...INTRODUCTION Olympics are mega-global event that attracts the attention worldwide with billions of audience watching on television, while millions flock to events as spectators. The media embraces the opportunity of covering every inch of the games. This kind of interest is what organisers face with no room for error in relation to external attacks or system failures of the event although risks are bound to occur to any project or program as in the case of Olympics. These risks may occur with a positive impact to the organisers though they dread to have negative risks, which causes ripple effect to the project. (Taylor, 2006) Getting everything right from the opening ceremony to closing ceremony, games schedules against venues, calls for a proper risk assessment to avoid any criticism. However, risks are such uncertain occurrences of events or condition to anticipate from the moment of the initial planning stages of bidding to host the Olympics Games. (Bartlett, 2004) 1.1 RISK HISTORY IN OLYMPICS (BACKGROUND) In 1972 Summer Olympics, Germany was the host nation of the games but unfortunately, terrorists struck and caused death to athletes. (Toohey and Veal, 2007) Figure 1: Source: The Sun publication Unlike the Munich massacre that involved the killing of athletes, a pipe bomb detonated at the Olympic village in Centennial Park in Atlanta, America-killing one woman and injuring over hundred people (Hails, 2008). Olympic Village...
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...become the one of the most popular cellphone type, even some of customers think Samsung is a company which one and professional manufacture to produce the cellphone. Marketing objective From the London Olympic campaign, they build the plan both for the long-term and short term. For the long term, the brand image and brand reputation will be improved by this campaign, because Samsung spend money on social marketing. This time, Samsung take the social responsibility for the UK’s customers, and encourage the customers who are watch the Olympic Games to do more exercise, join the Olympic and make the miracle (Samsung official web, 2011). Therefore, the audience will not forget the Samsung brand, and high frequency of brand exposure will helpful to improve the brand awareness. On the other hand, for the short term, the objective would be increased sales and introduce the new product to customers, Galaxy 3. Considering the opportunity to use push strategy to reinforce their new product, they provide the two type of limited edition Galaxy 3 to increase the new products sales. (Qu.A, 2012) On the other hand, during the Olympic campaign, Samsung provide the pin for their products; if the customers buy a Samsung Galaxy 3, they can get a pin for commemorate the London Olympic Games. This...
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...some facts regarding the upcoming Rio de Janeiro Olympics Games and explain how the city is preparing to host the event. This report explores and predicts the preparation and the impacts of 2016 Summer Games in Rio de Janeiro city. The Brazilian Government expects to boost the economy with increased tourism and create a large number of jobs prior to and during the Games. The exposure of Rio will improve the global awareness of the city and create new opportunities. This report will uncover and highlight the city’s preparation including transportation, accommodation, environmental concerns, safety and economic projections. The paper is concluded with the student predictions towards the Rio hosting the event. Overall the report revels how the Games will provide an opportunity for the city to improve infrastructure and build new world-class venues which be put to use for a long period of time after the Games. The city expects these improvements to stimulate the economy and its sustainable growth providing enough financial gains to compensate for the cost of the games. Rio 2016 Cities across the globe are using mega events like the World Cup and Olympics to catalyze urban development, social and economic change. Being a host city is a way in which cities can express their personality, enhance their status, and advertise their position on the global stage. After six attempts1, the Brazilian ambition of hosting the Olympics Game has become...
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...steroids during his 1996 National League MVP (most valuable player) season with the San Diego Padres and he estimated that half of the players in the big leagues were also using steroids. He later died of a heart attack at age 40 where it was ruled by the New York Medical Examiner that drugs are a factor in his death. In October 5, 2007, track star Marion Jones admits to use steroids during the 2000 Olympic Games where she won three Gold Medals and two Bronze Medals. She was later sentenced to six months in prison for lying to the court and stripped off of all of her medals. Throughout history, there have been many stories of athletes using performance enhancing drugs, but none more than in the last 20 years. As technology advances in science as well as the media, more drugs has been engineer to enhance performance as well as the test to detect such drugs, as the results get to the hands of the media, the entire world would be at noticed in a manner of minutes. The fact is that performance enhancing drugs have existed since the time of the ancient Greek during the original Olympic Games from 776 BC – 393 BC. The question is why should we care? If most athletes are using it, is it a plain level field? And why is the government involved? Should the government be involved? Let’s examine the issue and conclude what should be the ethical choice. I will first begin asking why do athletes choose to use performance enhancing drugs. The obvious answer would be to gain an advantage on...
