...subsidize increase in energy efficiency or renewable energy. In this paper we evaluate the lifecycle environmental benets of the Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS) (or commonly `Cash-for-clunkers') which provided a subsidy for voluntary early retirement and replacement of low fuel economy automobiles with new, higher fuel economy vehicles. We nd that the estimates of benets hinge crucially on the assumption about what type of vehicle would have been purchased in the counterfactual scenario. Estimates are signicantly less sensitive to assumptions about the remaining useful life of vehicles traded-in and the rebound eect. Our prediction is that CARS program lead to a reduction of 9.1 to 17.8 million metric tonnes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 850 to 1600 million gallon reduction in gasoline use over a 13 year period. The average subsidy per tonne of avoided GHG lies between $142 and $278. Disaggregation of benets based on the fuel economy of the clunker reveals opportunities for better aligning incentives and program benets in future UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES Working...
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...“FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT” FINAL PROJECT: INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS SUBMITTED ON: 21.9.2014 SUBMITTED TO: Muhammed Ali Saeed SUBMITTED BY: Hira Saeed Amber Mirza Omer Khalid Yumna Fayyaz Maham Siddique Sidra Fawad Marium Zaman COMPANY INFORMATION FAUJI FERTILIZER COMPANY (FFC): Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited (FFC) is the largest chemical fertilizer producer of Pakistan with biggest market share in the country. It was established by the Fauji Fertilizer which holds a controlling interest. The company was listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange in 1991. Based on the exemplary dividends to the shareholders and other criteria of Karachi Stock Exchange, FFC has consistently remained in the list of top 25 best performing companies of Pakistan consecutively for 14 years since 1994. As a result of excellent performance over the years, the company's ranking in the Karachi Stock Exchange list of 25 companies improved from fifth position in 1995 to second in 1996, it was awarded the first position in 1997 and again second prize in 1998. As of 2007, the company is at the 5th position. DGK CEMENT (DGKC): DGKhan Cement Company Limited (DGKCC) was established under the management control of State Cement Corporation of Pakistan Limited (SCCP) in 1978 as private limited company. DGKCC started its commercial production...
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...I am working with Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited which is involved in Oil Refining and Marketing Business. BPCL is also making inroads in exploration i.e. upward integration. Oil and Gas being one of the strategic sectors from development as well as defense point of view and hence been largely controlled by the Indian government. Prior to independence only Multinational like Burma Shell, Caltex etc. were operating in India. Due to strategic importance M/s Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) for Oil refining and Marketing and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) for Oil exploration were established by the Government. Later on in 1976, based on the experience in Indo China war, MNCs closed their operation and Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPC) was formed by nationalization of Burma Shell and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation (HPC) by nationalization of Caltex Esso were established by the Government. In 1990s Government of India started inviting private sector in Oil Refining and Marketing and as a result Reliance Industries and Essar Oil limited established large capacities of Oil refining and started creating marketing network. Major products in Oil marketing are: * Motor spirit (Petrol), HSD (Diesel) & SKO * LPG * Aviation * Industrial Products * Lubricant In 1992, Government of India decontrolled lubricant business which gave entry to lot of international players to establish themselves in Indian market giving a tough competition to state players like...
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...Engro Chemical Pakistan Ltd. 40. Wah Noble Chemicals Ltd. 13. Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Ltd. 41. Wyeth Pakistan Ltd. 14. Fauji Fertilizer Company Ltd. 42. Zulfeqar Industries Ltd. 15. Ferozsons Laboratories Ltd. 16. FFC Jordan Fertilizer Company Ltd. 1. Attock Petroleum Ltd. 17. Gatron Industries Ltd. 2. Attock Refinery Ltd. 18. Glaxo Smith Kline Pakistan Ltd. 3. Byco Petroleum Pakistan Ltd. 19. Highnoon Laboratories Ltd. 4. National Refinery Ltd. 20. I. C. I. Pakistan Ltd. 5. 21. Ittehad Chemicals Ltd. Oil Companies Advisory Committee (Formerly Pakistan Petroleum) 6. Pak Arab Refinery Ltd. 22. Leiner Pak Gelatine Ltd. 7. Pakistan Oilfields Ltd. 23. Linde Pakistan Ltd. (Formerly BOC Pakistan) 8. Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. 24. Lotte Pakistan PTA Ltd. 9. Pakistan Refinery Ltd. 25. Mandviwalla Maser & Plastic Industries Ltd. 10. Pakistan State Oil (PSO) 26. Nimir Industrial Chemical Ltd. 11. Shell Gas Lpg (Pakistan) Ltd. 27. Nimir Resins Ltd. 12. Shell Pakistan Ltd. Otsuka Pakistan Ltd. Pak Chem (Previously Pakistan Gum & Chemical Ltd) Pakistan Chemmical & Dyes Merchants...
