandable. Discussion Replicating the cell structures provides better understand the structure and...
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...NUCLEUS Function The nucleus is the control center of a cell as such it is the most important part of the cell. The control arises from the genetic information stored in the nucleus. Genes are made of the nucleic acid DNA. Hundreds of genes are linked together into enormous molecules called chromosomes (chromatin). Genes can be switched on or off and are indirectly responsible for making proteins which do the work of the cell. Structure The nucleus is a large roundish organelle. It is bounded by a double membrane which has numerous pores. Inside the nucleus are chromosomes and a dark region called a nucleolus which makes ribosomes. (Ribosomes are necessary for protein synthesis.) Endoplasmic Reticulum Function This folded membrane forms sacs to store proteins or other substances. It creates a vast surface area where the manufacture of proteins and new membranes can take place. Structure Endoplasmic reticulum is a folded mass of membranes made of the same phospholipids found in the plasma membrane. There are two types of ER smooth (without ribosomes) and rough (with ribosomes) Ribosomes Function Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis Structure Cells normally have millions of ribosomes, each ribosome has two parts which come together during protein synthesis. A ribosome is made of numerous proteins and RNA. Golgi complex Function The Golgi complex takes proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum and exports them out of the cell as needed. It is able...
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...Tma1 TMA 1 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions. The four basic human structure units are : * Cells * Tissues * Organs * Systems Cells : These are the basic structural unit of the body that maintain life. Every person consists of billions of cells that perform a infinite number of tasks in order to maintain the continuation of life. These live independently and can reproduce themselves. A cell also comes in different shapes and sizes depending on their function within the stability of life, for example, a mature red blood cell is less than 1mm in diameter and their function is to transport oxygen around the body. Tissues : Tissue is a collection of cells, not identical but a similar function, specialised to perform a specific function. Tissue comes in many different forms including blood, muscle, glands and bone(such as cartilage). These can also form nerve tissue to which are cells that specially conduct electrochemical nerve impulses throughout the body. Organs : All organs are formed when tissue combines with other forms of cells. This then gives you a structural unit, for example, a heart, that perform a specific function. Other examples of organs include the eye, liver, stomach, testis, uterus and kidneys all with their own particular function in sustaining life. Systems : System are cells, tissues and organs all working together to get a final outcome. For example, your digestive system needs a mouth...
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...BIOL2103 Biological Sciences Laboratory Course Practical 3 Laboratory manual Isolation of nucleic acid and spectrophotometry Introduction: The ability to isolate and quantify nucleic acids accurately and rapidly is a prerequisite for many of the methods used in biochemistry and molecular biology. The concentration of DNA or RNA in a sample, and its condition, are often estimated by running the sample on an agarose gel. Such concentration estimates are semiquantitative at best and are time-consuming. For a more accurate determination of the concentration of DNA or RNA in a sample, a UV spectrophotometer is commonly used. Spectrophotometry uses the fact that there is a relationship between the absorption of ultraviolet light by DNA/RNA and its concentration in a sample. The absorption maximum of DNA/RNA is approx 260nm. The purity of a solution of DNA can be determined using a comparison of the optical density values of the solution at various wavelengths. For pure DNA, the observed A260/A280 ratio will be near 1.8. Elevated ratios usually indicate the presence of RNA. The A260/A280 ratio is used to assess RNA purity. An A260/A280 ratio of 1.8-2.1 is indicative of highly purified RNA. The 260/280 ratio below 1.8 often signal the presence of a contaminating protein or phenol. Alternatively, protein or phenol contamination is indicated by 230/260 ratios greater than 0.5. Workflow Time 2 days before the lab session During lab session 1:30 pm Task Cell...
