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Operations

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group project paper | Economic Order Quantity | Operations & Supply Chain Management | | Alvin KurniawanDavid ChristianHenry SinagaIrsyad WicaksonoPhillip Tedja | 16 Maret, 2013 |

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DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
Bab 1. Pendahuluan 1.1. Latar Belakang…………………………………………………. 2 1.2. Rumusan Masalah…………………………………………….. 3 1.3. Tujuan Penulisan………………………………………………. 3 1.4. Sistematika Penulisan…………………………………………. 4
Bab 2. Landasan Teori 2.1 Pengertian Economic Order Quanity (EOQ)………………… 5 2.2 Sejarah Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)…………………… 7 2.3 Asumsi-asumsi Economic Order Quanity (EOQ)…………… 8 2.4 Keuntungan dan Kerugian Economic Order Quanity (EOQ). 9

Bab 3. Profil Perusahaan……………………………………………………… 10 Bab 4. Pembahasan Masalah………………………………………………… 12 Bab 5. Kesimpulan dan Saran……………………………………………….. 14

BAB 1
Pendahuluan

1.1 Latar Belakang Sebagai mahluk sosial, manusia tidak akan bisa terlepas dari kebutuhan sandang atau pakaian. Fungsi utama dari pakaian adalah untuk menutupi tubuh kita sekaligus melindunginya dari terik matahari, suhu dingin, hujan, salju dan segala cuaca lainnya. Tidak hanya cuaca namun gangguan dari lingkungan luar non cuaca. Saat ini pakaian tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai penutup tubuh, namun juga sebagai karya seni dan gaya hidup. Tidak sedikit pula yang menjadikan pakaian sebagai personifikasi status sosial mereka.
Kebutuhan tersebut akhirnya mendorong para pelaku bisnis untuk ikut ambil peranan dalam industri garment. Di Indonesia sendiri, banyak pengusaha yang menjadikan produk tekstil sebagai komoditi utama penjualan mereka. Ikatan Ahli Tekstil Seluruh Indonesia (IKATSI) menyatakan bahwa pertumbuhan industri tekstil di Indonesia cukup menjanjikan. Nilai ekspor Indonesia di sektor tekstil mencapai sekitar US$13 miliar per tahun dan setiap tahun industri ini mengalami pertumbuhan sebesar 20%.
Salah satu elemen penting dalam industri tekstil adalah mesin jahit. Terdapat banyak jenis mesin jahit, namun secara garis besar jenis mesin jahit dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu mesin jahit yang digunakan dalam industri garment, dan mesin jahit yang digunakan pada industri rumahan. Mesin jahit yang digunakan untuk kebutuhan industri garment umumnya memiliki ukuran yang besar dan mampu mengerjakan ratusan jahitan setiap harinya. Sedangkan mesin jahit yang digunakan pada industri rumahan memiliki bentuk fisik yang lebih kecil dan hanya mampu mengerjakan beberapa pekerjaan jahit saja setiap harinya.
Kebutuhan akan mesin jahit kemudian memunculkan pihak-pihak yang menyalurkan mesin jahit dan suku cadangnya. Salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak sebagai penyalur mesin jahit di indonesia adalah PT XYZ.
Sebagai perusahaan yang sedang berkembang, PT XYZ fokus mendistribusikan mesin jahit dan suku cadang mesin jahit yang digunakan untuk kebutuhan industri garment. PT XYZ memiliki gudang yang berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan berbagai jenis mesin jahit yang di import dari luar negeri.
Dengan konsep bisnis “B2B” (Business to Business), PT XYZ hanya menyediakan produknya kepada pihak-pihak yang telah menjadi pelanggannya sehingga transaksi dan komunikasi bisnis dilakukan dengan efektif. Namun sering ditemukan masalah dalam hal penyimpanan akibat terjadinya penumpukan barang yang kemudian menimbulkan biaya tambahan untuk penyimpanan dan juga resiko kerusakan pada barang akibat penyimpanan barang yang terlalu lama. 1.2 Rumusan Masalah
Permasalahan kelebihan dan kekurangan dari persediaan barang menyebabkan perusahaan harus menentukan kebijakan persediaan yang optimal. Keoptimalan dalam pengaturan ketersediaan barang didasarkan pada penentuan ukuran pemesanan agar tercapai efesiensi biaya total. Hal ini menyangkut pengambilan keputusan mengenai seberapa banyak order yang harus dipesan untuk memenuhi permintaan dan kebutuhan persediaan agar tidak terjadi stok habis.
Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut PT XYZ perlu mengadakan perencanaan dan pengendalian berapa jumlah maksimum produk yang ada agar produk yang tersimpan tidak berlebihan. Penerapan metode EOQ yang benar menjadi pilihan untuk dapat mengoptimalkan kinerja pengelolaan penyimpanan barang di perusahaan tersebut. 1.3 Tujuan Penulisan
Tujuan dari dilaksanakannya penelitian pada PT. XYZ adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Menerapkan EOQ sebagai sistem penyediaan barang yang optimal pada PT. XYZ untuk menghindari terjadinya kekurangan atau penumpukan pada peyimpanan barang.
2. Dengan terciptaya pengendalian persediaan barang yang efektif, perusahaan dapat memperlancar proses transaksi dengan pengguna jasa mereka sehingga dapat meningkatkan mutu layanan.

