...This lab explored techniques in steam-distillation to extract clove oil from ground cloves. In the second part of the experiment, designed by the students, eugenol was isolated from clove oil via chemically active extraction, using acid-base chemistry. This isolated compound was analyzed via Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography. Eugenol, eugenol acetate and caryophyllene (Figure 1) were isolated from ground cloves via steam distillation. To do this, 5.04g of ground cloves were added to a 500mL round bottom flask with 40mL of dH2O, boiling stones and 3 drops of an antifoaming agent (to prevent violent boiling). The contents of the flask were heated using a heating mantle for 75 minutes. The distillate was condensed through a water jacket...
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...http://www.kewpid.com 1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of other substances 1) Construct word and balanced chemical equations of chemical reactions as they are encountered • Methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water • CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2) Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from refining of petroleum Generally, demand for petrol exceeds supply produced from fractional distillation of crude oil. Thus, oil refineries increase the proportion of the desired hydrocarbon (ie ethylene) by converting lower demand fractions. This process is called catalytic cracking. Catalytic Cracking: process where high molecular weight fractions from crude oil are broken into lower molecular weight compounds. 3) Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed into many suitable products The two bonds of ethylene are not identical. The second bond (pi-bond) is weaker than the first bond (sigma-bond). Thus, only a small amount of energy is needed to enter the system in order to convert a double bond into a single bond. This results in ethylene’s high reactivity. 4) Identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made • • • Ethylene is polymerised to polyethylene High pressures produce soft, low density polyethylene, consisting of tangled chains (with molecular masses 100,000) 5) Identify polyethylene as an addition...
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...Acids and Bases Acids are substances that produce protons, H+. Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions, OH-. Acids taste sour, react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas, and cause certain organic dyes to change color. Acids also react with limestone, CaCO3, to produce carbon dioxide and react with bases to from salts and water. Bases taste bitter, feel slippery or soapy, and react with oil and grease. Also, bases cause certain organic dyes to change color and reacts with acids to form salts and water. Arrhenius Acids are substances that contain hydrogen and ionize to produce hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. Arrhenius bases are substances that contain a hydroxide group and dissociate to produce a hydroxide ion in an aqueous solution. Examples: Acid: hydrogen gas dissolves in water HCl (g) H+(aq) + Cl- (ag) Base: sodium hydroxide dissolves in water NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Finding pH & pOH In chemistry, pH is the negative logarithm of the activity of the hydrogen ion in an aqueous solution. The pH range goes from zero up until fourteen. Solutions with a pH less than seven are considered to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater then seven are basic. Solutions with a pH of exactly seven are said to be neutral. To calculate pH of an aqueous solution you need to know the concentration of the hydronium ion in moles per liter. Then the pH is calculated using the expression: -log {H+}. pOH is the measure of the concentration of...
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...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...
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...Gas Investment Appraise In an energy-oriented world, demand for fossil fuel is on a steady rise. The danger associated with the looming oil crisis creates the need for investment in natural gas. Current deposits of oil are dwindling, and alternatives are under scrutiny. Initial cash outlay for natural gas prospecting is high. The investments eventually pay off because the lucrative market for natural gas is booming as an alternative fuel (IAEE, 2012). Postulated figures indicate that growth in this sector of the energy market is set to hit unprecedented levels when the feasibility of oil cannot be vouched (IEA, 2012). Prospecting for energy in deep-seated seams of the earth is a costly affair; in terms of cash outlay and environmental impact. In view of this, financial appraisal is necessary to establish the viability of a project. Suitable appraisal tools applied to estimation and ascertainment of the required financial resources offer necessary effort. In order to justify the sinking of funds to a risky venture, precision is required to ensure that confidence levels guarantee the investment a healthy return. (Kalter, 1973) The difficulty involved in prospecting for energy reserves and inaccuracy of equipment involved can lead to devastating losses. This happens in sunk costs if a company fails to acquire the energy reserves it aims to drill. Feasibility studies consider the impact of several aspects on the project. The internal environment is governed...
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...What are Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons? Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of toxic organic compounds. These organic contaminants are often byproducts of the processing of crude oil or incomplete combustion consisting of many aromatic rings joined together. (1) Occurrence of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods PAHs tend to be Lipophilic in nature and there occurrence in foods can be linked to contamination by soil, water and/or air or from cooking practices at home such as roasting, grilling smoking etc.(2) High temperatures and exposure to sunlight decreases the concentration in food substances. There are over 500 PAHs but only 15 have been identified that affect foods. Figure 1 shows a list of the fifteen PAHs along with their structures. (see appendix) Sources of airborne PAHs are forest fires and volcanoes. The most important stationary anthropogenic sources include residential burning of wood, oil, gas and charcoal as well as industrial power generation, incineration, production of aluminium, iron and steel, petroleum catalytic cracking and production of asphalt, coal tar and coke. The most important mobile sources are vehicular exhausts from gasoline and diesel-powered engines. In combustion processes the formation of PAHs is reduced when combustion is more thoroughly performed but this will increase the formation of nitrogen oxides. . Formation of PAHs The formation of PAHs in foods is varied based...
