...Poland. America's Western European allies, however, refused to bow to U.S. pressure to boycott the pipeline, insisting that contracts already signed between the Soviets and European companies needed to be honoured. This led to several European companies being sanctioned by the U.S. Government. Reagan reportedly said "Well, they can have their damned pipeline, but not with American equipment and not with American technology." The efforts by the U.S. pressure to prevent the construction of the pipeline, and its export embargo of supplies for the pipeline (1980–1984) constituted one of the most severe transatlantic crises of the Cold War. Russia-Ukraine gas dispute The Russia–Ukraine gas disputes refer to a number of disputes between Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftogaz Ukrainy and Russian gas supplier Gazprom over natural gas supplies, prices, and debts. These disputes have grown beyond simple business disputes into transnational political issues—involving political leaders from several countries—that threaten natural gas supplies in numerous European countries dependent on natural gas imports from Russian suppliers,...
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...and economic geography on the politics, national power, and foreign policy of the states. It’s the combination of geographic and political factors influencing a country or a region. It is also the national policy based on the inter-relation of politics and geography. Geopolitics combines the study of geography with the study of politics. Geography refers to a physical landforms, size and resources while politics refers to relations between among state origin. The geopolitical environment refers to a region’s political situation while considering the countries’ geography, history, economic situation, religion, culture, and governmental structure. It may also relates either to a single to a single country situation or the one of an entire continent. The geopolitical environment of the Middle East for example is frequently discussed. Launched in the beginning of the XX century by Swedish politic scientist, Rudolph Kjellen, it has become a popular term used by political scientist, historians, etc. The analysis of a region’s geopolitical environment attempts to get a sense of the values aspect of a region’s politics, culture, and industry. The geopolitical environment may vary overtime, even tough the geography may remains static, the changing world environment can affect an area’s political power. As the world in presently depending on oil, area’s rich in oil resources have more power but if alternative energy source become common, oil rich countries and regions may...
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...Who were the muckrakers and what impact did they have? During the Progressive Era Theodore Roosevelt had given the term “Muckrakers” to the US journalists and other writers who exposed the corruption of business and politics in the early 20th century. The Muckrakers work had just started at the turn of the century. What was their interest when it came down to social concern? Muckrakers had a major impact on the public’s opinion toward the business world and the politics just through their articles. Theodore Roosevelt trust-busting activities where known to inspire muckrakers in the early 1900’s the magazines that covered this was considered the most popular magazines and newspapers at this time. Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who had stirred...
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...argument lies in the assumption of a neat separation between markets and politics. In this idealized world, politics can be counted on to deliver the regulations needed to rein in corporate greed and malfeasance. Then corporations can safely be left in the hands of managers whose sole interest is maximizing profits. I have a lot of sympathy for this perspective. If politics really worked as advertised, it would make perfect sense to leave social issues to the deliberation of our elected officials. The problem with this perspective is that government failure is just as common as market failure. Certainly markets can fail because there are too few firms, consumers have inadequate information, or because pollution affects innocent bystanders who do not even buy the product that is polluting their air or water. But government can fail, too, sometimes because it is just too big and bloated to deliver what it promises. Often, government fails because of the vigorous lobbying efforts of special interest groups. Sometimes these groups extract special favors that protect them from foreign competition (think sugar quotas that prevent Brazil from selling us cane sugar). Other times lobbying protects firms from regulations that would force them to pay for the environmental damage they cause (think former Vice President Cheney's "secret energy task force," which worked behind closed doors to ensure the views of the oil industry were enshrined in public policy). Exxon -- until it was...
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...Gabriel Laurencin Jr Political Science Assignment VI April 17, 2015 The last three months of college have offered me opportunity to learn and understand the science that is involved in politics. Politics can be simplified into smaller components and an easier understanding by studying how it works and the systems of which they operate. This is what we call a social science. According to Britannica Encyclopedia Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government and the analysis of political activity and political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as the determining of the distribution of power and resources. When I started the political science class my views on politics were negative. Negative in the sense that I wanted little to do with politics. My view of politics was a form of corruption were citizens were robbed. My recent studies of the political science have changed my views, interest, and expectations of politics. Growing up in the Virgin Islands my generation has heard and seen very little positive talks about politics. My definition of politics before my political science class was fairly simple. I thought politics were a group or an entity of elected officials that controlled government money. I learned that I was not one 100% right but there was way more to that one simple word. The very first thing that political science made me understand is the importance...