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...Sanil Modi Biol-4910 Summer 2014 M-F Dr. De Vries, Christopher T. Fields The Effects Of Toll Like Receptor 2 Deletion on Social Behavior Neural Network Introduction During this past summer I had the opportunity to conduct research at the Neuroscience Institute at Georgia State University. The research I participated in was under Christopher T. Fields who is working on getting his doctorial degree. In these last few months I have worked on many exiting projects, learned how create experiments and analyze them. From the first day of lab I learned to work with many different lab instruments, software and mastered the structures of the mice brain. The instruments I started working with were a digital microscope and its software Stereo Investigator that took pictures at HD quality of mice brain. Shortly after came the analysis of the pictures we captured and the software used was ImageJ and Excel. In ImageJ you can measure different thresholds of the mice brain and get analysis which is imputed into excel and then the numbers from excel are put into a statistical software where graphs are made and you can check if your experiments had any change from the control. What I also learned was how mice brains are put on a slide. First you would use a cryostat, which slices the mice brain at the amount of thickness needed. While you are slicing the mice brains you are putting them onto a slide. Then they are taken from the slide put into a buffer solution, which lets you add to another...
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...Investigating Osmosis in Potatoe Tissue To find out how the concentration of sucrose solution affects the rate of osmosis in a potato and what happens to the length and mass of the potato. What is osmosis? Osmosis is the movement of the water molecules across a partially permeable from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion The biochemical process in living cells always takes place in a solution. A solution is made up of a solvent (the dissolving fluid) and solute (the particles dissolved in the solvent). In living organisms, the solvent is water and the solution is called aqueous solution. Living cells are separated from their surroundings by the partially permeable cell surface membrane. The contents of the cell, the cytoplasm, are one aqueous solution and the surroundings of the cell, for example pond water, is another aqueous solution. If the two solutions do not have the same concentration of various substances, molecules may move away from one to the other by diffusion, if the membrane is permeable these substances. To summarise osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules, down a water potential gradiant across a partially permeable membrane. Cells and osmosis A cell is surrounded by a partially permeable membrane, and water may cross the membrane easily. If cell is placed in a solution of lower water potential, water leaves the...
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...Achievement Standard |Subject Reference |Biology 2.4 | |Title |Demonstrate understanding of life processes at the cellular level | |Level |2 |Credits |4 |Assessment |External | |Subfield |Science | |Domain |Biology | |Status |Registered |Status date |17 November 2011 | |Planned review date |31 December 2014 |Date version published |17 November 2011 | This achievement standard involves demonstrating understanding of life processes at the cellular level. Achievement Criteria |Achievement |Achievement with Merit |Achievement with Excellence | |Demonstrate understanding of life processes at |Demonstrate in-depth understanding of life |Demonstrate...
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...INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY: Course Syllabus Biology 111, Section 02, Fall 2015 Lecture: T/Th 10:30-11:45AM, Olin Hall 164 Exams: M 5-7PM, Bradley Hall 145 (Neumiller) Instructor: Dr. Jennifer Jost Olin 113 (309)-677-3013 jjost@bradley.edu Office hours: Tuesday 2:30-4PM or by appointment Required Text: Life, The Science of Biology, 10th edition by Sadava et al. Volume 1: The cell and heredity Online materials: The class site on Sakai will have announcements, PowerPoint lecture outlines, handouts, and web links. GRADING: The grade you receive in this class will be based solely on the assignments, quizzes and exams listed below as well as the score you receive in the laboratory portion (if applicable). Your laboratory grade (if applicable) will be determined separately. Breakdown (500pts total) Class assignments, dates and info TBA in class, 30pts 3 quizzes, 15pts each, dates TBA in class 3 Lecture exams, 100pts each Monday, September 21st Monday, October 19th Monday, November 16th Cumulative Final exam, 125pts Friday, December 11th 9-11AM Grading Scale: 90-100% A 80-89% B 70-79% C 60-69% D <60% F CLASS PARTICIPATION: While there is no grade for class participation, this may be used to round up grades at the end of the semester. For example, a student earning an overall average of 89.3% may be rounded to an A if class participation during the semester...
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...of A. communicating. B. metabolizing. C. reproducing. D. synthesizing. E. using energy. 4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell? A. reproduction and inheritance B. metabolism and energy use C. movement D. synthesis E. communication 5. Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? A. a magnifying glass B. scanning electron microscope C. transmission electron microscope D. binoculars E. light microscope 6. In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use A. x-rays. B. flashlights. C. a transmission electron microscope (TEM). D. tissue cultures. E. a scanning electron microscope (SEM). 7. The plasma membrane A. separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. B. is a rigid protein membrane. C. is not permeable. D. has a single layer of phospholipids. E. regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell. 8. The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as A. intracellular. B. extracellular. C. multicellular. D. centrocellular. E. None of these choices is correct. 9. Glycolipids would contain both lipids and A. carbohydrates. B. proteins. C. electrolytes. D. cholesterol. E. amino acids. 10. The main components of the plasma membrane are A. carbohydrates and lipids. B. lipids and ions. C. proteins and carbohydrates. D....
