...third year studies of more specific communicational knowledge needs for healing and curing in the field of medical practice. Framework and process of learning: In form of small-group learning discussions, role-plays, observational tasks will be introduced by which students can be active participants in learning by acquiring not only theoretical issues. Because teachers guide semi-structured seminars, student will be facilitated to give feedback, express opinions and propose available topics, which could build into to learning process. During first seminars individual learning objectives can be elaborated together with teacher and classmates and can be achieved alongside the main objectives of the whole group. Standpoints of the observational task of communication class: For the purpose of developing so called observational skills, a special task will be introduced. Students will be requested to watch systematically human communicative behaviours at different places where one can perceive various forms of formal and informal communication (one week will be given for completing observations instead of attending seminars during this period. Seminars will be continued after one week break). Sensitivity toward relating phenomena can be enhanced by these observational tasks. Several places of health case system, like wards, surgeries for outpatients, waiting rooms or other places like libraries, the campus where many human interactions can be observed are available....
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...Observational Essay 1 I work for Comcast as an install and service technician. With this position, I get to go inside many homes and I get to see how many different types of people live. It is consumer behavior at its finest. The saying, “don’t judge a book by its cover,” reigns true even in the cable industry. When arriving at a house it is easy to look at a home and think, “I bet this house is nice, clean, dirty, unorganized, or just empty.” You make assumptions from the way the yard is presented, the cars in the driveway and the overall look of the home, but when you walk in your entire view changes. It could be a million dollar house with hoarders living in it or no furniture at all. I’ve even been in dilapidated trailers that are so clean you have to take your boots off. These same people have spending habits for themselves that are based off certain demographics. Demographics that include age, income, ethnicity, education, gender, and even sexual orientation. Consumer behavior is defined as, “the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society” (Robinson 6). This means that consumer behavior is the byproduct of the spending habits of these people. When looking at a company like Comcast, being they are in the entertainment industry, you expect a slightly more independent...
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...Cemetery Death is nothing foreign to us; we all have it in common. Many of us have lost relatives and loved ones. We will also be placed here one day. There is beauty and life in a cemetery that many don’t see. Entering the cemetery one will notice the many activities that occur such as; the groundskeepers who make sure the grass and grounds are well maintained. The beautiful and neatly placed headstones with titles and dates of expirations, reminds me of those who were near and dear to me that have passed on to eternal life. A cemetery is not the dreaded and scary place of superstitions, but a place that holds life even after death. The sounds of life as I enter the cemetery are so subtle and still. I opened my ears and listened with my mind as I crept through the green grass pushing the dirt up with my feet, careful not to awaken those who were sleeping. One could hear the cries of family members who were weeping the loss of a loved one. Conversations between family members, who live miles away, traveled a long distance to share this celebration of life. One will also hear the swift gentle breeze as it calms those in distress. The chirping of the birds as they witness the flying doves, which symbolizes that one, has been set free. It speaks of life; the deceased have received their wings. Life here on earth has ended and a new life has just begun. One can appreciate the sight of activities that takes place at the cemetery. Those who come by to purchase...
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...Outline and evaluate one or more social psychological theory of aggression. (24 mark) Aggression is defined as behaviour that is intended to harm or injure, this is directed towards another living being and can include physical injury. There are two approaches to aggression that I will be discussing in this essay, social learning theory and deinidividuation. Social Learning Theory (SLT) is defined as learning behaviour that is controlled by environmental influences rather than innate or internal forces. The behaviour shown by individuals during this theory of aggression is often referred to as modelling or observational learning; this is a form of vicarious experience. It is believed that humans are not born as aggressive individuals so the acts of aggression can only be acquired through direct experience and the observation of others. The behaviourists’ explanation emphasises on reinforcement. This is when certain behaviour is rewarded, encouraging it to be repeated and learned. Aggression that is associated with a reward is likely to be learned. Bandura et al (The Bobo doll) tested this theory of aggression and found that children who observed a model behaving aggressively towards a doll were likely to carry out the same behaviour when allowed to interact with the doll. His findings found that when left alone with the doll children would even improvise their own aggressive actions towards the doll. This behaviour was more commonly shown when the adult’s aggressive behaviour...