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...interrelationship of political science and geography, since I am currently taking up a major subject which is geopolitics. As i have undergone the learning process of my degree program, International Studies and this subject, Political Science 2, I have realized that it is necessary for a concerned citizen, an IS student, a diplomat, and most especially a political scientist to know how geography affects the arising of global issues and international politics. It is the simplest way, the actions of individuals and societies are influenced by the physical environments, particularly climate, food, soil, etc. The geographical and physical factors greatly affect or influence the character, the national life of the people, and their political institutions. Without geography, I think the political concept can't go this far. This branch of learning is just so important to explain why such phenomena happened in the past and are happening today. Say for example those nations that are rich in natural resources may become more powerful in world politics. Another concrete example in the issue in recent months with regards to the tension between China and the Philippines over their claims to the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It can obviously indicate the presence of geography in this global issue because these islands are included in the 200 nautical miles- economic zone of the Philippines but China also claims that two island groups are falling entirely within its territory. The...
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...genetic engineering irons out misconceptions from our consciousness. Did I mention how lovely genetic engineering is? Society is powered by peer pressure, one of the most powerful forces in the world. As long as peer pressure uses its power for good, genetic engineering will have its place in society. Economic Factors The preceding section may have shed some light on society but to really understand man you must know how he spends his money. We will study the JTB-Guide-Dog model, which I hope will be familiar to most readers. Oil Prices genetic engineering When displayed this way it becomes very clear that genetic engineering is of great importance. Well oil prices will eventually break free from the powerful influence of genetic engineering, but not before we see a standardised commercial policy for all. Perhaps to coin a phrase genetic engineeringeconomics will be the buzz word of the century Political Factors Machiavellian politics is rife. Are our...
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...Rotman commerce Political Risk Assessment of Foreign Investment in Mexico Siyu Li 997707209 RSM491 Mexico is a democratic country in Central America that has a reputation for being a poor and dependent country. However, its democratic title and recent political movement has inched it toward stability politically. The country is comprised primarily of two parties with several smaller ones, much like the US and other countries, including the National Action Party (NAP), a conservative group, and more moderate Institutional Revolution Party (PRI). These two powers have experienced much deadlock and turmoil in the past few presidential elections to the dismay of Mexicans, who appear to simply be interested in the progress of the country and not necessarily just one political group. This paper’s intention is to outline the political ecology of Mexican government and offer a look into the risks and rewards possible from an economic standpoint as the result. Political movement of late has primarily involved the election of President Enrique Pena Nieto, a very young and idealistic leader who has nevertheless brought the country together politically by working both sides of the aisle and offering a moderate rather than liberal viewpoint. John-Paul Rathbone writes that “What made this display of Latin cordiality so notable, though, was that it took place on the second day of President Enrique...
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...Edberg Espinoza Why some politic are independents and do not follow the biggest parties. As you know there are two major parties, Republican and Democrats. The Republican are very conservative their ideology is fiscal conservatism. They do not mind spending money in large amounts in the army or military actions approved. But beyond that, hate spend on somebody else. Especially if it benefits all Americans and especially dual benefits of freedom and indoctrination supporting low-income school prayer, creationism in classrooms, religious symbols displayed in public and religious speech, prayer and ceremony that is allowed in all public places but are against the atheist freedom. In your mind, you are free to worship and rightly should be. But you are not free to be free of it. Gay marriage is wrong. This problem has embraced the American public take away from the real issues. As the economy. This should not be a problem. Instead, every time you have run out of ideas, go to this topic to distract the American public is easily distracted. Pro-life too. In other words, pro fetus. They care about the unborn or even became a human being fully identifiable. But once born, are send that child to war or kill him if they decide a crime worthy of death is committed. The really funny thing is that the Republicans were the liberals of the time when their party was founded. Now, they despise liberals. For other hand Democrats are very liberal and their ideology are pro-choice,...
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...At this point in American history, political corruption is more present than most Americans believe. Because corporations and billionaires are at such an advantage to bribe politicians into tailoring laws so that they can profit from them, the American people remain in the dark as to who the government truly serves. Organizations like Citizens United allow big oil companies to donate unlimited amounts of money into campaigns of their choosing, the Koch brothers donate as much as they want toward anti-climate change groups and pharmaceutical companies increase prices for life-saving drugs. But, with Bernie Sanders’s propositions for getting big money out of politics, combatting climate change and taking on corruption within pharmaceutical companies,...
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...Введение в Политологию Программа учебного курса Российская экономическая школа, совместный бакалавриат РЭШ-ВШЭ, весенний семестр 2014 года (64 часа в аудитории) Преподаватель – Балалаева Дина Яновна, Ph.D. Занятия: лекция - среда, 15:10-16:30, семинар- 13:40-15:00 Консультации – TBA Компетенции, формируемые в результате освоения дисциплины: В результате освоения дисциплины студент должен обладать следующими общекультурными (ОК) и профессиональными компетенциями (ПК): ОК-4, ПК-8, ПК-9 Общий объем аудиторных часов – 64 в том числе: лекции – 32 часа. практические занятия - 32 часа. Промежуточный контроль – статья. Краткая аннотация Данный курс по «Сравнительной политологии» охватывает наиболее важные темы дисциплины и прослеживает развитие методологии от сравнительных кейс-стади до крупномасштабных межвременных исследований и экспериментов на местах. Почему, в среднем, самые богатые страны – демократии? Или, заимствуя вопрос Л. Даймонда (2010), почему мир не знает ни одной арабской демократии? Почему авторитаризм не помешал (помог?) «азиатским тиграм»? Насколько устойчивы гибриды? В чем «секрет эффективности» парламентской формы правления? Почему страны с пропорциональной системой выборов больше тратят на социальные расходы, чем страны с мажоритарной формулой? Производят ли федерации больше технологических инноваций, чем унитарные государства? Каково оптимальное...
