Free Essay

Operant Conditiong

In:

Submitted By samiaMohamud
Words 789
Pages 4
Investigators: Fergus I. M. Craaik (u of T, Rotman Research Institute), Tara M. Moroz(u of T), Morris Moscovitch(u of T, Roman Research Institute,) Endel Tulving( Rotman Research Institute) and shitji Kapur ( Rotman Research Institute, Clarke institute of psychiatry)

Source: In search of the self: A positron emission tomography study. (using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain). http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu
Summary: The theory that the investigators came up with was that the deeper and more elobrative encoding leads to better memory. ( Encoding refers to the process of forming a memory code, putting information into memory.) the theory suggest the more elaborative the encoding the better the memory.
Examples listed: if given a list of words to memorize, one way to try to encode would be structural ie (the font , phonemic characteristics, how the sound) The meaning of the words (semantic encoding) and self-referent encoding (which researchers have found to be the best)
Objectives: One main objective of the experimenter was to see or determine what areas of the brain were activated when the processing task involved the self
According to reading the left prefrontal cortex is the area associated with process of meaning. Right brain might be the area in the brain where the self is represented.
Method of research: laboratory : pet scan Correlation: experimental: more elaborative encoding causes better memory,
Method: Paricipants were eight-right handed participants( 4 males and 4 females)
Procedure: research participants were presented with eight lists of personality traits that they were asked to encode using four encoding tasks( two lists for each tak) Self-task- judged how well the word described them, other task; how well it described a famous Canadian general task: how socially desirable the trait was and a syllable task- how many syllables were in each word. First three task envolving encoding. Last one doesn’t. and only one envolves the self. This is the isolated variable., the one involving the self. Participants were also givene a later test to examine their memory for the words. Note : while the participants were performing the encoding tasks relative regional cerebral blood flow was measured. ( base line)
Results: results indicate the three semantic encoding ( self, social desirability, general) were associated with better recognition memory for the trait words than the less elobrative syllable task. The self task was associated with somewhat better memory than the other encoding tools. The second alternative pet scan analysis showed that only the self-conditioned was associated with increased right prefrontal activity.
Conclusion/ Discusiion:

Bias: Only did right handed people and not left handed people. (Dicuss pros and cons of evaluating only eight people). Did not mention what population he took the sample from. Culture could skew the results if the learn because they learn differently. Sampling bias may have the occurred. Also age would be a possible extraneous factor that the investigators did not consider, If the person has disease or damage the effects the brain to store memory in a less or more effective way. If your positive or negative.

Tulving first made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory in a 1972 book chapter.[3] Episodic memory is the ability to consciously recollect previous experiences from memory (e.g., recalling a recent family trip to Disney World), whereas semantic memory is the ability to store more general knowledge in memory (e.g., the fact that Disney World is in Florida).
Purpose for research: Retaining the information you get is vital. So that is why it’s significant for us to know the best methods of maintain the information we attain on a daily basis or in a strict educational environment. The information we get is important for us to maintain so we can go on to next step, which is implementing that knowledge. For example we learn that red light means stop, green light means go, and yellow light means proceed with caution. This information once retained can be implemented and I think for all the drivers, pedestrians, relatives of pedestrians and I mean anyone who care for the greater good of the world would say its quite crucial for a person to be able to retain and implement such rules of the road. Although this a pretty basic idea of maintaining knowledge most of us learned at a young age it depicts the building blocks of how we apply the information we learn to our lives and those who retain it better and can apply it easier. In this procedure the experimenters investigate the methods of encoding to enhance memory and in that achieve their goal of proving that self- relating encoding is the best encoding that leads to best memory storage.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Business

...service center employee performance, management urged him to take the number, the time required, he resolved customer inquiries, and his average idle time. A performance factor, you can rely on indicators to measure and manage. 3. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. Learning conditions of the reaction, including the establishment of a conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus response association between the call of the conditions, it is the response to be unconditional performance. Stimulation, a striking and neutral, are paired, neutral conditioned stimulus, therefore, the reaction conditions to stimulate the nature of the needs and conditions (which is the same as the original unconditional response.) , Who found the operant conditioning, Skinner believes that the function of behavior and its consequences. People learn to get what they want or avoid something they do not want. Management behavior is voluntary or reflexive learning or not learning behavior opposite...

