...Psych 253 Book Review: Talking to the Enemy Richard Marion In his book Talking to the Enemy (2010), Scott Atran uses his experiences in the countries often perceived as the origin of most global terrorist actions against the United States combined with scientific proof from a wide variety of sources to argue for new methods of understanding and stopping terrorism as it exists today. Though many examples and analyses of terrorist acts are examined in the book along with many different explanations for the social and psychological mechanisms that may cause them, one of the central ideas is the power of social bonds to drive people to commit actions that they never would have considered alone. This paper will analyze Atran's argument as it is supported by social psychology, and in particular specific research that was used in the writing of the book itself. Atran states that “to kill and die with friends... almost invariably involves deep love of one's group” (p. 317) and goes on to say that having no empathy towards other groups allows this to happen. His own work in Radical Madrasas in Southeast Asia (Atran, Ginges, Magouirk, 2008) supports his claim by showing that when students viewed someone as being outside of their group and incapable of becoming a member of their group, they were much more likely to support violence against that person. This was shown by interviewing the students in regards to whether they believed that people were “born evil but learn to become good”...
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...Social influence occurs when one's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others.[1] Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. In 1958, Harvard psychologist, Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence.[2] 1. Compliance is when people appear to agree with others, but actually keep their dissenting opinions private. 2. Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity. 3. Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately. Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard described two psychological needs that lead humans to conform to the expectations of others. These include our need to be right (informational social influence), and our need to be liked (normative social influence).[3] Informational influence (or social proof) is an influence to accept information from another as evidence about reality. Informational influence comes into play when people are uncertain, either because stimuli are intrinsically ambiguous or because there is social disagreement. Normative influence is an influence to conform to the positive expectations of others. In terms of Kelman's typology, normative influence leads to public compliance, whereas informational influence leads to private acceptance. [edit] Types Social Influence is a broad term...
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...GROUP INTERACTION JOURNAL ARTICLES Compiled by Lawrence R. Frey University of Colorado at Boulder Aamodt, M. G., & Kimbrough, W. W. (1982). Effects of group heterogeneity on quality of task solutions. Psychological Review, 50, 171-174. Abbey, D. S. (1982). Conflict in unstructured groups: An explanation from control-theory. Psychological Reports, 51, 177-178. Abele, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768-776. Abele, A., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Petzold, P. (1998). Positive mood and in-group—out-group differentiation in a minimal group setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1343-1357. Aberson, C. L., Healy, M., & Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173. Abougendia, M., Joyce, A. S., Piper, W. E., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2004). Alliance as a mediator of expectancy effects in short-term group psychotherapy. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8, 3-12. Abraham, A. (1973a). Group tensions as measured by configurations of different self and transself aspects. Group Process, 5, 71-89. Abraham, A. (1973b). A model for exploring intra and interindividual processes in groups. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 23, 3-22. Abraham, A. (1974-1975). Processes in groups. Bulletin de Psychogie, 28, 746-758. Abraham, A., Geffroy, Y., & Ancelin-Schutzenberger...
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...R. Abelson et al.), 1968 Voices of Modern Psychology, 1969 The Social Animal, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Readings About the Social Animal, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Social Psychology (with R. Helmreich), 1973 Research Methods in Social Psychology (with J. M. Carlsmith & P. Ellsworth), 1976 The Jigsaw Classroom (with C. Stephan et al.), 1978 Burnout: From Tedium to Personal Growth (with A. Pines & D. Kafry), 1981 Energy Use: The Human Dimension (with P. C. Stern), 1984 The Handbook of Social Psychology (with G. Lindzey), 3rd ed., 1985 Career Burnout (with A. Pines), 1988 Methods of Research in Social Psychology (with P. Ellsworth, J. M. Carlsmith, & M. H. Gonzales), 1990 Age of Propaganda (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992, 2000 Social Psychology, Vols. 1–3 (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992 Social Psychology: The Heart and the Mind (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 1994 Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (with S. Patnoe), 1997 Nobody Left to Hate: Teaching Compassion After Columbine, 2000 Social Psychology: An Introduction (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 2002, 2005, 2007 The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa (with R. Aronson), 2006 Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me) (with C. Tavris), 2007 Books by Joshua Aronson Improving Academic Achievement, 2002 The Social Animal To Vera, of course The Social Animal, Tenth Edition Sponsoring Editor:...
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...this feeling that we need to belong. It is very essential for man to find fulfillment and to have a feeling of acceptance simply because man by nature is a social being. Adolescents were the ones who are always involve in fraternities. Adolescents, as said by many psychologists or theorists, it is the critical stage of life. It is accompanied by many changes that bring crisis and difficulties, and these changes include physical, mental, emotional and social. Physical changes were very visible and very observable thing that takes place during adolescence. But the social aspect of adolescents also changes. It is the time when an individual searches and identifies himself through socialization. The prior environment of every individual is the family. But as we continue to grow, it broadens extending to friends and peers in school. Adolescents begin to search for new friends and start to form or join any group that makes them think of joining one of these. Adjustment in the society is one of the most difficult aspects and includes the members of the opposite sex and adult outside family members and also the school environment. Being placed on a new environment might be difficult and a bit shocking for an individual. College is a whole new environment for an individual. Which is one step into adulthood and needs for social development. In this stage, an individual starts to dream, and have aspirations in life but not everyone shares the same level of interest in the hope of completing...