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...Hewlett-Packard [Year] CORRUPTION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA: Introduction Nigeria is rich in natural and human resources, with a population of over 150 million people; the most populous country in Africa. At the time of her political Independence, on 1st October 1960, Nigeria excelled in production of agricultural produce such as groundnut, palm oil, cocoa, cotton, beans, timber and hides and skins. Then, during the oil boom period of the seventies Nigeria made headlines with her oil wealth, as a country richly endowed with oil and natural gas resources capable of financing a number of important projects to meet basic consumption and development needs (Salisu, 200:2). With per capital income of around $1,100 during the late 1970’s Nigeria was regarded as the fastest growing country in Sub-Sahara Africa (Salisu, Ibid). Yet it remains predominantly underdeveloped due to the scourge of corruption that has corroded it. Corruption denies the ordinary citizen the basic means of livelihood, it worsen unemployment and erodes our image as a nation and as individual (Danjuma Goje 2010:1). It has undermined Nigeria’s economic growth and development potential, with a per capital income of $340, Nigeria now ranks amongst the least developed countries in the World Bank League table (Salusi, op.cit). Nigeria’s higher education system once regarded as the best in Sub-Sahara Africa is in deep crisis. Health services are woefully inadequate, graduate unemployment...
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...Political Science 201 June 7, 2012 Media’s Negative Effect in Politics The media plays a heavy negative role in American politics. During the past few years, society’s judgment has been based on what was given to it through the media. People rarely specifically research on candidates or propositions anymore. Much of the mass media is biased by trying to persuade viewers into believing what they want them to believe are true. Media is created for consumption by a large number of people watching it. The media has a remarkable impact on politics, which is not always good or beneficial. The data collected from the media can either be used for or against a politician. If a politician is favored by a certain network, such as CNN, NBC, or FOX, then the network can help his or her career reach new heights; however, if a politician is disliked then the network is capable of destroying the politician’s career. The media has the desire to make decisions for itself and in return try to convince people of its rightness and distort its viewers’ perspectives. There are many different types of media that can have a different influence on society’s political view. The four biggest forms of media are radio stations, newspapers, the internet, and television. People could tune into radio stations or talk radios to listen to political candidates being interviewed. An example would be in 1992 when "President George H. Bush interviewed with conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh" (Curl). Non-political...
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...© Kamla-Raj 2009 Anthropologist, 11(4): 281-292 (2009) Political Corruption in Nigeria: Theoretical Perspectives and Some Explanations Ilufoye Sarafa Ogundiya Department of Political Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto,Sokoto State, Private Mail Bag 2346, Post Code 840001, Nigeria Mobile Phone: +234 8036059225, +234 8053426560; E-mail: oisarafa@yahoo.com KEYWORDS Ethnicity. Prebendalism. Patrimonialism. Clientelism. Democratic Instability. Corruption ABSTRACT Corruption has been the bane of legitimacy, democratic stability and socio-economic and political development in Nigeria. Indeed, any attempt to understand the tragedy of development and the challenges to democracy in Nigeria must come to grips with the problem of corruption and stupendous wastage of scarce resources. All attempts by successive regimes to nip the problem in the bud have failed. With the benefit of hindsight, virtually all the Nigerian leaders who have come in as physicians have left office as patients. What factors precipitate political corruption and why has corruption become endemic and intractable in Nigeria? The paper interrogates corruption in Nigeria through the prisms of Clientelism, Prebendalism, Patrimonialism, Neopatrimonialism, Soft State thesis and the theory of Two Publics. The article contends that these theories for a very long time have not only provided credible theoretical frameworks for the understanding of the development tragedy in Africa in general but also of the pandemic...
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...UNRISD U NITED N ATIONS R ESEARCH I NSTITUTE FOR S OCIAL D EVELOPMENT Religion, Fundamentalism and Ethnicity A Global Perspective Jeff Haynes UNRISD Discussion Paper 65 May 1995 UNRISD Discussion Papers are preliminary documents circulated in a limited number of copies to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, development agencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. Current research themes include: Crisis, Adjustment and Social Change; Socio-Economic and Political Consequences of the International Trade in Illicit Drugs; Environment, Sustainable Development and Social Change; Integrating Gender into Development Policy; Participation and Changes in Property Relations in Communist and Post-Communist Societies; and Political Violence and Social...
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