...The first incidence of Septo-Optic dysplasia was reported in 1941 by David Reeves after having examined a 4 month old baby with an optic nerve irregularity i.e. the absence of the septum pellucidum. After this discovery, the disease would then take another thirty years to become properly reconnoitered and linked to pituitary hormone deficiencies by de Morsier and Kaplan et al respectively which are the primary causative factors of the disease. What then, is septo optic dysplasia and why did it take so long for the illness be to investigated? The answer is simple, the disease is as rare as hen’s teeth. Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal development of the optic disk, pituitary deficiencies, and often (absence) of the septum pellucidum (the part of the brain that separates the anterior horns or the lateral ventricles of the brain). The development of the forebrain which occurs at the early stages of embryogenesis, between 4 to 6 weeks of gestation in humans could account for the presentation of SOD/ Morsier’s syndrome....
Words: 1046 - Pages: 5
...Al-Hassan Ibn Al- Haytham Al-Hassan ibn al-Haytham The Arabian physicist, starwatcher, and mathematician al-Hassan ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen, established the theory of vision that prevailed till the 17th century. He also defended a theory of the physical reality world models. Al-Hassan was born at Basra in southern Iraq, where he must have received all his education. He gained enough fame for his knowledge of physics in his youth that he was called to Egypt by the Fatimid ruler al-Hakim to attempt to regulate the flow of the Nile. Failing in this effort, he was disgraced and established himself as a copyist of mathematical documents there still exists in Istanbul a document of the Banu Musa's version of Conics copied by him in 1024. He continued to practice the scribal art in Cairo for the remainder of his life. He did not cease to follow his scientific studies, however, and published a large number of highly original works. He produced two catalogs of his own work, which are preserved by Ibn abi Usaybia. The first of these, compiled in 1027, comprises 25 books on mathematics and 44 on physics and metaphysics, including On the Structure of the World. The second, supplementary catalog was complied in 1028. Work in Starwatching The primary interest of al-Hassan was the explanation of wonders by both mathematical and physical hypotheses. His interest in astronomy was motivated by the difference between physical and mechanistic model...
Words: 970 - Pages: 4
...supplement on “Optics and the Eye”. 1. Distinguish between somatic and special senses. 2. Explain the importance of vision in our lives. 3. Explain the importance of smell and taste in our lives. 4. With the aid of a diagram, describe the olfactory receptor cells, an olfactory glomerulus, the olfactory pathway 5. List the regions of the brain that receive information on odors transmitted through this pathway. 6. Describe the physiology of olfaction. See notes, B. Physiology of Olfaction 7. Describe the anatomy of taste receptors and the taste pathway. 8. Describe the physiology of taste. 9. Describe what you know about the genetics of taste. 10. Explain the relationship between smell, taste and flavor. 11. Draw a diagram of a sagittal section of the eye, name the parts, and summarize the function of each part. 12. Describe the accessory structures associated with the eye (eyelids, extraocular muscles etc.). 13. Draw a simple outline diagram of the neural retina, showing the arrangement of the five neural cells found in it. What are their names? 14. To your diagram, add the cells of the non-neural retina. 15. Name the glial cell found in the retina. 16. Draw a rod and a cone, showing outer segment, inner segment, mitochondria, nucleus and synapse. 17. Explain how the cornea and lens function to focus an image of the external scene on the retina. 18. Explain why everything looks blurred if you open your eyes under water...
Words: 1760 - Pages: 8
...in how one sees. The eye and brain work together to turn the world into visual data one’s brain can understand and use. There are some eye conditions that inhibit the sight or the recognition of the shapes one sees. Research continues to overcome these conditions as well as to further understand the biochemical reaction that gives humans the sight and understanding one has of visual data. Included in the paper are some of the latest research methods. Describe Visual Information Processing The way a human eye and brain works together to produce visual data understandable to the brain is through a biochemical reaction to light turned into neural impulses by the brain. The section of the brain dedicated to interpreting vision is the visual cortex. . Light passes through the lens and the vitreous humor and falls on the retina at the back of the eye (J.R. Anderson, 2009, pg. 34). The retina includes the light sensing or photoreceptor cells. These cells change physical shape when exposed to light. The photoreceptor cells are of two kinds; rods and cones. At this point the photochemical process occurs that turns the information of the light, including shapes, texture, color, orientation, and depth, into neural impulses. Rods are the cells that when exposed to less light energy are responsible for less sharp images, the kind one sees at night. Cones are responsible for seeing color, acuity, and high-resolution vision. Cones are in one part of the back of the eye, or retina, which is...
