...7. Uterine (Menstrual Cycle) The Uterine cycle of menstruation starts from the first day of the menstrual period, which is also the first day of bleeding. It can be divided into three distinct phases. 1. The Menstrual Phase This phase is also called the 'bleeding phase' or the 'menstrual period'. It usually lasts from the 1st to the 5th day of the cycle. The duration of bleeding can vary from 2 days to 7 days in different women. Usually the flow is less on the first day, increases during the 2nd and the 3rd day and peters off on the 4th and 5th days. The menstrual discharge or the bleeding during he period consists of dead endometrial cells, blood, vaginal cells, mucous from the cervix and other necrotic tissue. The main cause for the occurrence of menstruation is the withdrawal of the ovarian hormones - oestrogen and progesterone - due to the degeneration of the corpus luteum in the ovaries at the end of the ovarian cycle. The lack of hormones causes the endometrium to shrink. The blood vessels of this region become highly coiled on themselves and the blood stagnates in these coils. The endometrial cells get necrosed due to unavailability of blood. The endometrial tissue soon dies off and passes out of the uterus and vagina as menstrual bleeding. 2. The Proliferative Phase Once the menstrual bleeding stops there is a short duration of about 48 hours when the endometrium rests and repairs itself ('resting phase'). At this time, the endometrium is disorganized and chaotic...
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...The historical event known as Bleeding Kansas was a war about violent political clashes in the United States concerning anti slavery issues. There was no compassion for others during this tirade from 1854-1858 “Missourians pour into Kansas territory every day, seeking to harm us, and woman alone with an infant is not an invitation to their mercy but to their rapacity.”(22) These journals written throughout the book Bleeding Kansas portray the events that led this community to the lives they live today. Sara Partesky creates a very adventurous story about three families the Grelliers, Schapnes, and Fermantles who have coexisted on this land for over one hundred and fifty years. These families once allies in the war against slavery now disagree on a majority of subjects epically the subject of religion. When suddenly things begin to change as a relative of the Fermantles named Gina Haring moves into her family’s mansion so that she can begin to figure...
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...Let’s start working out the tooth to help it come out a little easier. First, we need our pointer finger for this first step. Let’s begin to press back on the tooth with our pointer finger for fifteen seconds. We have to remember not to press to hard, just hard enough that we can feel a tingling at the bottom of our tooth around the gum. Now let’s repeat the process, but this time pressing the tooth forward. We need to repeat this process several times for the next several hours or until the tooth can easily be moved by the tongue. At this point it seems like a good stopping point for a snack, right? For this step we need the apple, not so much for a snack but to help with the pulling of the tooth. The apple is going to help put a little extra pressure on the tooth just enough to pop it out. Make sure the first bite is a big one. We’re going to count to three and on the count of three take one big bite into that red, juicy apple. Ready? One…two…THREE! Did it come out? The tooth should now have fallen out, but if the tooth didn’t come out we need to continue to chomp down on the apple until the tooth falls out. This step can be a little messy. Now that we have pulled the tooth we now need the wet paper towel, glass of water and the ice cube. Let’s dab the wet paper towel on the bleeding gums to help clean up some of the blood. Once the...
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...Being a 54 year old chronic alcoholic, having gastrointestinal bleeding/mental deterioration, and showing signs of cirrhosis, F.C. is in a very dangerous position. It is concerning that he was found to have a .18 BAC because this is a potentially fatal level of alcohol in the blood (Be Responsible About Drinking, 2013). Some common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis that F.C. may experience include weight loss, loss of appetite/energy, edema/ascites, mood changes, and jaundice (WebMD 2012). Of these symptoms, ascites and jaundice are both secondary from hepatocellular failure, and weight loss and ascites are also secondary symptoms to portal hypertension (Copstead, pgs. 756-759). Unfortunately, with cirrhosis and portal hypertension also typically comes gastric or esophageal varices. These varices are pathways that open up when portal pressure becomes too high in order to redirect the blood flow back to the heart. When these pressures rise and these varices open up, it leaves the lining beneath the mucosa very susceptible for rupture, leading to major bleeding. Since F.C. has already had several incidents with GI bleeding, he is at an even greater risk for re-bleeding (Copstead, pg. 761). F.C’s mental deterioration is most likely caused by a disorder called hepatic encephalopathy. When cirrhosis occurs, the parts of the liver cannot function the way that they are supposed to. Since once of the major jobs of the liver is to clean out, or “detox” the blood, this function...