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...Factors 23 SWOT ANALYSIS 24 Strengths 24 Weaknesses 24 Opportunities 25 Threats 25 REFERENCES 26 Synopsis of Development and Growth of Shell Pakistan Shell Pakistan’s History The Shell brand name enjoys a 100-year history in the subcontinent region, dating back to 1899 when Asiatic Petroleum, the far eastern marketing arm of two companies: Shell Transport Company and Royal Dutch Petroleum Company began importing kerosene oil from Azerbaijan into the subcontinent. The documented history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Indo_Pakistan subcontinent dates back to 1903 when partnership was struck between The Shell Transport & Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to supply petroleum to Asia. In 1928, to enhance their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distribution Company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51% of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell (PBS) Limited. The Shell and the Burmah Groups retained the remaining 49% in equal proportions. In February of 1993, as economic liberalization began...
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...Balance Calculations for Oil Reservoirs A general material balance equation that can be applied to all reservoir types was first developed by Schilthuis in 1936. Although it is a tank model equation, it can provide great insight for the practicing reservoir engineer. It is written from start of production to any time (t) as follows: Expansion of oil in the oil zone + Expansion of gas in the gas zone + Expansion of connate water in the oil and gas zones + Contraction of pore volume in the oil and gas zones + Water influx + Water injected + Gas injected = Oil produced + Gas produced + Water produced Mathematically, this can be written as: C S N ( B t - B ti ) + G ( B g - B gi ) + ( NB ti + GB gi ) w wi ∆ p t 1 - S wi Cf + ( NB ti + GB gi ) ∆ p t + W e + W I B Iw + G I B Ig 1 - S wi = N p B t + N p ( R p - R soi ) B g + W p B w Where: N Np G GI Gp We WI Wp Bti Boi Bgi Bt Bo Bg Bw BIg = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = initial oil in place, STB cumulative oil produced, STB initial gas in place, SCF cumulative gas injected into reservoir, SCF cumulative gas produced, SCF water influx into reservoir, bbl cumulative water injected into reservoir, STB cumulative water produced, STB initial two-phase formation volume factor, bbl/STB = Boi initial oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB initial gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF two-phase formation volume factor, bbl/STB = Bo + (Rsoi - Rso) Bg oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF...
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...9-201-113 REV: AUGUST 27, 2001 D O LISA MEULBROEK Risk Management at Apache N Introduction O By March of 2001, managers at Apache Corporation, an independent oil and gas exploration and production company, had reason to be optimistic. While oil prices had softened somewhat recently, at $27 a barrel they were much higher than the pernicious levels of 1998, when oil bottomed out at $11 per barrel. Apache had just closed on the acquisition of Repsol in Egypt's Western desert and, along with its partner Shell Overseas Holdings, had also acquired Fletcher Challenge Energy, for a combined cost of $1 billion. The value of such acquisitions, however, depended in large part on the future prices of oil and gas. To decrease its exposure to oil and gas price volatility, Apache had begun a limited hedging program centered mostly on its recently acquired properties. Apache’s managers knew that hedging could create its own risks, and so it seemed prudent to re-evaluate the success of the new program. The decision facing Apache’s managers was whether the firm should continue hedging, and if so, should its current program be extended beyond hedging the revenues from acquisitions? T CO Apache Corporation PY Apache Corporation was founded in 1954 by Raymond Plank, its current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Plank’s son, Roger, was the company’s current CFO, but the company was not controlled by the Plank family, and in fact, officers and...
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...PE (x) EV/EBITDA (x) Price/book value (x) ROIC (%) 1. Post-goodwill amortisation and pre-exceptional items Accounting Standard: Local GAAP Source: Company data, ABN AMRO forecasts Sell n/a Neutral (from Hold) Absolute performance Short term (0-60 days) Market relative to region Integrated Oil & Gas India Price Rs1700.00 FY06A 812113 144050 96046.9 96046.9 78.5 10.0 0.59 21.6 17.6 6.60 13.0 FY07F 1053630 182100 115113 115113 94.1 11.0& 0.65 18.1 14.6 4.29 17.5 FY08F 982038 FY09F 927646 660513 126574 75716.4 75716.4 61.8 7.50 0.44 27.5 19.6 5.18 9.74 Target price 181809& 210725% 122300% 137078% 122300 100.0% 12.0 0.71 17.0& 15.0 3.48 10.6 137078 106.8% 14.0% 0.82 15.9& 12.3 2.54 10.3 Rs1300.00 (from Rs1250.00) Market capitalisation Rs2.37t (US$57.99bn) Avg (12mth) daily turnover Rs1376.07m (US$31.05m) Reuters Bloomberg RELI.BO RIL IN year to Mar, fully diluted Limited earnings growth We estimate RIL's EPS at Rs100-113 over FY08-10, growth of just 6% pa. Our FY10 estimates are 26% below consensus on account of our cautious view on refining/petchem margins and assumption of an appreciating rupee (Rs/US$ will average 41 in FY08, 39.35 in FY09 and 38.40 thereafter). Our FY09-10 estimates now assume oil from KG-D6 and higher prices for KG-D6 gas. Impressive execution capability We...