Words: 921 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Opernant Conditioning

...Operant conditioning are the consequences of behavior that influence the likelihood of that behavior to be repeated. A drug addiction is a form of dependency that dives into the reward systems behavioral change. With a drug addiction, the drug acts as a reward, or positive reinforcement, and with the repetition the association between response and reward becomes stronger and stronger. An important principle for understanding problematic drug use is the immediacy that comes from the reinforcement. It has been established that the immediate reinforcement follows a behavior. The more powerful the drugs effects will be on that behavior and the more likely the behavior will be repeated. The consequences from negative reinforcement can be demonstrated in the laboratory by training a rat to press a lever to avoid being punished by, for example, a small electric shock to the feet. Each time the animal receives a light predicting shock, it will perform an operant response to avoid the shock being delivered. Similarly, a dependent heroin user may take the drug (operant response) to avoid going through withdrawal symptoms and the associated physical and psychological discomfort. An important note to emphasize is that these learning mechanisms can operate outside of one’s conscious awareness and not include the decision-making process. West points out that in this model, “Addiction can be viewed as involving the "development of a habitual behavior pattern that is independent of any conscious...

Words: 278 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Phobias & Addictions Paper

...Xonepro Xonepro PSY/300 PSY/300 Phobias & Addictions Week 2 Individual Assignment Phobias & Addictions Week 2 Individual Assignment Explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. In doing some research on the topic of classical conditioning, I have come to learn that it is a way of training so to speak, where a conditioned response is learned through conditioning the individual, be it animal or human. Basically, one learns that if you do this one action, another will follow in response; a reaction to one’s action. This reaction can be either a reward or a punishment. For instance, you train a dog to do a trick such as, shake hands or roll over. You do this while holding a treat to entice the animal to do said trick. Once the trick is done, the pet then reaps the reward. After doing this many times, the pet then knows that if it does this trick, it will get a treat. Now in the case of classical conditioned phobias in humans, perhaps one of the most common is the fear of spiders, also known as arachnophobia. This is more of a natural happening as one perhaps is bitten or is woken at night with a spider crawling on them. We are told that spiders bite and they are poisonous which creates a natural fear of them and the way they look does not help either. I think even more interesting than people fearing them are the people that do not fear spiders. Another phobia would be that of glossophobia, which is the fear of public speaking or speech...

Words: 1163 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Operant Conditioning

...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning which can explain how we develop fears, phobias and other emotional reactions, and food aversions. Ian Pavlov (1849 – 1936) was the first to study it formally. Pavlov was studying dogs digestive processes. Dogs automatically salivate when food arrives in their mouths, but after being in the experimental situation for a while, they would salivate in anticipation of the food arriving, as if they had learned to recognise the signs that the food was on its way. Pavlov took control of these signs and showed that dogs could be trained to salivate to bells, lights, and cardboard shapes instead of food. The classical conditioning process works like this: There must first of all be an innate reflex action, an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus. E.g. blinking, salivation, startle, these are the areas that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Such reflexes consist of an unconditional stimulus (UCS) which brings about an unconditional response.(UCR) The experimenter presents a neutral stimulus just before or along with the UCS. The new stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditional means dependent upon learning. The UCR occurs as before. After several pairings of the CS and UCS the CS alone will be enough to bring about the UCR. The animal now has a new conditioned reflex. The model gives us an explanation for all kinds of learned behaviour. Watson and Rayner (1920) classically...