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...David Fender MGMT 321-800 February 21, 2010 Boston Duck Case Study Swim with the sharks and live Boston Duck Tours is a success story founded by a disgruntled investment banker manager. Equity theory explains the reason for Andrew Wilson deciding to launch the venture. Working endless hours in a pressure intensive environment of investment and feeling that he was not being paid properly for his output input ratio Wilson not only made a career change but made a leap of faith into entrepreneurialism. Underpayment inequity is defined as when a person believes that he is not receiving the outcomes given his inputs and efforts. Remedies of underpayment inequity have been noted to be a lowering of a person’s inputs such as decreasing work hours or lowering the effort or being absent or asking for compensation increases. Inequity involves a person and a referent; it is not applied in isolation. Leaving the employer is one remedy noted. Wilson’s experience with the investment banking industry likely instilled the need to implement the equity theory principle at Boston Duck Tours. Most notably, Wilson wants to ensure his employees are equitably treated insofar as their outcomes and inputs are in equilibrium. Top performers are attracted to deliver their best performance if their outcomes are perceived to match their inputs. One learning theory, operant conditioning theory, is present at Boston Duck Tours. Employees conducting the tours, a.k.a. conducktors, adorn...
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...In this discussion I will give a brief summary on two types of data collection methods and give examples of pros and cons for each method. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Observational study is a method of data collection that involves a process of watching any given type of situation and recording the data that is observed. Depending on how and what data is being observed depends on the type of tool the researcher will want to use in order to collect their information. The researcher conducting this type of study is a passive observer and does not tamper in any way with the variable of interest or any factors that may affect it. When recording observation data, you have to remember that all answers are from your own perception and there is no right or wrong answer. In the observational study that I researched, researchers wanted to know if CCBs associated with LUTS in males. This was conducted on 38 males which ranged from the ages of 46 to 89 years old, with the median age being 67 for about five years. According to the study, calcium channel blockers associated to 100% of the lower urinary tract symptoms within a 38 males. A few disadvantages of the observational data method are that some of the research conducted can be subject to the researcher’s biases. This is mainly due to the perception of the researcher. The researcher may also miss important milestones that may need it to have been observed. Because of the fact there is limited control with this method; people conducting...
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...Getting Started: The Anatomy and Physiology of Clinical Research Stephen B. Hulley, Thomas B. Newman, and Steven R. Cummings This chapter introduces clinical research from two viewpoints, setting up themes that run together through the book. One theme is the anatomy of research-what it's made of. This includes the tangible elements of the study plan: the research question, design, subjects, measurements, sample size calculation, and so forth. An investigator's goal is to create these elements in a form that will make the project fast, inexpensive, and easy. The other theme is the physiology of research-how it works. Studies are useful to the extent that they yield valid inferences, first about what happened in the study sample and then about generalizing these events to people outside. the study. The goal is to minimize the errors, random and systematic, that threaten conclusions based on these inferences. Separating these two themes is artificial in the same way that the anatomy of the human body does not make much sense without some understanding of its physiology. But the separation has the same advantage: It clarifies our thinking about a complex topic. . THE ANATOMY OF RESEARCH: WHAT IT'S MADE OF The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol, the written plan of the study. Protocols are well kn~wn as devices for seeking grant funds, but they also have a vital scientific function: helping the investigator to organize her research in a logical, focused...
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...Assignment #4: Behaviorism Chasity K. Horton March 3, 2011 Development of Lifespan EDPR 2111-008 ABSTRACT The article I have chosen to review is titled Children Learn by Monkey See, Monkey Do. Chimps Don’t. (Zimmer, 2005). The topic of the article is Derek Lyons, a graduate student at Yale University, was doing an observation over how children learn compared to chimpanzees. He observed a little girl by named Charlotte to help him with his studies. I plan to show the similarities between the observation of Charlotte, the Bobo doll study and the social learning theory. From the article, I can conclude that the social learning theory when dealing with children is very true because everything that Charlotte imitated everything that the model or adult did even if it could have been avoided. The article I chose was written after Derek Lyons, observed a preschooler by the name of Charlotte. Lyons used an experiment from two psychologists at the University of St. Andrews which showed how young chimps retrieved food from a box. Lyons did the exact same thing that the psychologists did with the chimps with many other kids including Charlotte. Even though, Lyons did the same thing with the kids as the psychologist did with the chimps, the results were different. From Lyons observation, he saw that children will copy or imitate everything they see, while chimps will not. After observing Charlotte, Lyons found that humans are hard-wired to learn by imitation, even when it is clearly...