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...of behaviour through attribution and self-concept (Kelley, H. H.1973);(Heider, F. 1958);(Markus, H., & Wurf, E, 1987). But conflicting papers have given rise to the argument of error in attributions, experience distortion and group-think to consider the other face of the coin- that people may not know quite so well why they do the things they do (Heider, 1958);(Kurzban & Aktipis, 2007);(Sherif, 1936) “Theory of the mind”/“mentalizing” is a process which we naturally engage with on a daily basis. It identifies that other people have mental states different to our own (Schacter, 2009). The recognition of mental state (e.g. noticing your partner is unhappy) is something which adults naturally perceive. This skill is essential for social interaction and is observable in infants as young as 18 months (Frith, C. D., & Frith, U, 1999);(U. & C.D. Frith, 2003). From the age of 4-6 neurotypical children are able to consciously and reflectively think about the behaviour of people and “put themselves in someone else's shoes” (U. & C.D. Frith, 2003);(Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U., 1985). The ability for people to mentalize is crucial in order to understand why other people do the things they do- by...
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...My Self Portrait My personality represents approximately 2 percent of all people; people with my personality type tend to be very influential, often without making any conscious efforts to increase their influence. I am genuinely interested in other people and radiate authenticity, concern and altruism. I have been told I can be very charismatic and eloquent and finding it natural and easy to communicate others ideas and opinions, especially in person. It does not really matter whether I am presenting cold facts or expressing raging emotions. I have never been afraid to stand up and speak, regardless of the audience. I have found that I can be very convincing and mesmerizing when I speak to groups or individuals, I have always instinctively know how to combine passion and rational arguments, drawing the audience’s attention and reaching every mind which was a trait that I learned from my father. People with my personality type can be great leaders which would explain on why and how even when not wanting it I find myself in a leadership role no matter what my job may be. I find that I can be very intuitive. And find it rather easy to sense other people’s motives and find connections between seemingly unrelated events. I also tend to be quite good at analyzing my own feelings and questioning them when necessary. On the other hand, such intuitiveness and sensitivity can also cause significant difficulties for myself. I can be at times...
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...communicator; 2) the message; 3) how the message is communicated; 4) the audience. In our campaign to bring awareness of the human rights violation of human trafficking, we have sought to utilize both the elements of logos and pathos to convey the seriousness of the situation. The logical power of the argument is built upon the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 and 2003 (TVPA), which stipulates that induced commercial sex, labor, or services is punishable under the law and victims of said induced acts are eligible for government benefits (Human Trafficking, 2008). The subject of human trafficking affords itself its own weight and means of emotional persuasion, but we will seek to utilize the mechanisms of social reciprocity and social responsibility to lend authority to our argument. The persuasiveness of our argument is constructed on: 1) the logical power of our assertions (logos), as built on TVPA and; 2) the weight and means of...
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...Abstract Extreme cases of social roles or influences usually need treatment. Such as in the case of social influences and altruism were in the extremes it is necessary to correct behaviors that occur. However, choice is the clear decision maker in determining actions, whether good or bad, correct or incorrect, education needs to be available for people to make the right decision. Social Influences on Behavior Paper By examining the basic concepts and of human interaction in social situations and the way behavior changes by examining altruism and social influence we can get a better understanding of these concepts through a psychological perspective. What happens in these situations and if the effects of the situations require treatment or if the behaviors require correcting. Altruism is “behaving in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself.” (Kowalski, R., & Westen, D., 2009) There are several theories within altruism, there is ethical hedonism, “…asserts that all behavior, no matter how apparently altruistic, is and should be designed to increase one’s own pleasure or reduce one’s own pain.” (Kowalski, R., & Westen, D., 2009) This theory offers that giving money, food, etc. is only done by an individual to compensate for their own sorrow and making themselves feel better. Another theory is reciprocal altruism, “…natural selection favors animals that behave altruistically if the likely benefit to each individual over...
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...of social psychology theories that describe human behaviors is attribution theory. Attribution theory is the theory of how individuals explain others’ behaviors (Myers, 2008). Deindividuation is the situation where anti-normative behavior is released in groups in which individuals are not recognized as individuals (Festinger, 1952). Many people are a part of this deindividuation process and don’t even realize it. Many people fall into deindividuation because they don’t want to ridiculed or be consider an outcast. Something that is an example of deindividuation is a cult. In a cult people are no longer an individual and there is no uniqueness to them. They become just like everyone else in the group. Another example of this is a fraternity or sorority. They go from being an individual person to becoming a part of a group where they are considered one big group versus being their own person. Being in the military is also an example of deindividuation. They are to fight and defend themselves against anyone who is considered a threat. They also have a uniformed look. Everyone has to go through training and every guy has to shave his hair. Social Issue Deindividuation can be both desirable and undesirable depending on the circumstances (Spivey & Prentice-Dunn, 1990; Johnson & Downing, 1979). A study by Spivey & Prentice-Dunn (1990) found that deindividuation leads to either pro-social or anti-social...
