...Health is defined based on three dimensions: physical, mental and social health; a fairly recent modification from the 18th century viewpoints (Ware,1987). Health is perceived differently according to the different models of health that help in guiding and understanding of health and health issues. In relation to the following essay, two models; biomedical model and social model will be discussed and compared in terms of their relevancy in the modern times. The second half of the essay will focus on the effectiveness of the social model in explaining the increasing prevalence of health conditions related to the obesity epidemic. During the early part of the 20th century, infectious diseases predominated as the highest cause of mortality in both developing and non-developing counties affecting 42% of the world’s population (Tulchinsky and Varavikova,2000; Boutayeb and Boutayeb,2005). This is the era that was heavily reliant on the biomedical model to diagnose illness which focused primarily on the proximal causes of disease (factors that act directly to cause a disease) and was confined to the objective measures for disease treatment (diagnosis solely based on medical facts without considering other possibilities)(Johnson,2012). Since the leading causes of death at those times were infections based i.e. pneumonia (11.8%), T.B. (11.3%) and diarrhoea (8.3%) (National Office of Vital Statistics,1947), the biomedical model’s germ theory which stated that all diseases were caused...
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...health. C. Thesis: Obesity in America has a lot of history, causes, and effects. II. Transition, Main Point 1: To begin with, the history of obesity wasn’t as bad as it is now. A. Obesity – condition characterized by the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body. (Definition, Merriam-webster.com) B. Being fat was a mark of wealth and health before the 1900’s because it indicated you had the resources to get lots of food. (Example, livestrong.com) C. More than one billion adults across the globe are overweight. (Statistic, www.voxeu.org) D. 34% of Americans are obese compared to 24% of Canadians. (Comparison, huffingtonpost.com) III. Transition, Main Point 2: Secondly, there are a variety of causes of obesity in the U.S. A. Certain aspects of society and food production are known to play a role in the increase in obesity over the past decades. (fact, livestrong.com) B. According to the national Institutes of Health, obesity and overweight together are the second leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. (Statistic, wvdhhr.org) C. We are enormously addicted to an enormous array of garbage foods, known as legal poisons and industrial additives. (Opinion, hesh Goldstein from Obesity Epidemic article – naturalnews.com) D. “The global epidemic of obesity is completely out of control.” (Quote, BBC International Obesity Conference) IV. Transition, Main Point 3: Lastly, the effects of obesity haven’t been good for...
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...uenced by this phenomenon. James Watson and his team studied the phenomenon in 1997 and their book, “Golden Arches East: McDonald’s in East Asia” is an excellent resource for anyone studying this topic, especially the first two chapters. During a lecture at Chongqing University, Professor Zhang Jin mentioned that the idea of Scientific Management was being explored in China during the early 20th century by such business leaders as Lu Zuofu with his experiment at Beibei. This “model society” was implementing the same values in the early 20th century that McDonald’s later touted in the U.S. fifty years later. The author suspected that they had a common ancestor in Taylorism, a business model developed in the U.S. around 1900. Further research found that indeed, they shared that common ideology. Could this be the reason that the Chinese have adapted so well to an open market system? The ideas were not new, having, in fact been explored by Chinese business leaders prior to the Cultural Revolution. This curriculum project explores the history of Scientific Management in China and the U.S. It also looks at the concept of McDonaldizaiton and how McDonalds has had to adapt to succeed in China. It...
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...Have you ever thought about what people ate and how they prepared it, in the 1800’s? Many of today's dinners include fast food or carryout delivery; KFC or Mcdonalds. We hardly never cook “from scratch” unlike the people in the 1800’s. Technology we often take for granted such as microwaves and refrigerators has greatly affected the way we eat today. Modern meals are usually planned around the family’s schedule. During the 1800’s the family planned its schedule around meals. In the early 1800’s, cooking dominated the time and energy of the average housewife. In the 1800’s they did not have grocery stores and eating out was truly a rare treat. Today most people eat out 2/4 times a week and we have so many big grocery stores. Most fruits and...
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...in the evolution of mass media in the last century were that when 1900 came around there were newspapers, magazines and the telephone was being used to move news events and happening around the country. When a new mass media comes it out it tries to displace or interrupt the current media. In the 1900-1910 part of mass media films were starting to be made. It affected the entertainment part of newspapers and magazines but did not take hardly any business from them but the films that were being made were advertised in them. Radios was the next big media that came about in the 1920’s was radian and it was a great media technology for advertisers and people listened to it. The sound recording made in the 190’s- 1990’s were a new media also. Then are the introduction of TV in the 1940’s to present, I think it will never end but its size has got smaller on width and flat and larger in length. Video recorders started coming about in the 1970’s to present and have become smaller since its advent and are not as cumbersome as they once were. The video games also came along side the 1970’s and are still popular today. Computers first appeared in the mainframe forms in the 40’s and 50’s in then started to decrease in size from the 80’s to present. In the 90’s they were sold as desktops and in the 2000’s to present they are laptops and iPads. The biggest change to affect everything was the internet which started in the 90’s to present and is threatening to change everything. Cell phones also...