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...pump. Why does this happen? Research the recent history of gasoline pricing in your area, and attempt to relate any fluctuations you observe to documented supply and demand factors outlined in our book. Be sure to cite any references used. History of gas prices for the past year in Columbus, OH are as follows: (per gasbuddy.com/charts) * JAN $3.31 * FEB $3.77 * MAR $3.95 * APR $3.71 * MAY $3.68 * JUN $3.50 * JUL $3.49 * AUG $3.68 * SEPT $3.73 * OCT $3.30 * NOV $3.49 * DEC $3.21 The highest price of the year was toward the end of March topping off at $3.96 per gallon of gas, and the lowest point of the year was mid-late December with a price of $3.04 per gallon. Looking at the time of year when gas prices were at their highest is during a time of year when many families travel which is during Spring break. Gas prices go up because they know that the demand for gas will increase. And they know that people won’t postpone a planned vacation just because gasoline has increased. On the flip, the low point of gas prices was during the Christmas shopping season. I would speculate that prices were low at the pump to allow for more spending to be done in retail stores. Gas prices fluctuate because of supply and demand. Supply is a curve that shows the amounts of a product that producers are willing and able to make available for sale at a particular price for a set period of time. Supply is that as prices rises the quantity...
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...improvements. Explain your rationale. Marathon has contracts with Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) that transport crude oil from various overseas locations to the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP). These VLCCs are capable of carrying an average of two million barrels and can take 36 to 48 hours to unload at LOOP. The crude oil is transported through a 48-inch undersea pipeline to either eight underground salt caverns with approximately 50 millions barrels storage capacity or to 600 thousand barrels of above ground storage. (Marathon Petroleum Company LLC) From there the crude oil is distributed through four pipelines to refineries in the Gulf Coast and Midwest. Marathon has access to 9,600 miles of pipeline in the U.S and transports 1,700,000 barrels per day of crude oil. (Marathon Petroleum Company LLC) One of these pipelines is called LOCAP which is a pipeline that connects the LOOP to the Capline Pipeline. This 40-inch, 667 mile pipeline runs from St. James, LA to the Midwest hub in Patoka, IL. The crude oil moves about 4 miles an hour and can take 8-10 days to arrive at the refinery. The Capline Pipeline transports up to one million barrels of crude each day. (Marathon Petroleum Company LLC) At the refinery it will take four to eight days before the crude will be processed into gasoline, diesel fuel, and other petroleum products, such as fuel oil, kerosene, asphalt, jet fuel, toluene, xylene and benzene. (Marathon Petroleum Company LLC) These products will then...
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...org/ECONOMICS/Industry.html This week we will tackle critically important issues related to oil. Where do YOU fit in? Canada + Oil = Who Knew? Check out the top petroleum exporters to the USA....you might be surprised! http://205.254.135.24/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html Oil Spills The Gulf oil spill no longer makes the new cycle but is that a good thing? Check out the current status here: http://www.restorethegulf.gov/ Rainbow Lake, Northern Alberta Canada One of the largest oil spills (on land) in North America was detected May 2012. The pipeline owned by Pace Oil and Gas ruptured. This spill was accidentally detected by a plane flying overhead. To date; more than 22,000 barrels of an oil/water emulsion has leaked. To date; 11% of this emulsion has been recovered. One year ago Plains All American Pipeline ruptured spilling 28,000 barrels of oil into Northern Alberta's forests. Oh! Canada! Pace oil & gas ltd. containment update: Rainbow lake crude emulsion leak. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/news/pace-oil-gas-ltd-containment-215334343.html Rainbow lake oil spill 2012: 22,000 barrels spill in northwestern part of alberta . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/30/rainbow-lake-oil-spill_n_1556622.html Ever wonder what really happens to oil after it has spilled into the ocean? http://lms.seos-project.eu/learning_modules/marinepollution/images/oil_weathering_900...
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...dye) or "Glacial Acetic Acid" 99.5–100% | Acetone | CH3COCH3 | Acetone | General; "nail polish remover"Discount store; Onyx, Cutex. Boating supply; "fiberglass cleaner" Hardware store; "Acetone"While composition varies from product to product, paint removers have more acetone per volume than regular nail polish remover, and industrial grade (rather than consumer grade) paint removers used by professionals + sold in bulk will contain more acetone still. Some stores sell pure acetone as well.[2] | Acetylene gas | C2H2 | Ethyne | Hardware store or Welding supply; "acetylene"By reaction of calcium carbide and water. | Acetylsalicylic acid | C9H8O4 | Aspirin | Pharmacy; "Aspirin" | Aluminium | Al | Aluminium | General; "aluminium foil"Fine art store; "metallic pigment"—powdered aluminiumFiberglass supply shop; powdered aluminium as a filler material.Refined from mined aluminum ore, or bauxite.Often coated with wax to reduce flammability. | Aluminium hydroxide | Al(OH)3 | alumina hydrate | General; "antacid tablets"—blended with magnesium hydroxideAntacid Tablets; Alu-cap, Amphojel, Dialume—100%Fine art supply: "thickening agent" | Aluminium oxide | Al2O3 | alumina | Welding/Industrial supply; "sandblasting sand"—graded sizes of crystals. Metal polishing compoundTelescope supply; grinding agent for optical componentsLapidary supply; rock polishing compound | Aluminium ammonium sulfate | AlNH4(SO4)2 | ammonium alum | General; "styptic pencils" for shavingFine art supply;...