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...Athletes are willing to cheat to guarantee success, either through the use of performance-enhancing drugs, or through the act of injuring others. These days, drugs, blood doping, corruption, injuring others and the consequences of winning and more importantly losing is all evident. Lombardi’s statement is not only applicable to athletes, but it also applies to the countries that the athletes are representing. Events such as the Olympics and Hockey are a source of national pride and some countries are willing, and fully wanting to try and do anything to bring prestige back, many of them resorting to unethical tactics. These tactics does not only affect players, or athletes, it also affects coaches, owners, and managers. They too place winning as their number one concern. In many cases, fair play generally takes a back seat to the desire for winning. The truth of the matter is that, some will bend rules, while others will outright cheat. The corruptness of sports today has led to the endless methods and desires of unethical behavior. In the history of ethics there are three principal standards of conduct, each of which has been proposed as the highest good: happiness or pleasure; duty, virtue, or obligation; and perfection, the fullest harmonious development of human potential. When applied to sports, the third principle standard of conduct is the most evident, and it will be evident throughout the essay. Other ethical issues that come into the picture are Kant’s. No matter...
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...WHAT ARE THE ISSUES OF WORLDWIDE EVENTS ON A COUNTRY ? The exemple of Brazil with the World Cup and the Olympic Games Globalization Seminar – September 2014 GROUPE 36 - PARIS Maxime BEURRIER, Lauriane CORBIN, Aurore GUILLON, Yuan GUO, Benjamin FERRE It is used to say that "the surfer is wonderful when he is standing up on his board". Brazil is one of these surfers since the early 90s. Expected to become a major world power, the country has moreover the opportunity to shine in front of the world by organizing successively world wild events in less than five years. It had never been given to a country the opportunity to receive such big events, especially in such a short period: the World Youth Day (WYD), the Confederations Cup, the Football World Cup in 2014 and finally the Olympic Games in 2016. After China, who organizes Beijing Olympics games in 2008, Brazil is now pursuing his prodigious road on the top of the wave. The organisation of these worldwide events is a great opportunity to consolidate its influence in the world but also the risk of eventually falling off from his surfing-board, into the water. After the competition among several countries in order to obtain the right to host these events, each slightest actions of the winner are scrutinized by the whole world. Today, the occurrence of events involving all the nations of the world highlights the globalization characteristics. Indeed, for one summer, many countries meet around a single place, a single goal,...
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...Cheerleading is a Sport. Priscilla Scott Eng. /102 1/31/2013 Vicki Lynn Samson Imagine bright lights, screaming fans and the floor vibrating beneath your feet. It is neither a football game nor a basketball game- it is a National Cheerleading Championship. Thousands of competitive cheerleaders around the country practice all year round to compete in the Nationals. In a large arena, surrounded by ESPN cameras, their hundreds of hours of grueling practice come down to how well they perform their two-and-a-half minute routine. The slightest mistake by any member of the team and their dreams of awarded "Champions" vanish. Most people confuse the girls and boys who yell chants such as "Go, Team Go!", or "Rah, Rah, Rah" to the crowd at sporting events, with the true athletes of competitive cheerleading. Cheering at sporting events is an activity in most school curricula, which is not a sport. However, because many people have not been introduced to competitive cheerleading, a true sport, they are led to believe that this type of chanting encompasses all forms of cheerleading. Although, the NCAA has not formally recognized cheerleading as a sport, competitive cheerleading is and should be considered a sport. Many people confuse sideline cheerleading with competitive cheerleading. Sideline cheerleading is an activity in which an individual cheers for a team. Sideline cheerleading consists of simple cheers where the crowd can cheer along with. It is fun and non-...