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...Describe and evaluate social explanations for aggression (16 + 8 marks) There are a number of different theories which offer explanations for aggression. These include social psychological explanations and biological explanations. Some of the social explanations are social learning theory and deindividuation. Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura and is based on the behaviourist approach that our aggressive behaviour is learnt. He proposed that it is similar to operant conditioning where learning takes place due to observation and imitation. H explains that modelling has an influential role on the manner of the aggression, as if role models are seen t be aggressive this encourages those who observe them to exert similar behaviour. He also explains that vicarious learning takes place which is indirect rewarding of behaviour. AN example of this would include a child observing another child hitting someone in order to get the toy they desired. A number of factors influence the aggression levels learnt and shown in individuals, one of which is self-efficacy. This refers to the ability to perform the aggressive act, thus we are only likely to be aggressive if it is likely that we will succeed! Other characteristics of models influence whether someone will imitate behaviour, as if they have high power and status or are similar to he individual then this is likely to increase imitation. Therefore violence in the media is an increasing problem in the world today. ...
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...University of Phoenix Material Key Theories of Child Development Worksheet Part I: Fill in the following table with information regarding the main theories identified in the Key Child Developmental Theories activity. |Theory |Approach to research (research |Components of the approach |Historical milestones of the | | |design) | |theory | |Psychosocial Theory |Clinical and case study method |Emphasis on individual’s unique |1940’s observed that Yurok | | | |life history |Indians deprived babies of | | | | |breastfeeding for the first ten | | | | |days of life | |Social Learning Theory |Modeled behaviors |Emphasis on behavior |1992, 2001 places strong | | | |modification |emphasis on how children think | | | | |about themselves and other | | | ...
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...Objectives of Case The company chicken coop , a quick service restaurant , had been growing by about 10% per year, even when the industry growth rate is just 5% per year but in 1995, for the first time , sales were down in 20 The Coop’s stores. To find out the reason behind this underperformance, two top managers of the Coop had suggested systematic market research for better quality and customer service. His managers suggested market research techniques like Quality Inspection Program, Controlled taste tests. Also Brand Image Monitoring Survey and Customer Experience Study were some of the method suggested by Trevor Wallace, vice president of Marketing. The objective of case is to decide which course of action Daryl Buckmeister , CEO of the company , should take? Whether he should put large investment in market research? Which of these proposed programs he should implement? Major Marketing Problem The Coop’s had always given preference to food items to create value priced meal. After little investigation Buckmeister came to know about degradation of performance standards in some of the kitchen. Also he found out some of the stuffs were not trained properly. Few of the customers also were dissatisfied with the food price of the Coop and they feel its food items are overpriced than the food price of their competitors. Another area of investigation was The Coop’s marketing spending. Although according to CEO, The Coop’s share of voice was comparable to that of KFC but...
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...Literature Review: Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total Laryngectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Name Affiliation Date ABSTRACT Objectives: Enlargement of the tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is a challenging complication after laryngectomy with TEP. We sought to estimate the rate of enlarged puncture, associated pneumonia rates, potential risk factors, and conservative treatments excluding complete surgical TEP closure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted (1978–2008). A summary risk estimate was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: Twenty-seven peer-reviewed manuscripts were included. The rate of enlarged puncture and/or leakage around the prosthesis was reported in 23 articles (range, 1% to 29%; summary risk estimate, 7.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8% to 9.6%). Temporary removal of the prosthesis and TEP- site injections were the most commonly reported conservative treatments. Prosthetic diameter (p =.076) and timing of TEP (p = .297) were analyzed as risk factors; however, radiotherapy variables were inconsistently reported. Conclusions: The overall risk of enlarged puncture seems relatively low, but it remains a rehabilitative challenge. Future research should clearly establish risk factors for enlarged puncture and optimal conservative management. Keywords: tracheoesophageal puncture, total laryngectomy, enlarged tracheoesophageal puncture, complications, leakage Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total...