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...MR Renato Ramirez Federal Government 2306.712S1. 29 June 2014 Fracking, is good for the economy Hydraulic fracturing, or Fracking, a technique to remove natural gas and oil from shale formations, Fracking has been blamed for contamination of drinking water, air pollution, earthquakes, water shortages, radiation discharge, and even cancer. Hydraulic fracturing . So if Fracking a good practice, why do they use all thou toxic chemicals According to the Environmental Protection Agency ; Fracking is dumping toxic chemicals into the ground to release oil ! according to the US Geological Survey the oil that they are remove is the rocker they are removing and replacing wood sand is causing earthquakes in some cases. There have been reports of tap water catching fire from: methane gas eating into the water supplies around these frocking wells. but Fracking is great for the economy it's lousy for the Environment and infrastructure but it's great for the economy . People get make lots of money, and wealth they spend it in the towns . they live in the man camp they go to these hotels are popping up everywhere. you can't find a place to park in the roadside diners that are full of oilfield workers. Yes and make it is good for the economy Clearly, some hydraulic fracturing fluids contain chemicals deemed to be "hazardous wastes." Even if these chemicals are diluted it is unconscionable that EPA is allowing these substances to be injected directly into underground sources...
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...PROJECT Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Purpose 4 1.2 Scope 4 1.3 Sources 4 2. Company Background 4 3. Benchmark 5 4. Capital Market Analysis 6 4.1 Share Ownership 6 4.2 Share Trading and Liquidity 9 4.2.1 Stock Liquidity 9 4.2.2 Bid-Ask Spread 10 4.3 52 Weeks High and Low 12 4.4 News and Disclosure Analysis 14 4.5 Analyst Coverage 17 5. Business Analysis 26 5.1 Macroeconomic Analysis 26 5.1.1 Economic Factors 26 5.1.1.1 GDP Growth 26 5.1.1.2 Exchange Rate 27 5.1.1.3 Interest Rate 28 5.1.2 Legal Factors 28 5.1.2 Market Factors 29 5.2 Industry Analysis 29 5.2.1 Rivalry Among Existing Companies 29 5.2.2 Threat of Substitutes or Services 30 5.2.2.1 Shale Gas 31 5.2.2.2 Biofuels and Renewable Resource 31 5.2.3 Threat of New Entrants 31 5.2.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers 32 5.2.5 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 33 5.3 Business Strategy Analysis 33 5.3.1 Cooperating With Woolworth 33 5.3.2 Domestic Market 34 5.3.3 Packaging Changing Plan 34 6. Management Quality and Corporate Governance Analysis 35 6.1 Management Quality 35 6.2 Internal Corporate Governance 37 6.3 External Governance 40...
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...drops of conc. H2SO4 to form an ester is called etherification. ANS [b] Saponification – Alkaline hydrolysis of an ester to give the salt of the corresponding acid and the alcohol is called saponification. It is reverse of Esterification. For example, O O O ANS [c] Dehydration means removal of a molecule of water. When ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 at 443K, it undergoes dehydration to form ethene. 2. An organic compound A having molecular fomula C2H4O2 reacts with Sodium metal Na evolves a gas B which readily catches fire. A also reacts with Ethanol in the presence of concentrated Sulphuric acid to form a sweet smelling substance C in making perfumes. a) Identify the compounds A, B and C. b) Write balanced chemical equation to represent the conversion of i. Compound A to compound B. ii. Compound A to compound C. ANS [2-i] Since the Organic compound A with molecular formula C2H4O2 reacts with sodium metal to form a gas B which catches fire, therefore, gas B must be H2 and compound A must be ethanoic acid. File downloaded from: http://cbseadda.blogspot.com/ Page 1 10th Carbon and Its Compounds 2CH3COOH + 2Na → Ethanoic acid, A Solved Paper-3 2CH3COONa + (Sodium ethanoate) H2 hydrogen, B [Catches fire] ANS [2-ii] We know that esters are sweet smelling substances which are used in perfumes. These are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in presence of conc. H2SO4. Since new compound A (i.e., Ethanoic ...
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...APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL SENSORS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. The chemical information, mentioned above, may originate from a chemical reaction of the analyte or from a physical property of the system investigated. Chemical sensors its application in various fields of engineering like civil, environment, medical, biotechnology and mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design,manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It implements core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transportsystems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and more. There are a lot of potential areas where chemical sensors play a key role in innumerable processes concerning to functioning and safety in manufacturing plants , transport, aerospace, automobiles , combustion engines which are a few applications of mechanical engineering concepts. The monitoring and control of combustion-related emissions is a top priority in many Industries. The real challenge is not only to develop highly sensitive and selective sensors, but...
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