1.4 Sistematika Penulisan

Sistematika penulisan yang digunakan dalam penulisan tugas penulisan ini adalah :
BAB 1 Pendahuluan
Pada bab ini dibahas mengenai latar belakang penulisan, ruang lingkup, tujuan dan manfaat yang hendak dicapai, dan bagaimana metodologi penelitian yang hendak digunakan serta sistematika penulisan skripsi.
BAB 2 Landasan Teori
Pada bab ini dijelaskan mengenai teori-teori umum dan teori-teori pendukung lainnya yang mendukung penulisan ini.
BAB 3 Profil Perusahaan
Pada Bab ini diterangkan tentang keberadaan perusahaan mulai dari berdiri sampai dengan saat ini dan juga menjelaskan bagaimana perusahaan melakukan penyimpanan terhadap ketersediaan barang.
BAB 4 Pembahasan masalah
Pada Bab ini dijelaskan perihal permasalahan yang ada pada operasional penyimpanan barang di perusahaan XYZ dan peneropan metode EOQ yang optimal.
BAB 5 Kesimpulan dan Saran
Pada bab ini membahas tentang kesimpulan dan saran yang berguna untuk menciptakan peningkatkan kinerja perusahaan.
BAB 2
Landasan Teori

2.1 Pengertian Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) adalah metode pengaturan jumlah pemesanan barang yang paling optimal diterapkan untuk menekan biaya pengeluaran persediaan. Berikut adalah beberapa pengertian dari EOQ :

* Berdasarkan pendapat Pardede,Pontas M (2005; p422), menyatakan bahwa Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) menentukan jumlah barang yang harus dipesan untuk tiap kali pemesanan agar biaya sediaan keseluruhan menjadi sekecil mungkin.

* Berdasarkan pendapat Sumayang, Lalu (2003; p212), jumlah pemesanan barang yang ekonomis atau “Economic Order Quantity” atau EOQ mengisyaratkan beberapa hal, yaitu : a. Laju permintaan yang tetap b. Waktu penyiapan pemesanan atau “set up time” tetap. c. Tidak pernah terjadi kehabisan persediaan atau “no stock out”. d. Pemesanan berupa paket dalam satu paket berisi beberapa unit material. e. Jenis material atau produk yang dipesan hanya terdiri dari satu jenis. f. Waktu tenggang pemesanan atau “lead time” yang tetap. g. Tidak ada pengurangan harga pesanan.

* Menurut Pendapat Reksohadiprodjo dan Gitosudarmo Indriyo. (2000; p200), EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) adalah Volume atau pembelian yang paling ekonomis untuk dilaksanakan pada setiap kali pembelian.

Ada tiga asumsi yang harus dipenuhi dalam penerapan model EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) yaitu : * Permintaan rata-rata konstan dan dinyatakan dalam suatu distribusi yang tidak berubah dengan perubahan waktu.

* Tenggang waktu (Lead Time) pengiriman konstan. Apabila tenggang waktu lebih kecil dari yang diperkirakan maka akan timbul kelebihan persediaan, dan apabila lebih panjang akan timbul kekurangan persediaan.

* Setiap orang tidak tergantung pada barang yang lain.

a. Berdasarkan pendapat Rangkutti (2004;p11), EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) adalah jumlah pembelian bahan mentah pada setiap kali pesan dengan biaya yang paling rendah.

b. Menurut Pendapat Keown, et al (2000; p748), “menyebutkan bahwa EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) adalah mementukan jumlah pemesanan yang ekonomis untuk jenis persediaan dengan penggunaan yang diperkirakan, biaya penyimpanan dan biaya pemesanan

* Biaya penyimpanan (holding cost).
Biaya penyimpanan adalah biaya-biaya yang berkaitan dengan penyimpanan atau penahanan (carrying) persediaan sepanjang waktu.