Words: 4775 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Mba in Project and Construction Mnagement

...The Reinforcement Theory of Motivation includes 4 aspects: Positive, Negative, Punishment, Extinction.           Positive reinforcement – When the employees work hard, have done work well, and bring some interests for the organization, the organization will give some rewards to motivate them.           For example: In a company, the employees’ work exploits will be showed in the notice board every month. The best employee should be given some rewards. Thus, they will bring some benefits for their organization.           Negative reinforcement –  When the employees have some prombles make he/she does not work hardly and brought some losses for the organization, the organization will give them help. Thus, it can help the employees to eliminate affect.                    For example: if they feel work no motivity . we will to know their prombles , than eliminate affect . if his family has some prombles ,we will help him. to improve the environment of workplace , furnish regular bus ,get a psychologist to account for the promble of mental(Psychology Management),  eliminate theestrangement of  new and old staff .               Punishment reinforcement – When the employees make the organization suffer some harm or do something wrong, they will be given some punishments.           For example: When the company suffers a great loss because of the employee’s laxity and mistake, the organization will give him a serious punishment and be deducted some wages.           Extinction reinforcement...

Words: 795 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Positive Reinforcment

...Positive Reinforcement Thomasina James ECE 201 July 22, 2013 Deborah Hibbs Here in Level B case 1 you have a student Doug who seems to be very distracted when having to begin assignments on his own. There are a various list of things that can be done to help guide Doug in the right direction. The best strategy in this child case is positive reinforcement to help him stay on track and complete assignments. When reading this case study I am noticing that Doug seems to have faith in the work that he can achieve. Doug is interested working and is capable of getting his work done on time and correctly. He works with well others but once he is placed on his own he lacks the motivation to do anything besides play. The reason that I think that Doug has problems with his self-image is when he is forced to show his abilities he does not attempt. The child shows characteristics of not having confidence in himself by with draw in situations where his is alone and thriving in large groups. Positive reinforcement will give him the platform to see that he is smart and makes him want to repeat the good behavior that prompted the reward or praise. According to Purdue University “Rewards and positive reinforcement are ways to discipline a child. They are ways that can help everyone feel good. Some experts say you should use five times more rewards than punishments” (Purdue University) The first thing that I will do is implement a reward system. This system is something that Doug can...

Words: 448 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Classical Conditioning Paper

...Classical Conditioning Paper University of Phoenix S. Foss PSYCH 390 / Janice Williams What is Classical Conditioning? Who is the theorist behind classical conditioning? How can classical conditioning be applied to daily situations regarding getting people to do things that a person wants done? In this paper, we will cover these questions and determine the answers Classical condition, by definition according to psychology and society.com, is: Classical Conditioning-a type of conditioning and learning process in which something (conditioned stimulus) that had not previously produced a particular response becomes associated with something (unconditioned stimulus) that produces the response. As a result, the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that the unconditioned stimulus produces (psych.com). Classical Conditioning was a theory of cognitive learning introduced by Russian Born Ivan Pavlov initial study of interest was of the physiology of digestion. In 1890 Pavlov was invited to assist in the direction of and to help organize the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, this lasted 45 years and under Pavlov’s direction, and the center became one of the one of the most important centers of physiological research. It was at the Institute of Experimental Medicine that Pavlov conducted most of his research on physiological digestion, which led him to develop a science of conditioned reflex. Conditioned reflex was Pavlov’s most...

Words: 896 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Applied Behaviour Analysis

...Title To investigate and reflect on the use of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) with students who have Autism. Aims The aim of my project was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour...

Words: 5703 - Pages: 23

Premium Essay

Phobias and Addiction

...Phobias and Addiction Eugene McDaniel PSY/300 May 22, 2012 Deandriea Bass Abstract * This paper explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning this can be thought of as a reaction that is learned through the pairing of stimuli. How addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a method for modifying behavior an operant which utilizes contingencies between a discriminative stimulus, an operant response, a reinforce to change the probability of a response occurring again in that situation. This paper also Distinguishes between classical and operant conditioning. One of the major differences involves the types of behaviors that are conditioned. While classical conditioning is centered on involuntary, automatic behaviors, operant conditioning is focused on voluntary behaviors. * While these two conditioning techniques share some similarities, it is important to understand the differences between them. What extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. * * Phobias and Addictions Phobias are an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of endangerment or a fear of harm. For example, those suffering from agoraphobia fear being trapped in an inescapable place. Addiction has long been understood to mean an uncontrollable habit of using alcohol or other drugs. Because of the physical...