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...Natural Gas Conversion Pocketbook 1 2 Contents Conversion Tables Standard 4 - 15 Key Assumptions 16 - 17 Natural Gas (NG) 18 - 21 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 22 - 23 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 24 - 25 Inter-Fuel 26 - 37 References/Links 38 Copyright © 2012 International Gas Union (IGU). The entire content of this publication is protected by copyrights, full details of which are available from the publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the copyright owner. 3 Standard Conversion Tables Conversion factors are rounded up to at most four decimal places for approximation purpose. (1) Length multiply by centimetre (cm) kilometre (km) inch (in) foot (ft) yard (yd) mile 0.01 cm metre (m) 1.0 x 10-5 0.3937 0.0328 0.0109 6.214 x 10-6 0.001 39.37 3.281 1.094 6.214 x 10-4 m km 100,000 1,000 in 2.54 0.0254 2.540 x 10-5 ft 30.48 0.3048 3.048 x 10-4 12 yd 91.44 0.9144 9.144 x 10 -4 36 3 mile 4 100 160,934 1,609 1.609 63,360 5,280 39,370 3,281 1,094 0.6214 0.0833 0.0278 1.578 x 10-5 0.3333 1.894 x 10-4 5.682 x 10-4 1,760 Example: To convert...
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...Magoon, L. B, and W. G. Dow, eds., 1994, The petroleum system—from source to trap: AAPG Memoir 60. Chapter 13 H ydrocarbon Traps K evin T. Biddle C harles C. Wielchowsky Exxon Exploration Company Houston, Texas, U.S.A. A bstract Trap identification is a first step in prospect evaluation and an important part of any exploration or assessment program. Future success in exploration will depend increasingly on an improved understanding of how traps are formed and an appreciation of the numerous varieties of trap types that exist We define a trap as any geometric arrangement of rock that permits significant accumulation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface. A trap must include a reservoir rock in which to store hydrocarbons, and a seal or set of seals that impede or stop migration out of the reservoir. Although it is the geometric arrangement of reservoirs and seals that determines if a trap is present, both reservoir and seal analysis should be an integral part of trap evaluation. Traps can be divided into three broad categories: structural traps, stratigraphic traps, and combination traps, which exhibit both structural and stratigraphic elements. We have subdivided structural traps into fold traps, traps associated with faults, traps associated with piercement features, and combination traps that require elements of both faults and folds for effectiveness. Stratigraphic traps can be grouped into primary or depositional traps, traps associated with unconformities ...
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...Online via Turn It In with one hard copy to the Examinations Department Assessment Type: An individual presentation and type-written assignment Student: Aliaskar Batyrbek Student ID: NE/WICKL/UWIC/BABS/1011/0117 Assignment Topic: An investigation study of development of oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan Table of Contents 2 Introduction 4 2.1 Country Profile 4 2.2 History of industry 4 3 Research Objectives 5 4 Literature Review 6 4.1 Geographic Factor 6 4.1.1 Major Oilfields 8 4.1.2 Export Operating Pipelines 9 4.2 Government Policies 11 4.3 Financial Factor and R&D Factor 12 4.4 Market Prospects 14 4.4.1 Market players 14 4.4.2 Production 15 4.4.3 Consumption 16 5 Research Methodology 18 6 Time Scale / Gantt Chart 19 7 References 20 Figure 1 4 Figure 2 (KMG, 2012) 5 Figure 3 (BP, 2012) 5 Figure 4 (European Dialogue, 2012) 6 Figure 5 (BP, 2012) 6 Figure 6 (CIA, 2012) 8 Figure 7 (Centre for Global Energy Studies, 2012) 9 Figure 8 (Centre for Global Energy Studies, 2012) 9 Figure 9 (The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2012) 10 Figure 10 (S. Arkhipov., W. Brennan., G. Elfond., N. Lv., A. Omarova., 2010) 12 Figure 11 (BP, 2012) 14 Figure 12 (BP, 2012) 14 Figure 13 (BP, 2012) 15 Figure 14 (BP, 2012) 15 Figure 15 (EIA, 2012) 15 Figure 16 17 Figure 17 18 Introduction Country Profile Kazakhstan is a country, located in Central Asia....