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...unthinkable happen. The twin towers pillars of American freedom, and capitalism that had stood tall over the skyline of New York City N.Y. were attacked. The skyline was not the only thing that would be changed that day. The possibility of terrorist acts at large sporting venues has caused owners and managers to take a different look at their facilities. They had to consider the possibility of terrorist activity, vulnerabilities, and protection of the venues and lack of security measures. Managers and owners had to develop operational plans and incident preparedness for emergency incidents. Sporting venues are packed on a daily bases with thousands of persons who could easily become the victims of a terrorist plot. A simple thing as going to a ball game would never be as before. Introduction American sport venues are susceptible to various threats, such as terrorism, natural disasters and fan violence (Fried, 2005; Lipton, 2005). Researchers have found that there is a lack of security personnel training at sporting venues when it comes to guarding against terrorism (Baker et al). With the unpredictability of terrorist actions and lack of proper training going...
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...The Money or The Passion: Is Money in Professional Sport Ruining the Ethos of the Game? Ross Schreuder Supervisor: Mr. Werth English Teacher: Mrs. Schroeder Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. History and Evolution of Sport 3 3. What is the Ethos of Sport? 4 4. Positive and Negative Influences of Money in Sport and an Evaluation of their Impact on its Ethos 5 4.1 Doping: 5 4.2 Throwing Matches/ Match Fixing: 6 4.3 Other Factors Contributing to Unethical Behaviour in Sport 7 4.4 Sportsmanship vs. Gamesmanship 8 4.5 The Money in Barclays Premier League 9 4.5.1 Stadium naming rights 10 4.5.2 Transfers and Individual Sponsorships 10 4.6 Philanthropy 11 5. Conclusion 11 Bibliography 12 1. Introduction Money is, undoubtedly, evident in every aspect of professional sport. Player sponsorships and contracts, team ownership, stadia, media - its everywhere. If sport was not about the game, then arguably, sport would be about the money. Each and every week, transfers of players are made, ticket offices receive income, and money is handed from one profiteering person to the next. Where sport is widely thought to be about fair play, professional sport is, in fact, like war. There can only be one winner and what one team or individual gains, the other loses. Many sportsmen and women around the world are caught up with winning, not just because of the prowess of a title but, also because professionalism is now about money and...
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...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...learned from the London 2012 Games construction project Programme Baseline Report Champion Products are examples of tools and formats used by the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) in executing its programme. The ODA is publishing these as part of its Learning Legacy in the anticipation that they may be of use to future projects seeking best practice examples of tools and templates that have been used successfully on a large, complex programme. Purpose of the document, description and how it was used The purpose of the Programme Baseline Report was to provide a comprehensive summary of the ODA’s Olympic Programme, detailing scope, programme, budget and risk against which performance could be measured both internally and externally. The scope defined in the report includes all works required regarding site platform and infrastructure, venues, transport, and legacy transformation. This document was used to present a comprehensive statement of the scope of works required and the necessary budget for delivery. Once the document was agreed at the commencement of the programme, delivery of the works was monitored against the baseline and change could be managed robustly. Olympic Delivery Authority Programme Baseline Report Summary November 2007 report The report was updated in 2009 reflecting the status of the programme two years after the original report and after substantial completion of the ODA’s Games-time scope. Benefit to future...
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...is one of these tools. Social Media Examiner and CompTIA researched the benefits of Social Media Marketing and found many reasons why businesses should be marketing with Social Media. In addition to improving communication and fostering relationships with potential clients and business partners, five reasons to use Social Media include to: 1. Increase Exposure 85% of marketers said that they saw increased exposure for their businesses with Social Media. (Stelzner, 2012) Nearly all marketers surveyed said that using Social Media for a year or longer saw an increase in the exposure of their business. 2. Generate Leads just by spending as few as 6 hours a week using Social Media 61% of marketers saw the benefits of generating leads. This number increases 10% with at least 3 years of marketing with Social Media. Small Business saw an even greater increase in lead generation. 3. Save Money 51% of businesses saw cost savings with using Social Media to market. (CompTIA) According to HubSpot, inbound marketing costs 62% less than traditional outbound marketing. There is no other marketing avenue where you can get the daily exposure for your business than on Social Media. 4. Improve Search Rankings Businesses marketing on the top Social Networks for a year or longer saw a 59% or more increase in search engine ranking, those using it for 3 or more years saw a 75% benefit. (Stelzner, 2012) 5. Increase Sales 58% of marketers using Social Media for more than 3 years had improved sales...