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...Berlin Herrera Unit 1 Case Study F.C. is a 54-year-old man with a history of chronic heavy alcohol use. He has frequent bouts of gastrointestinal bleeding for which he has been hospitalized on six separate occasions over the years. He continues to drink and exhibits most of the common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis. He was recently hit by a car and was hospitalized for a broken leg. He appeared to be under the influence of alcohol at the time of the accident and had a blood alcohol level of 0.18. F.C.’s family reports that his mental functioning has deteriorated significantly over the past few months. Discussion Questions 1. What are the common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis? Which of these are secondary to hepatocellular failure? Which are secondary to portal hypertension? Common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis are as follows: * Jaundice: yellow pigmentation of the skin caused by hyperbilirubinemia. This condition is secondary to hepatocellular failure because the bilirubin metabolism becomes impaired due to malfunction of liver tissue. * Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: acute bacterial infection of ascetic fluid caused by contamination of dialysate. This condition is considered secondary to portal hypertension because the normally, the fluid passes the portal vein into the liver to be killed off, but with a fluid back up, bacterial infection grows due to the increased fluid retention within the portal vein. * Hepatic Encephalopathy:...
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...life and like all other systems over time they begin to fail, have their own genetic issues, and can be damaged in various ways throughout the lifespan of a human. 1. The Male Reproductive System So let's begin by talking about the male reproductive system. This...
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...death of a patient with Smallpox was up to 30% in the past. A virus similar to smallpox has been found in animals, leading experts to believe that the disease was passed from humans to animals. Once this similar virus was passed from animals to humans, it mutated into a disease deadly to humans. Smallpox is now said to be gone forever, but at the time that it invaded the human race, it killed billions of people. In order to fully understand Smallpox, one...
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...with possible concussion is AVPU. This acronym stands for Alert, is the person responding to questions, and are their eyes open? Voice, are they responding to sounds e.g. voices, can they answer and respond to instructions and questions? Pain, are they responding to pain such as a pitch to their skin? Unresponsive, do they respond to any kind of interaction? If the person is alert or responsive it could mean they could have mild head injury as only experience symptoms such as a bad headache and dizziness. With this a cold compress against the injured area to stop the swelling and by taking paracetamol to control the pain and lots of rest, this should help to recover the person. First aid should be seeked if the person has vomited more than once, has unequal pupils, has neck pain, slurred speech, and is drowsy or unable to wake up and if they have weakness on one side of the body. These symptoms sometimes don’t occur for hours or even days after the injury. This makes it...
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...The Ebola Virus Kimberly A. Murphy SC246- Unit 7 Assignment January 6, 2015 Professor Robert Black The Ebola Virus The Ebola virus which was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa is a deadly and rare disease that is caused by an infection of one of any of the five known strains of the Ebola virus. The genus Ebolavirus belongs in the family Filoviridae, a group of several related viruses that form virions also known as filamentous infectious viral particles and encode their genome in a single stranded RNA. Filoviruses are the viruses responsible for causing viral hemorrhagic fevers. Symptoms of a viral hemorrhagic fever begin with fever and muscle aches. Four of these ebolavirus strains can cause the disease in humans and all five can cause disease in primates such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys (CDC, 2014). The strains have been named for the areas in Africa where they have been found and are as follows: Budibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, and the Zaire ebolavirus (WHO, 2014). The Zaire strain has the highest mortality rate and has been the cause of the most outbreaks. The Reston strain has been linked to causing EBV in other primates. Scientists believe the original virus originated from the African fruit bat. The Ebola virus is spread by direct contact with the bodily fluids or blood of an individual infected with the virus. Bodily fluids can include; blood, sweat, urine, saliva, and semen. The...
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...Pantoprazole (Protonix) from internet media. Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor (pantoprazole, n.d.). Mechanism of Action: Binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen (pantoprazole, n.d.). Drug Administration and Dosage: PO (Adults): 40 mg once daily. PO (Children 5 yr): 15– 39 kg— 20 mg once daily for up to 8 wk; 40 kg— 40 mg once daily for up to 8 wk. IV (Adults): 40 mg once daily for 7– 10 days. Gastric Hypersecretory Conditions; PO (Adults): 40 mg twice daily, up to 120 mg twice daily. IV (Adults): 80 mg q 12 hr (up to 240 mg/day) (pantoprazole, n.d.). Drug Interactions: Drug-Drug: Maypabsorption of drugs requiring acid pH, including ketoconazole, itraconazole, atazanavir, ampicillin esters, and iron salts. Mayqrisk of bleeding with warfarin (monitor INR/PT). Hypomagnesemiaqrisk of digoxin toxicity. Mayqmethotrexate levels (pantoprazole, n.d.). Labs effects/ interference: May cause abnormal liver function tests, including increased AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin. May cause hypomagnesemia. Monitor serum magnesium prior to and periodically during therapy (pantoprazole, n.d.). Special considerations: Contraindicated in Hypersensitivity; OB: Should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed; Lactation: Discontinue breast feeding due to potential for serious adverse reactions in infants. Use Cautiously in: Patients using high-doses for 1 year (qrisk of hip, wrist, or spine fractures);...