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...Obesity in America’s Children For years obesity has been an epidemic in the United States and now it is not only adults who are suffering from the disease, but also children. In the past couple of decades, Americans have become lazy. Older people are quick to voice their opinions on how children are lazy, and they are right. The children of yesteryear did more physical activity than those today. Years ago, children had to walk miles to and from school. Not only that, but when they reached home they did not just sit in front of the television or play video games, but they had to help their parents on the farm or around the house. Nowadays, children prefer playing video games and surfing the internet instead of playing a sport outdoors. Children...
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...complete online research method text, course resources and reading and analyzing data from different books as literary review. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to locate relevant information on Maori health. The review formed the body of work on which this essay was based. The literature search was limited to work published between 1900 and 2010 in six subject areas: Maori health in early 1900 till present day, Maori concepts and models, Maori health models, Maori and disability, Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health. The databases searched included all of the New Zealand university library catalogues, the City Library and Google Scholar. Sources that appeared to be relevant were entered into the Reference. In 1769 James Cook concluded that Maori were healthy race .Prior to settlement by Europeans, Maori had been protected from many illnesses because of New Zealand’s Isolation from the large population centers of the world. Now a day’s Maori are recognized as being over represented statistically in poor health issues. Health statistics reveal that Maori have higher rates of cardio vascular disease, obesity, smoking, cancer, asthma mortality, mental illness, suicide, and mortality than non Maori (Blakely, Fawcett, Atkinson, Tobias & Cheung, 2005). Recent research shows that since the mid 1980s disparities between Maori and non-Maori have increased significantly as measured by a number of key health...
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...Kilbourne expose the abuse of the sex and items such an Oreo cookie or Hershey’s chocolate. These products are the favorites of many children and youngsters. Seduction and sensuality in products that are usually consumed by kids are being used as regular catch attention. Agreeing with this issue, the business news daily newspaper, explain that takes more explicitness to grab the peoples' attention than before. In the early 1900’s, exposed arms and ankles of female models generated the same level of arousal as partially nude models and sex in ads do today. We are in the presence of the loss of the innocence. The kids are...
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...Windshield Survey of Lake Worth, Florida NUR 405 June 10, 2013 Windshield Survey of Lake Worth Florida As nurses we know medical professionals more than ever are responsible for treating large diverse populations. Understanding cultural differences in various populations is crucial to produce positive outcomes. Nurses have a major role in health care promotion. Nurses should be treating the patient as a whole in mind, body, and spirit. This should be included in community treatment too. Individual, family, environment, and community assessments are necessary to provide the care and improve health care outcomes in the community as a whole. The World Health Organization’ s (WHO) definition of community is “a group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who share a common culture, values and norms which have been developed by the community in the past and modified in the future” (p. 397). For me this means these people generally have the same of similar beliefs and values. Community health is described as “the meeting of collective needs by identifying problems and managing behaviors within the community itself and between the community and larger society” (p. 401). My understanding of community as the client is the care given has the potential to affect the whole community not just one family. Nurses can provide education and treatment in the community in settings such as schools, parks, civil centers, the workplace, and home. The result...
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...that they are big corporations with vast locations throughout the world and are publicly traded in the stock exchange. White Castle is a famous burger restaurant that was once featured in a popular movie involving two young men on an adventure to said restaurant. It also so happens to be known as the first fast food chain. Founded in the 1920’s, White Castle revolutionized the perception that the public had of burgers. At the time, burgers were seen as low quality and were thought to have consisted of scraps and parts of animals that no one liked to eat. With White Castle setting the precedents, the McDonalds’ brothers soon followed suit, as well as Burger King and Taco Bell in the mid-1900’s. The concept of eating out became more accessible as well as more affordable to Americans. Most fast food companies at the time of emergence wanted to appease their shareholders (and still do), so many resorted to bottom dollar mindsets and business models. Majority of the companies that are similar to McDonalds have been attacked and accused of serving unhealthy food, using unethical marketing tactics to sell said unhealthy food and has encouraged obesity, if not caused it, in America. While...