* Biaya pemesanan (ordering cost)
Biaya pemesanan mencakup biaya-biaya pasokan, formulir, pemrosesan pemesanan, tenaga para pekerja, dan sebagainya (Render dan Heizer, 2001;p319)

2.2 Sejarah Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Menurut pendapat Zulfikarizah (2005; p99), pada tahun 1915 FW. Harris mengembangkan rumus yang cukup terkenal yaitu EOQ (Economic Order Quantity). Rumus ini banyak digunakan di perusahaan-perusahan atas usaha yang dilakukan oleh seorang konsultan bernama Wilson oleh karena itu Rumus ini sering disebut dengan EOQ Wilson walaupun yang mengembangkannya FW. Harris. Walaupun EOQ merupakan Teknik penentuan persediaan tertua, namun EOQ dengan variasinya banyak digunakan di perusahaan-perusahaan untuk permintaan independent dalam manajemen persediaan karena relatif mudah di gunakan.

Menurut pendapat Schroeder (2000; p326), menyebutkan bahwa “kuantitas pesanan ekonomis” (EOQ) dikembangkan oleh seorang bernama FW. Harris pada tahun 1915. kemudian rumus ini bertambah luas penggunaannya di dalam industri melalui seorang konsultan bernama Wilson. Oleh sebab itu rumus ini lebih sering disebut EOQ Wilson, walaupun dikembangkan oleh Harris. EOQ dan variasinya masih digunakan secara luas didalam industri bagi manajemen persediaan untuk permintaan bebas.

Grafik Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

Price Total Cost Ordering Cost

Carrying Cost EOQ jumlah pesanan

2.3 Asumsi-asumsi Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Menurut Zulfikarizah (2005; p100), Model EOQ sangat aplikatif untuk situasi di mana item dibeli dari perusahaan lain. Model EOQ dapat digunakan dalam menentukan persediaan dengan syarat harus memenuhi beberapa asumsi di bawah ini : * Tingkat penggunaan seragam dan diketahui ( permintaan konstan) misalnya permintaan tiap hari 200 unit dan permintaan ini diasumsikan berlangsung, terus menerus. * Harga item sama untuk semua ukuran pemesanan (tidak ada diskon). * Semua pesanan dikirim pada waktu yang sama. * Lead time konstan dan diketahui dengan baik. Pesanan datang tepat pada persediaan habis (minimal persediaan nol atau tidak terjadi kehabisan persediaan) * Item merupakan produk tunggal dan tidak ada kaitannya dengan produk lain. * Biaya penempatan dan penerimaan pesanan diabaikan untuk sejumlah pesanan. * Struktur biaya khusus digunakan dengan cara biaya item unit konstan dan tidak ada diskon untuk pembelian dalam jumlah besar. Biaya penyimpanan persediaan memiliki fungsi linier untuk sejumlah item (tidak ada skala ekonomi dalam biaya penyimpanan). 2.4 Keuntungan dan Kerugian Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Menurut pendapat Schroeder (2000; P367), keuntungan rumus EOQ merupakan perkiraan yang bermanfaat dalam praktek. Rumusan ini memberikan asumsi-asumsi yang tepat beralasan. Selain itu, rumus EOQ juga memberikan wawasan ke dalam perilaku ekonomi dari sediaan. Sedangkan kelemahan dari EOQ adalah: * Permintaan diasumsikan secara konstan, sedangkan dalam banyak situasi yang nyata permintaan bervariasi secara substansial. Dalam bagian berikutnya, permintaan acak akan dipertimbangkan. * Biaya/unit diasumsikan menjadi konstan, tetapi dalam prakteknya sering kali ada potongan kuantitas untuk pembelian yang besar. Kasus ini membutuhkan suatu modifikasi dari model EOQ dasar. * Bahan dalam partai diasumsikan semuanya sekali diterima, tetapi dalam beberapa kasus bahan akan ditempatkan dalam persediaan secara kontinyu selama diproduksi. * Diasumsikan produk tunggal, tetapi terkadang satuan-satuan beragam dibeli dari satu pemasok tunggal dan semuanya dikirim pada waktu yang sama. * Biaya persiapan diasumsikan tetap meskipun pada kenyataan biaya ini sering dapat dikurangi.

Bab 3
Profil Perusahaan

Industri tekstil dan garment adalah salah satu sektor perindustrian yang signifikan dalam menyumbang keberlangsungan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Selain telah memperkerjakan banyak karyawan, industri tekstil dan garment juga telah memberikan menyumbangkan valuta terbesar dibandingkan dengan industri lain di Indonesia. Pada tahun 1987, terdapat 88 perusahaan garment dan tekstil di Indonesia jumlah itu kemudian meningkat hingga lebih dari 2000 perushaan pada tahun 1992, dan pada tahun 2003, jumlah tersebut meningkat lagi menjadi 2654 perusahaan.