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...versus nurture, and conclude by evaluating how this will affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development. * Conception Each month a group of eggs in the ovaries grow in small sacks named follicles. Eventually one of these eggs leaves, this is ovulation. This typically takes places 2 weeks before the next period is due. Once the egg leaves the follicle it develops into the corpus luteum, releasing a hormone to thicken the uterus lining, preparing for the egg. Once released the egg travels to the fallopian tube, where it remains for 24hrs waiting for sperm to fertilize it. This takes around 2 weeks after the period. If there is no sperm to fertilize the egg, it travels through the uterus and falls apart. The hormone levels return to normal, and the uterus sheds the lining, starting the period. If a sperm does make its way into the egg, it fertilizes, no other sperm will be able to access the egg. As soon as fertilization happens the babies genes and sex are set. (Y chromosome being male, X chromosome being female). The egg remains in the fallopian tubes for around 3-4 days, but within 24hrs of the fertilization it begins to divide quickly into cells. It continues to divide as it travels through the tube and attaches itself to the uterus lining, this is implantation. The uterus lining will become...
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...Text – presentation To sir, with love The text under consideration is in titled in word command «To sir, with love»; the author of the text is E. R. Braithwaite. We have deal with only a chapter of the text. But I can notice that the genre of the full composition is novel. The functional style of the text is the fiction or belles-lettres. The text tells us about the attempts of new teacher to get through his class. The theme of the text is that the career can be such a fear in our life. The message of the text is that, in spite of the color of your skin you can be a good specialist. This story is about the young black teacher who tried to get through with his class. The story begins from the description of the school life. Each Friday pupils must write a little composition where they could comment events, occurred in school, criticized their teachers, headmaster; they could express their dissatisfaction about any subject and other. The headmaster considered it as an advantage, because in such way teachers had to know what want the pupils and they could to know each other better. Also pupils could improve their knowledge of spelling and written English. The narrator was the young teacher who tried to make friends with pupils. In the compositions pupils almost didn’t pay attention on him and teacher decided to get though with the class. He tried to be a good, successful teacher for them, he read many books, made different interesting...
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...An infection can begin most of the time because of deep decay that has been allowed to progress to the middle of the tooth. Root canals may also be needed if infection has entered a tooth because it is cracked, chipped, fractured, or even if you are suffering from gum disease. Once we determine that a root canal is what you need, Dr. Fox will begin preparations for your procedure. Unlike many other practices, we have no need to outsource our root canals because both Drs. Lawrence and Erik have endodontic training. We will perform your root canal within the comfort of your Burke, VA, office! Preparing you for your root canal will begin by taking an X-ray to foresee any complications that may arise during the procedure. We will also review your medical history to determine what type of anesthesia to use to ensure that your root canal is painless. We want to be prepared for whatever procedure we are performing at Fox Family Dentistry, and that includes a root canal! Performing Your Root...
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...What causes hepatitis C? Hepatitis C is a virus that is spread through the blood or via sexual contact. Individuals who share needles for intravenous drug abuse and those who have sex with multiple partners are at increased risk. The risk of infection is also increased in men who have sex with men. Lastly, healthcare workers are at increased risk due to the possibility of needle-stick injury. Once the virus is acquired, it may lead to acute hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) characterized by low grade fever, malaise, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, and nausea/vomiting. In a subset of individuals, this resolves and they never develop long term sequela. However, about 50%-85% of patients never clear the infection and go on to develop chronic hepatitis C. This leads to chronic liver inflammation and injury. The liver may eventually begin the process of fibrosis (scarring) – this occurs in about 5%-30% of individuals over 20-30 years. The progression to liver cirrhosis is more commonly seen in elderly, male, and non-black patients who use alcohol. Normal liver tissue ultimately gets replaced by scar tissue and is non-functional. In late stages, patients may develop signs of liver failure such as yellow colored skin (jaundice), fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), and lower extremity swelling...
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...In the initial stage of tissue injury the ATP molecules are released and collagens are exposed on walls of blood vessel. Blood clot is formed and acts as a temporary barrier to prevent excess bleeding and limits the spread of pathogens into the blood. In Primary hemostasis platelets attach to collagen fibers found in the damaged endothelium using specific collagen receptor glycoprotein’s (GPIb/IX/V) to form the primary hemostatic plug (Figure 2) (Reinke and Sorg,2012). Figure 2: Primary hemostasis (Hackner and White,2016) After the fracture of the epithelial wall on the blood vessel the platelets attach to sub-endothelial surface to rapidly regulate high-affinity platelet integrin and mediate platelet aggregation. Once platelet binds, they stimulate local activation of plasma coagulation factors triggering the fibrin clot. Exposure of blood plasma to tissue factor, produced by sub-endothelial cells, initiates an accelerated cascade of activated proteins that leads to fibrin formation. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and its polymerization and cross linking forms a twisted gelatin-like platelet plug, producing a stable clot. Platelet activation also releases many signalling molecules from their cytoplasmic granules. Inflammatory cells are stored...
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