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...hate towards those who stand out or have unique attributes. Especially when compared to our culture of power that is often white, healthy, and traditional. The following will define, describe the treatment of, and perceive the lives of two of these stigmatized groups, those with obesity and those who are LGBT, to further detail the similarities and differences of their daily struggles. One clear, thematic, distinction is the blatant external identification of obese individuals against the hidden sexual stigma of those who are LGBT. Group Definition Weight stigma is a social stigma in which those who are overweight or obese are targets of prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviors. This stigma is present across many dimensions in our society and can be seen in interpersonal, institutional, organizational, and cultural discrimination. Alarmingly, research has discerned the weight stigma has become more prevalent in our society, as weight based discrimination has increased 66% from the 1990’s into the 2000’s (Andreyeva, T., Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D., 2008). Despite this group actually being a majority across the world, they are still stigmatized and thought to be the blame for their obesity. The stereotypes these people face are exclusively negative, as additional research has showed that overweight people are accredited multiple negative stereotypes such as being sloppy, disagreeable, lazy, lacking self-discipline, and less competent (Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A.,...
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...Running head: CARDIOVASCULAR PAPER 1 Cardiovascular Paper: R.G.’s Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease CARDIOVASCULAR PAPER 2 Cardiovascular Paper: R.G’s Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease In almost every year since 1900, cardiovascular disease has been the number one cause of death in the United States. Nearly 2300 Americans die of CVD each day, and average of one death every 38 seconds. This disease kills more people than the next four causes of death combined, including cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents and diabetes. Of particular concern is that CVD is the leading cause of death for women (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2013). Risk Factors Gender According to, Huether and McCance (2012) more women in the United States die from coronary artery disease and stroke than from all cancers combined. Women have a higher rate of CAD related mortality than men, in part because of under diagnosis and treatment. Menopause is associated with increased exposure to risk factors and poor endothelial healing. Endogenous estrogen is said to be protective of vascular function and when this is reduced after menopause hits the risk of CAD increases. Postmenopausal women are two to three times more likely than premenopausal woman to have CAD. Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is an extremely important risk factor for CAD. Insulin resistance and diabetes have multiple effects on the cardiovascular system including endothelial damage, thickening...
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...P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day | 4-5 | 3 | P3: Describe current patterns of ill health and how they are monitored | 6 | 4 | P4: Explain the main factors affecting current patterns of health in the UK | 7-8 | 5 | P5: Explain health promotion and protection | 9 | 6 | P6: Explain appropriate methods of prevention/control for a named communicable and a named non-communicable disease | 10 | | Bibliography | 11 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health These are the key aspects of public health: 1) Monitoring health status – They do this by tracking changes in the health of the population and alerting people to potential problems, like the rising levels of obesity within the population....
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...Why have Americans become so obese? Obesity is a struggle among every country in the world. Obesity is when a person is 20 percent above what is supposed to be their normal weight. Obesity is so difficult to get rid of in countries that it is classified as a disease. The country that is greatest known for their obesity rates is the United States of America. Even though America is not the most obese country in the world, America is known for their fast food restaurants severely overweight people. Despite America being one of the most obese countries, no one ever asks the real question. Why have Americans become so obese? The most obviously popular reason why Americans are obese is because of food. The first type of food to relate to obesity is fast food. McDonald’s, Burger King, Taco Bell and many other fast food restaurants load their food with sugar, cholesterol and other unhealthy substances that make people crave it. McDonald’s burgers are severely unhealthier than a homemade burger. A McDonald’s burger has 440 calories, 23 grams of fat, 80 milligrams of cholesterol, 1150 milligrams of sodium and 34 carbohydrates. (McDonald's). A homemade burger has about 270 calories, 9 grams of fat, 142 milligrams of cholesterol, 123 milligrams of sodium and about 9 carbohydrates (Health). McDonald's makes their foods unnecessarily unhealthy. Another problem with Americans food problems is that their portions are completely outrageous. The default portion sizes are Small, Medium and large...
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...an excellent value. On the other hand, Arby’s does not inform customers of the calorie intake, sodium, and other ingredients that are harmful to individuals’ health. Consequently, these additives tremendously increased over the years. Another example of a food artifact is McDonald’s golden arches. In most cities children in general recognize McDonald’s for their symbol of a golden arches. Sadly, this fast food establishment has been deemed un-healthy of all chain restaurants which has been proven to be a fact through medical research. I for one, after seeing the movie “Super Size” have refrained from being a regular customer do to these findings. Another area of how mass media affects the public is through sports. In the early 1900’s baseball was America’s sport of choice and now since the changes that were made in 1925, football has evolved into America’s favorite game. Stadiums that held 10,000 or less apposed Jacksonville Jaguar stadium that holds over 90,000 or more people is just one symbol of how professional football...
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