Words: 895 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Bribery vs Reinforcement

...The discussion between what is bribery and what is reinforcement is a struggle that many parents face when wanting to discipline their children. To not get confused, there is a vast difference between the two. Bribery and reinforcement are not synonymous. Both Irvine and Direnfeld agree that the problem between a parent bribing or reinforcing their children is simply not the fault of their parenting ways, but how communication was lost. Parents have failed to communicate to their children that good behavior is rewarding enough (Irvine, 2007). According to the Lovaas Institute Blog, internal motivation is more beneficial than external rewards. If parents and teachers continuously advocate that the behavior the children do is good, then the need of external rewards will be eliminated because the praise and the attention that children will get out of it is rewarding enough. Most applied behavior analysts would agree that bribing a child institutes good behavior, but also communicates to the child that they will receive something in return for that behavior. According to Direnfeld, bribery is a “promise” of delivery. This means that before any behavior is performed, the parent or teacher has already told the child that they will get a reward. Direnfeld distinguishes that reinforcement is rewarding the child after the delivery of good behavior. The difference between the two is bribery is being rewarded before the behavior and reinforcement is being rewarded after the behavior...

Words: 360 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Positive Reinforcement

...Positive Reinforcement Case Study Nicole Smith ECE 201 Intro to Early Childhood I Instructor Dana Bux May 7, 2012 Doug is a very talented and extraordinary little boy. He loves playing with blocks and he is also very good at it. However, his teacher and his parents started to notice a slight problem with his attention span when it comes to individual assignments. He does well in group assignments but when it comes any individual work and does no even like to participate. So challenging behaviors are difficult and some are simple, follow along as I explain further more about Doug’s case study. A group contingency is one of the commonly consequences, that may require rewarding a student depending on their behavior, used in early childhood education today. “Group contingency consist of either one person within the group, a part of the larger group or each member of the group that is following a certain criteria using childhood behavior.” (Murphy K.,2007). There are a total of three group contingency, which are Interdependent, Dependent and Independent. Interdependent group contingency deals with all the members of a group that’s meets a criterion of the contingency, rather its group wise or individually, before any members earns the reward. Interdependent is easily implemented by teachers. (Cooper J., 2007). Independent group contingency deals with individuals within the group are reinforced for individual achievement toward a goal. The same rules apply to everyone...

Words: 695 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Piaget Theory

...Classical Conditioning: Association of Interest Led to Conditioning Sandra Davis PSY 390 May 21, 2012 Brian Newbury Classical Conditioning: Association of Interest Led to Conditioning Classical conditioning, synonymous with Pavlovian and respondent conditioning, is one of two types of learning (the other type of learning is operant conditioning) that provide a systematic approach to understanding human and nonhuman behavior and the potentiality of changing behavior. Learning significantly affects our way of living, functioning, and survival. Learning's predictability qualities assist in directing behavior. Kowalski & Westen (2009) affirm, "Learning is essentially about prediction-predicting the future from past experience and using these predictions to guide behavior" (p. 156). The most rudimental aspect of the theory of classical conditioning transcribes to the conditioning of a neutral stimulus to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response brought about by the unconditioned stimulus. Theory of Classical Conditioning The classical conditioning procedure involves introducing a neutral stimulus that in due course becomes a conditioned stimulus; this systematic approach to conditioning enlists a formerly neutral stimulus to elicit a response after pairing with a stimulus that already automatically elicits that same response. In other words, an unconditioned reflex (response) occurs naturally, without prior learning; salivation, the unconditioned response...