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...Harvard Business Review July-August 1960 • Shortsighted managements often fail to recognize that in fact there is no such thing as a growth industry. MARKETING MYOPIA By Theodore Levitt Every major industry was once a growth industry. But some that are now riding a wave of growth enthusiasm are very mueh in the shadow of decline. Others whieh are thought of as seasoned growth industries have actually stopped growing. In every case the reason growth is threatened, slowed, or stopped is not because the market is saturated. It is because there has been a failure of management. business. The reason they defined their industry wrong was because they were railroad-oriented instead of transportation-oriented; they were produetoriented instead of customer-oriented. e Hollywood barely escaped being totally ravished by television. Actually, all the established film companies went through drastic reorganizations. Some simply disappeared. All of them got into trouble not because of TV's inroads hut because of their own myopia. As with the railroads, Hollywood defined its husiness incorrectly. It thought it was in the movie husiness when it was actually in the entertainment husiness. "Movies" implied a specific, limited produet. This produced a fatuous contentment which from the beginning led producers to view TV as a threat. HollywootI scorncxi and rejected TV when it should have welcomed it as an opportunity — an opportunity to expand the entertainment husiness. Today TV is a bigger...
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...we know today as British Petroleum is the result of several companies being bought and sold over many years. One of the companies, Standard Oil Company was created in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller in Cleveland Ohio. By 1892, while still not selling gas products, Standard Oil companies was providing lubricating products to keeps parts on horse drawn wagons moving friction-free. One of the other companies, the Angelo-Persian Oil Company was formed in 1905. By 1908 they were producing gas products and in 1912 they discovered a way to double the output of gasoline produced from a barrel of oil. At the same time they were able to find a way to increase the octane level of the gasoline produced. Industry Analysis Today, British Petroleum is one of the largest energy companies in the world. They provide their customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, retail services and petrochemical products for everyday household use. British Petroleum is involved in exploring for oil and other natural resources that can be converted into power. British Petroleum is committed to finding fuel sources that reduce green house gases and reduces the carbon footprint. They hope to accomplish as they research and refine alternative fuel sources such as fossil fuels, solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and natural gas. Competition in the oil and energy industry is furious. British Petroleum competes with companies like Exxon-Mobil and Chevron in three major sectors; Energy and Utilities...
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...NAME: DATE: 7/10/11 COURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1010 INSTRUCTOR: TITLE: ENERGY SOURCES AND USES IN GREECE AND E.U. Introduction: The primary energy sources in our days are fossil fuels which are the natural gas, oil, coal, the nuclear power and other renewable sources, and as a secondary energy source, the electricity power. In Greece 86.3% of primary energy sources come from fossil fuels and especially 85.4% is coal. Coal has a high environmental impact when burned, because of the huge amount of soot and carbon dioxin released in the atmosphere, but also has a direct impact in our health, for example can cause asthma. This huge consumption can be explained because in Greece 70% of electricity comes from coal. Most European countries depend in the use of fossil fuels. But as it referred above, fossil fuels are extremely dangerous to our planet and for our health. So we must find a solution in reducing the consumption of these harmful energy sources and focus in the increase of consumption of the renewable sources which have the least environmental impact. The start has been made. European Union, decided to reduce by 20% the carbon emissions, compared to 1999, until 2020. This step brings us closer to the use of Renewable energy. Materials: PCs and access to Internet Use of Excel Rulers Sources: 1)http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-CD-10-220/EN/KS-CD-10-220-EN.PDF the Eurostat yearbook 2010, Chapter 11...
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...Riordan Current Business Practices Audit MGT/360 University of Phoenix Riordan Current Business Practices Audit Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer with locations in California, Georgia, Michigan, and China. The vice president of operations decided to develop a sustainability plan. Team A has been assigned the task to conduct a business audit to evaluate the Riordan’s current business practices at each location. The audit provides valuable information to identify the nonsustainable business practices and how each effects the environment. The subject in this paper is how Riordan Manufacturing will identify their nonsustainable practices, federal regulations, mandatory, and voluntary actions necessary to implement a successful sustainability plan. Nonsustainable Business Practices The business practice audits brought to light three nonsustainable practices. The three practices highlighted by the audit include wasted energy from the plants, the use of toxic cleaning solvents, and spilled ink. These three business practices can be very harmful to the environment. Burning fossil fuels for energy creates gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and volatile organic compounds. These gases cause air pollution. They can cause several kinds of air pollution, particular matter, smog, and ozone (New Energy Alternative, 2008). Air pollution can travel thousands of miles and can harm areas that burn fossil fuels sparingly. The next nonsustainable...
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