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...consumers with lower-priced versions.”1 Previously, Kodak had attempted to blunt share-gaining attempts by such rivals and private label products by introducing a superpremium brand, Ektar. Now Kodak proposed to introduce a brand at Fuji and Konica’s price level, 20% below the price of Kodak’s flagship Gold Plus brand. The new brand, Funtime, was to be available only in limited quantities during two off-peak selling seasons. While some viewed the move favorably, others were more skeptical. One analyst termed the strategy “seemingly a long step down the slippery slope that ends in private label trial.” The U.S. Photo Film Market In 1993, approximately 16 billion color exposures were made—the equivalent of 670 million 24-exposure rolls. Typically, a consumer paid between $2.50 and $3.50 for a 24 exposure roll. Over the past five years, the market’s annual unit growth rate averaged only 2%. Major suppliers were Kodak, Fuji of Japan, Agfa of Germany, and 3M. Kodak and Fuji sold only branded products. Because of a 1921 consent decree still in force, Kodak could not sell film on a private label basis. Both Agfa and 3M sold their film to consumers as branded product and to other firms for sale under a private label. Polaroid entered the...
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...Celebrity Advertising: Literature Review and Propositions Peter Yannopoulos* In this paper we review several studies in the area of celebrity advertising. Topics include, why companies use celebrity advertising, achieving the right fit between the brand and the celebrity, the use of athletes as spokespeople, financial considerations of celebrity advertising, and potential risks of celebrity advertising. Next, we develop several propositions and discuss the conclusions and managerial implications of the research. Field of research: Celebrity advertising, Celebrity endorsers, Sponsorship, Celebrity spokespeople 1. Introduction A celebrity endorser is “an individual who is known to the public (actor, sports figure, entertainer, etc) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed” (Friedman & Friedman 1979). Sponsorship is defined as “providing support for and associating the organization‟s name with events, programs, or even people such as athletes or teams” (Peter & Donnelly 2006). Corporations have chosen both sponsorship and celebrity endorsement as means to increase exposure and brand awareness, as well as reposition their products. The terms celebrity endorsement and sponsorship will be used interchangeably in this report. It has been estimated that about 10% of the dollars spent on television advertising are used in celebrity endorsement advertisements (Agrawal & Kamakura 1995). Because of its importance, it is imperative for managers to...
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...Richard Attias Become a fan Email The Development Factor: The Challenge of Sport in the 21st Century Posted: 10/21/2014 8:39 am EDT Updated: 10/29/2014 9:59 Sport occupies a peculiar place in world dynamics in that it surpasses the limitations of geographical boundaries and social classes. Still, a gap remains between developed and developing nations when it comes to sport. In the industrialized world, sport as an economic sector represents approximately 2% of GDP. For developing economies, though, the challenge remains making sport a factor of economic development, and a driver for social change, so it benefits all citizens in the long term. UNESCO's 1978 International Charter of Physical Education and Sport classified sport as "a fundamental right for all." But the low place sport occupies in the developing world's priorities shows that its importance as an educational and social tool is not yet universal. Everyone agrees that sport contributes to economic development by creating jobs and stimulating business activity. The organization of a major sporting event, for example, is a great opportunity for the local economy. The thousands of people who attend will spend money on food, lodging, transportation and other, related tourist activities. However, in recent years, we see these economic benefits are obvious only the short term. If we take the example of South Africa in 2010, the positive impact of the World Cup was, in terms of job creation and reduced crime...
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