Words: 1221 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Dont Shoot the Dog

...eVersion 1.0 - click for scan notes DON'T SHOOT THE DOG Karen Pryor To my mother, Sally Ondeck; my stepmother, Ricky Wylie; and Winifred Sturley, my teacher and friend. Contents Foreword 1—Reinforcement: Better than Rewards In which we learn of the ferocity of Wall Street lawyers; of how to—and how not to—buy presents and give compliments; of a grumpy gorilla, a grudging panda, and a truculent teenager (the author); of gambling, pencil chewing, falling in love with heels, and other bad habits; of how to reform a scolding teacher or a crabby boss without their knowing what you've done; and more. 2—Shaping: Developing Super Performance Without Strain or Pain How to conduct an opera; how to putt; how to handle a bad report card. Parlor games for trainers. Notes on killer whales, Nim Chimpsky Zen, Gregory Bateson, the Brearley School, why cats get stuck in trees, and how to train a chicken. 3—Stimulus Control: Cooperation Without Coercion Orders, commands, requests, signals, cues, and words to the wise; what works and what doesn't. What discipline isn't. Who gets obeyed and why. How to stop yelling at your kids. Dancing, drill teams, music, martial arts, and other recreational uses of stimulus control. 4—Untraining: Using Reinforcement to Get Rid of Behavior You Don't Want Eight methods of getting rid of behavior you don't want, from messy roommates to barking dogs to bad tennis to harmful addictions, starting with Method 1: Shoot the Animal, which definitely works, and ending with...

Words: 65349 - Pages: 262

Free Essay

Habits

...Habits Lynette Huff PSY/250 October 28, 2013 David Dakroub Habits Habits are an acquired pattern of behavior that has become almost involuntary as a result of frequent repetition (The Free Dictionary, 2013). Habits are something that people do like either biting nails, smoking, doing drugs, or washing their hands a number of times. Some habits can be good and others can bad. Most people find it hard to break bad habits and take on good habits. The whole world can have bad and good habits those habits are what help make up our personality. Sometimes our habits are how some people perceive us and maybe even the way they treat us. We will look into how these habits can perceive us and how we can use them or not use them. When analyzing one of our habits it would be a bad one because we have a tendency to bite our nails. Nail biting started for us when we were little, why it started could not tell anyone why or how. Looking back we do not remember ever having a role model except maybe other little children that did the same thing. Do remember our mother telling us to stop biting our nails that is was bad. Now that we are older we have stopped biting our nails in some ways, the only time we bit our nails now is when we are stressed. We guess we started biting our nails again when we decided to quit smoking, which is another bad habit we picked up along the way. We started smoking and quit biting our nails when our father pasted away and we had to step up to the plate...

Words: 1199 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Learning Theory

...BEHAVIORIST THEORY AND LANGUAGE LEARNING According to Dr. Demirenze, the Behaviorist theory, Mentalist theory, Rationalist theory (called cognitive theory), Empiricist theory (Audiolingualism), and Cognitive-code theory are several basic theories advanced to describe how the language is acquired and taught. (1988, page 135). Also he said, “These theories must not automatically make us presume that first and second language learnings are identical or alike processes, though second language learning is strongly tied up with first language acquisition”. However Behaviorist theory, founded by J.B Watson, is based in a psychological theory and actually is a native language learning’s theory as a reaction to traditional grammar. (Dr. Demirenze, 1988, page 135). The behaviorist theory analyzes the human behavior in the association between them and stimulus- response interaction. The first behavior, who explores the area that learning is the establishment of association on particular process of behavior and consequences of that behavior, was E.L.T. Thorndike. So this means that behaviorist theory is a theory of stimulus-response psychology according to Dr Demirenze.(1988, page 136). In the Demirenze’s sources said that behaviorist theory has basic tenents which some of them say, the behaviorist theory dwells on spoken language because first, we learn to speak and after that we learn to read and write. Furthemore, this theory is a habit formation of language...

Words: 478 - Pages: 2