PT. XYZ didirikan pada tahun 1986 untuk memenuhi kebutuhan akan tekstil di Indonesia yang pada saat itu baru mulai tumbuh. PT. XYZ pada bidang industri tekstil sebagai distributor mesin jahit, mesin potong, mesin finishing, dan suku cadang. Beberapa merek yang didistribusikan oleh PT. XYZ antara lain Juki, Kansai Special, Union Special, Naomoto, dan Eastmen. PT. XYZ hanya berfokus pada pendistribusian mesin-mesin yang berasal dari Jepang dan Amerika, dikarenakan kedua Negara pemasok memiliki reputasi dan kualitas yang baik. Mesin-mesin dari kedua negara tersebut juga memiliki daya tahan yang lama dan jarang sekali rusak selain pada masalah keausan mesin.
PT. XYZ bergerak pada tipe business to business dengan aneka produk mesin yang berkualitas tinggi untuk kelas barang premium dan menghasilkan produk berkualitas tinggi. PT. XYZ memiliki klien beragam mulai dari pabrik garmen sampai dengan UKM garmen di Indonesia.

Selain mendistribusikan mesin, PT. XYZ juga menyediakan suku cadang sebagai rangkaian after sales service yang disediakan. Hal ini disebabkan karena untuk sebuah mesin jahit terdapat berbagai komponen suku cadang, sehingga diperlukan manajemen yang baik untuk mengatur sistem penyimpanan suku cadang. Dalam hal ini PT XYZ ternyata kurang fokus pada manajemen penyimpanan untuk suku cadang dibanding bagian penjualan mesin.

Bab 4
PEMBAHASAN MASALAH
Beberapa tahun belakangan ini, PT. XYZ tidak menerapkan sistem ordering, Pemesanan barang hanya dilakukan pada saat persediaan barang menipis. Dikarenakan hal tersebut sering ditemukan terjadinya kehabisan barang pada saat pelanggan ingin melakukan pemesanan.
Barang yang rasio pemesannya paling tinggi adalah suku cadang: 1. Clutch Spring

2. Inner Hook

3. Bobbin Case

Untuk setiap kali order yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan ke produsen menghabiskan biaya pengiriman sebesar $20.00 untuk satu kali kirim dan memiliki biaya simpan sebesar 20% dari harga barang yang dipesan
Dengan data tersebut kemudian akan diaplikasikan metode EOQ dengan formula sebagai berikut:

D=Demand (unit/tahun)
C=Price/ Unit
S=Biaya Pemesanan/ pesan
Q=Quanity Pemesanan

Sample hitungan menggunakan Clutch Spring:

Summary table untuk semua parts

Dari hasil hitungan dengan menggunakan data jumlah permintaan, biaya simpan, biaya pengiriman, dan harga suku cadang tersebut, maka pemesanan paling optimal bagi PT. XYZ adalah sebanyak 10 kali dalam satu tahun. Dimana dalam setiap order, jumlah clutch spring yang perlu dipesan sebanyak 92 unit, Inner Hook sebanyak 89 unit dan Bobbin Case sebanyak 62 unit.
Biaya yang perlu dikeluarkan adalah $19,552.52 untuk Clutch Spring, $21,252.35 untuk Inner Hook dan $19,288.84 untuk Bobbin Case. Maka di dapat Total biaya yang diperlukan untuk pemesanan suku cadang tersebut adalah $60,093.71 untuk periode satu tahun.

Bab 5
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Setelah menggunakan sistem EOQ, manajemen penyimpanan pada PT. XYZ kini dapat mengoptimalkan jumlah pemesanan agar tidak terjadi kekurangan maupun penumpukan stok barang di gudang yang nantinya dapat dipesan oleh pelanggan. Namun sistem EOQ ini hanya dapat pada suku cadang yang diklasifikasikan sebagai barang yang tingkat urgensinya tinggi. Metode ini kurang efektif bila diterapkan pada barang-barang yang diklasifikasikan sebagai barang tingkat urgensinya rendah, dikarenakan jumlah pesanan barang tersebut yang tidak menentu dan frekuensi yang tidak teratur. System EOQ dapat dijadikan sebagai tolak ukur bagi pengaturan pemesanan suku cadang di PT. XYZ. Metode ini akan menjadi sistem yang dapat memudahkan pengaturan pemesanan suku cadang di PT. XYZ agar tidak terjadi penumpukan atau kekurangan persediaan. Sistem EOQ ini juga dapat dikembangkan dengan memperhitungkan biaya stockout, karena banyak pelanggan yang akhirnya membeli suku cadang dari perusahaan lain. Hal ini disebabkan sering terjadi kehabisan persediaan suku cadang di PT. XYZ.