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...Lecture 1: 1. What Are Organizations? Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. * Social Inventions mean that their essential characteristic is the coordinated presence of people. The field of organizational behaviour is about understanding people and managing them to work effectively. * Goal Accomplishment: organizational survival and adaptation to change are important goals. The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations can survive and adapt to change. Example: People have to be motivated to join and remain in organization; carry out their basic work reliably, productivity, quality and service; be willing to continuously learn and upgrade their knowledge and skill; and be flexible and innovative. * Group Effort: organizations depend on interaction and coordination among people to accomplish goals. The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations to get people to practice effective teamwork. 2. What Is Organizational Behaviour? Organizational behaviour refers to the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations. 3. Goals of Organizational Behaviour are effectively predicting, explaining, and managing behaviour that occurs in organizations. * Predicting organizational behaviour and events. * Explaining organizational behaviour and events in organizations. (Why event occur). * Managing organizational behaviour by...
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...performing stage they will each be turning in their completed pieces of work and meeting the expectations of their peers. This is where the majority of the group is, minus Mike. At this point the group has all turned in their completed parts of the whole while Mike has turned in hand scratched incomplete notes. Once the team has completed their tasks, they can complete the final stage of adjourning or disbanding the group. If Christine, the team leader, had a clear understanding of these stages, she might have been able to motivate Mike out of his social loafing as well as create a cohesive team with a sense of belonging that could have fostered better performance from all members. The primary problem I see with this case study is the social loafing Mike is exhibiting and that the group is allowing. With one week left before the final product needs to be presented, this issue should have been addressed weeks ago. Mike’s social loafing, or lack of performance because someone else in the group will make up for his shortfall, has been an ongoing issued from the beginning. He has not shown up to meetings, was not able to adjust his schedule to accommodate others, and submits subpar work that he expects Christine to interpret and present...
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...What kind of attribution do people most often make about others? Internal If Little Joey gets punished every time he plays with matches, Joey may develop a negative attitude toward matches. If so, what would social psychologists say best explain Joey's negative attitude toward them? operant conditioning Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of attitudes? Evaluative ________attribution is to person to as ________ attribution is to situation Internal; external Which of the following processes is most likely to lead to increased intrinsic motivation? self-perception processes One problem with using severe punishment to control behaviors is that it | serves as an external justification for "being good", so a child has no incentive to behave when s/he thinks s/he won't be caught | When we conclude that there is something about a situation that is causing a person's behavior, we are making a(n)______ personal attribution ________ refers to the desire to undertake an activity because of external rewards, not because we find it interesting or enjoyable in its own right. Extrinsic motivation In the forbidden toy experiment the boys least likely to play with the forbidden toy robot when later given the opportunity to play with any toy they wanted were those who 6 weeks earlier had been told simply "it is wrong to play with the robot" before being left alone with the toys. | | When people make the fundamental attribution error...
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...because I know money will be offered and the money was my motive for mowing the lawn. An egoistic person motives involve an ultimate goal of self benefit. Anything one does as an egoistic person is geared toward self benefit, even though the act may be thought of as a caring act. The bystander effect is an overall tendency to watch while someone needs help. There are five steps to helping (Feenstra, 2011). First step is to know an emergency is happening. Secondly, one must notice and interpret that an emergency as occurred. Step 2 is interpreting an event as an emergency. Step 3 is to take responsibility for helping. Step 4 is deciding how you can help. Step 5 is deciding to help. References Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to Social Psychology....
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...Research Application Samir Khadra Psychology 370 7/31/2012 Integration Social psychology generally involves the way in which people behave, feel and think. All this is influenced by imagined, actual or the implied presence of other people. Since this is an article critique, it is indispensable to evaluate and analyze. This section therefore analyzes, evaluates and interprets a text. It answers questions including why, how well and how. This section analyzes the topics learnt in class. It evaluates, interprets and analyzes attitude which is the main factor in social psychology (Smith & Mackie, 2000). Attitude refers to the global evaluations as well as learned characteristics of an object, a person, an issue or a place that influences actions and thoughts. They are the basic expressions that show approval or disapproval. They also depict non-favorability or favorability or likes and dislikes. Social psychologists as learned in class have often studies attitude as well as its structure. These include attitudes’ functions as well as the relationships that are between behavior and attitudes. General attitudes are not mean predictors of any given behavior mainly because people often act under the influence of a given situation. The most decisive factor is the point that attitudes are often central to people’s self-concept and therefore might lead to behaviors (Smith & Mackie, 2000). The article argues that research has played a crucial role in developing attitude. Researches...
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