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...The Behaviourist Approach 1a) Outline two assumptions of the Behaviourist Approach (4 marks) One assumption of the Behaviourist Approach is that they believe the environment influences behaviour. An example of this behaviour would be social learning theory were it is believed that we learn through observing and imitating models such as parents this is known as environmental determinism. Another assumption of the Behaviourist Approach is that they believe scientific methods should be used only to study behaviour which is observable. They believe mental behaviour cannot be objectively measured, so choose to only study actions that can be observed, e.g. the learning of aggression via lab experiments by ‘Bandura’. 1b) Describe the Social Learning Theory of Aggression (8 marks) The Social Learning Theory (SLT) is learning through observing and imitating models such as parents or people in the media. It is a behaviourist theory because it can be tested in a controlled environment (laboratory) and conclusions from observations can be drawn, and behaviourists say we learn from our environment. Bandura (1977) also claimed that for social learning to take place individuals must undergo four stages. The first one being attention, individuals will learn the Aggressive Behaviour if they observe the model’s behaviour. Secondly, retention, the behaviour must be remembered in order for the individual to apply it. The third stage is reproduction: individuals must be able to reproduce the...
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...SL Chemistry Name______________________________________________ IB Guide to Writing Lab Reports Standard and Higher Level Chemistry 2010-2011 Table of Contents page 1 Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints page 2 - 13 IB Laboratory Evaluation Rubric page 14 - 15 Formal Lab Report Format page 16 Error Analysis Types of Experimental Errors page 17 Error Analysis: Some Key Ideas page 18 Precision and Accuracy in Measurements A Tale of Four Cylinders Assessment of Errors and Uncertainties in IB Lab Reports Explaining Terms and Concepts in Error Analysis page 19 - 20 page 21 Mathematics of Evaluating Accuracy and Precision page 26 - 27 Rejection of Data page 28 More Examples of Propagating Error page 29 - 31 page 22 - 25 Typical Instrumental Uncertainties page 32 Checklist for Writing IB Lab Reports page 33 - 34 Please read carefully and keep this handy reference for future use in writing exemplary lab reports. Page 1 IB Guide to Writing Laboratory Reports Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints The nature of science is to investigate the world around you. An inquiring mind is essential to science. Experiments are designed by curious minds to gain insight into wonder-producing phenomena. Hopefully, this process of designing experiments, doing experiments, thinking about experimental results, and writing lab reports will tremendously benefit YOU! IB Chemistry is the challenge...
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...Chemistry IA Notes Design Research Question 1. Investigate a causal relationship. How does ‘X’ affect ‘Y’. ‘X’ and ‘Y’ need to be measurable. Eg. How does molecular mass of straight chain alcohol affect boiling point? Hypothesis 1. Predict the relationship and no need of the magnitude. Eg. As the molecular mass increases , the boiling point increases. 2. Explain the logic behind the hypothesis- Eg. As the molecular mass increases the B.P increases, the London Force increases, so does the IMF, more heat is required to separate, therefore more heat is needed. Apparatus and Materials ● Apparatus : Devices, Usable. Eg. Beaker. ● Materials : Not reusable. Eg. Alcohol Variables 1. Independent Variable - There are five increments. These increments would be tested. Eg. the molecular mass- 100 g, 101 g, 102 g, 103 g, 104 g. Trials a b c d 1 2 3 2. Dependent Variable - How to measure? How to calculate? Write the equation. 3. Controlled Variable- Have at least 3-5 Variable Significance How? Value Precautions 1. Mention whether it was flammable or toxic. Method 1. Precise and easy to follow. Data Collecting and Processing Collecting Qualitative Data 1. Always write in the point form. 2. Tell the time, when happened what. Eg. when did you see the flame? Quantitative Data Trials Ethanol 1 2 Median Value for Ethanol Standard Deviation Processing Plot the graph. 1. r^2 shows how much data is spread...
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