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Operations Research

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Operation Bodyguard

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Operation Management

...1. Why is it undesirable for the United States to evolve into a service economy? It is undesirable for the United States to evolve into a service economy because several problems arise if jobs shift from manufacturing to service. One is that service job pay less. Many service jobs are in minimum wage, while hourly wages from manufacturing jobs have historically exceeded the minimum wage by a substantial margin. As a result the standard living will necessarily decline. Furthermore, manufacturing allows the firm to capture payoff for the development of new technology. If this payoff is lost, so is the incentive to invest in research. The decline of manufacturing domestically has led to a shift in jobs from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. Because there are major disparities in labor costs in different parts of the world, there are strong incentives for American firms to locate volume manufacturing facilities overseas to reduce labor costs. 2.What disadvantages do you see if the CEO is primarily concerned with the short-term ROI? In the short term, decreasing the denominator by cutting back on the investment in new technologies or new facilities. Performance is measured over short time horizons. There is little motivation for a CEO to invest in a project that is not likely to bear fruit. 3.Can you think of companies that have gone out of business because they focused only on cost and were not able to achieve a minimum quality standard? -“Enron went from...

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Operations Management

...Operations Management… By D.B.S. Saurabh Marwah(201401017), Dingnan Ouyang(201400084), Boyang Yu(201400104) Students – Asia Pacific International College Literature review 1 Literature review of Operations management Saurabh Marwah, Dingnang, Boyang Asia Pacific International College Research Topic: The impact of total supply chain management on organization performance? Literature review 2 Introduction Operations management is an important part for all the organizations to run themselves successfully or in a professional manner. It refers to decisions and responsibilities of managing the resources dedicated to the production and service delivery. Managers are the people who are responsible managing the resources that make up the operations function. There are other functions also which are not core to the organizations which are for the smooth running of the organizations such as accounting, IT, human resources. Being an operations manager contains a lot of responsibilities and activates in the organization, which contribute to give good service. * Strategic objective: Operations managers must clearly understand the goals of the organization and develop vision in order to achieve them, which also involve translating the goals into implications. * Operations strategy: There are numerous decision-making involved with operations, it is important that operations manager should have a set of guidelines that are connected with organization’s...

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...Journal of Business & Economics Research – July 2005 Volume 3, Number 7 Operations Research And Operations Management: From Selective Optimization To System Optimization Jack A. Fuller, (E-mail: jfuller@wvu.edu), West Virginia University C. Lee Martinec, West Virginia University ABSTRACT The focus of this research paper is to discuss the development of Operations Management (OM) and Operations Research (OR) with respect to their use within the organization’s decision-making structure. In addition, the difference in the tools and techniques of the two fields is addressed. The question is raised as to how distinct the two academic fields have become in light of the application of their models to the service industry. Suggestions are made regarding the possibility of incorporating OM/OR models and their output into the decision making structure of the organization towards the goal of “system optimization”. ORIGINS OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH A comparison of the origins of operations management and operations research reveals that both are an innovation of the 20th century. The origin of operations research was in England, circa 1937, and has its roots in scientific management, with its first significant applications to military operations in both World War I and World War II. Operations management had its origins in the early factory system, and was more associated with physical production in a factory environment and it too was strongly influenced...

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Operation Flood

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...Why is demand in tourism different from other industry operations? i. Tourism industry is dominated by small and often owner-managed firms. ii. There is also great diversity in the different types of operation such as hotels, restaurants, pubs and so on and therefore it is difficult to generalize about the organisational structure of organization within the tourism industry [wood 1994]. iii. The tourism industry tends to employ large numbers of individualistic and even idiosyncratic proprietors and managers and its stated that being able to have direct control over the operation is seen as the main attraction of entering the industry for proprietors and managers [Wood, 1997]. iv. Managers in the tourism industry are found to be different in personality from managers in other industry. For example studies by Lockwood [1989], stone [1988] and WORSFOLD [1989] found hotel managers to be more autocratic, assertive, competitive, stubborn, spontaneous, cynical, critical, controlling and practical. What techniques were suggested for improving the quality of services in response to fluctuations in demand? i. The “chase and level strategy” where the firm chase demand by offering flexible working hours, etc. The firm alter the level of demand by utilizing marketing mix [sassier 1976] ii. “Yield management” is used to alter demand by carefully forecasting, overbooking, choosing high yield customers etc. [KIMES 19890] iii. “Intelligence enhancement strategy” is used to analyse historical...

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