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...Bacteria are a small and simple living organisms and are classified under the kingdom Monera. They are unicellular. Bacteria have no true nucleus and therefore prokaryotic. They consist of DNA strands only. Some bacteria are autotrophic and produce their own nutrients by means of photosynthesis. Most bacteria are heterotrophic and cannot produce their own nutrients. Heterotrophic bacteria are either parasites or saprophytes, or they live mutualistically with other organisms. Bacteria is found in every habitat on earth. Some bacteria are pathogenic and cause diseases like cholera and tuberculosis. Bacteria can also be usesful: They decompose dead plant and animal matter. Plays a role in the nitrogen cycle. Economic uses such as the...
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...Preponderantly, the nucleus is a specialised double-membrane bound organelle which serves a vital role in eukaryotic cells. The functions of the nucleus include duplicating & storing genetic information, and coordinating cell activities such as synthesising proteins, growth, cell reproduction, and intermediary metabolism. Structures which make up the nucleus comprise a double membrane that circumscribes the entire organelle as well as isolating it’s placates from the anatomical cytoplasm, and the nuclear envelope (bounds the nucleus.). In addition to the nucleus, eukaryotic cells contain other genus of organelles which include ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chromatic and etc. Each and every organelle within the eukaryotic cell performs...
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... Ribosomes are multi-subunit macromolecules that contribute to the formation of many crucial proteins that maintain a balance of function in many living organisms. They primarily function by translating mRNA’s into their corresponding amino acid sequences. A protein’s correct output of amino acid order and consequently its structure are dependent strongly upon the correct formation of the ribosomal subunits in the particular organism’s ribosome. Degradation or incorrect structural formation of the ribosome can all contribute to an aggregation of protein or improper protein folding that can contribute to a multitude of diseases. This invariably varies among eukaryotic ribosomes, prokaryotic ribosomes, and archaea ribosomes. The entities responsible for the correct formation of the different ribosomal subunits rely heavily on various protein factors and other RNA’s, such as small nucleolar RNA’s (snoRNA’s) as well as non-ribosomal proteins that contribute not only to the proper formation of the ribosome, but its pre-assembly as well (1). There are also a number of enzymes including nucleases, RNA-helicases and RNA-modifying enzymes that also help in pre-assembly and formation of the ribosome (4). Ribosome biogenesis encompasses the entire process of the ribosomes’ maturation, starting from its transcriptional genesis to its completion. Along the way, they undergo a multitude of modifications, the most common being 2’O ribose-methylations and the transition from uridine...
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...Personal ID: C3735427 Name: Erika Azzopardi Assignment number: Tutor marked assignment 03 (TMA03) - Cancer Module: S807 - Molecules in medicine Question 1a Figure 1: Summary of the cell cycle illustrating: G1; S; G2 and M phases. Cells grow and prepare to synthesize DNA in the G1 phase. Cells move towards end of G1 phase to pass through G1-checkpoint. G1-checkpoint determines if a cell is suitable for cell division by checking for damaged DNA. On check completion, cells owning undamaged DNA move to the S phase. Cells with damaged DNA are arrested and "commit suicide" via apoptosis. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes which produce signals to guide a cell to divide or ‘commit suicide’. These genes are inspected by checkpoints. When proto-oncogenes are mutated they are transformed into oncogenes. For example, Ras oncogenes control the cell cycle by yielding signals to trigger uncontrolled cell growth, thus developing cancer. The purple arrow shows that Ras oncogene acts at the G1 phase. This oncogene does no longer stop at checkpoints. Ras transmits growth signals via MAPK signal pathway which involves a phosphorylation cascade to activate MEK, ERK and Raf kinases. Blocking one of these kinases will suppress the pathway. Ras proteins bind to a GTP to activate the pathway. Ras oncogenes cannot release the GTP, thus the pathway will remain activated resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Salirasib is a Ras inhibitor drug which blocks the Ras signalling pathway...
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