Words: 1582 - Pages: 7
...Albinism Albinism is a congenital disorder where there is a complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes because of the absence or defect in the enzyme that produces melanin. Melanin is responsible for pigment in plants, animals, and protists. Albinism in man has been described by many Greek and Roman writers, and the first accurate scientific paper about it was written in 1908 by Sir Archibald Garrod. Most people only think of humans in the case of albinism, but in reality, it affects humans as well as plants and animals. In plants, Albinism is the total or partial absence of chlorophyll. Because there is an inadequate amount of chlorophyll, photosynthesis is impaired. As a result, plants with albinism usually die at a young age. According to scientific authors Maya Kumari, Heather J. Clarke, Ian Small, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique, some environmental conditions like temperature, light, media composition, and culture conditions can play a role in determining the frequency of albino plant formation. Although environmental factors can sometimes play a role, genetic factors are the main determinants. Genetic studies in different crops show that it is a recessive trait governed by many loci. Because nuclear as well as chloroplast genomes affect albinism, incompatibilities between them is a likely cause of pigment defects in hybrid progenies (Kumari). In angiosperms large amounts of these incompatibilities are found. Unfortunately, there is no solution...
Words: 2415 - Pages: 10
...farsightedness? Farsightedness, also known as hyperopia, is a common type of refractive error where distant objects may be seen more clearly than objects that are near. However, people experience farsightedness differently. Some people may not notice any problems with their vision, especially when they are young. For people with significant farsightedness, vision can be blurry for objects at any distance, near or far. RETINA VITREOUS GEL IRIS CORNEA Image focused on the retina What is refraction? Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through one object to another. Vision occurs when light rays are bent (refracted) as they pass through the cornea and the lens. The light is then focused on the retina. The retina converts the light rays into messages that are sent through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain interprets these messages into the images we see. What are refractive errors? In refractive errors, the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing on the retina. The length of the eyeball (longer or shorter), changes in the shape of the cornea, or aging of the lens can all cause refractive errors. MACULA OPTIC NERVE LENS PUPIL How does farsightedness develop? Farsightedness develops in eyes that focus images behind the retina instead of on the retina, which can result in blurred vision. This occurs when the eyeball is too short, which prevents incoming light from focusing directly on the retina. It may also be caused by an abnormal shape of...
Words: 607 - Pages: 3
...(spinal cord to medulla), in this substantial gelenoca (in middle), it acts like a gate, opens and closes based off of impulses coming in; regulating the transmission of pain * Dull pain or constant wimping (frequency) * Neuromatrix theory- pain is a multidimensional experience; mystical; visceral pain makes me nauseous, headache, and now my big toe hurts; pain is about all of these things. * Eyes: * How optic disk gets activated: light hits the fovea macula (center where cones –light receptors are), then it travels the optic nerve * Glacuoma- pressure problem from fluid, vicious tumor and aqueous tumor smushes rods and cones causes distorted vision, which distorts the lens and refracts the light * Pressure problem, because of fluid, or structure problem, misshapen lens * Macular degenerations- detachment over time of thin tissues- they start peeling off life a sunburn * Loosens then peels * Cranial nerves- eye movement * Ocular motor nerve- problem with my eyes, can’t control the muscle * Why people are blind: problems anywhere from lens to brain * Proctective structures: * primitive reflex- blink reflex * humors- fluid that bathes the lens * Ganglion- brings nerve ends together * Visual processing center- think about it, associate it with other thin * Errors in refractions * Hyperopia: farsighted, picture is too far back, put on lens to bring closer * myopia: near sightedness...
Words: 733 - Pages: 3
...Liceo de Cagayn university – graduate studies | Visual Perception Deficits | Cataract & Glaucoma | Submitted by: | Nadine Angelica C. Gadia – Casiño, RN | March 18, 2012Submitted to:Ms. Delia V. Realista, RN, MANProfessor | | I. Intoduction Cataract Cataracts are common and significant cause of visual defects all over the world. A cataract is an opacification or clouding of the lens of the eye. Cataracts develop because of the alteration of transport of nutrients and metabolism in the lens. This interferes with light transmission to the retina therefore affecting the ability to perceive images clearly. All cells of the lens formed in the lifetime is retained therefore prevalence of cataracts increase rapidly with aging. WHO estimates that cataracts account for 48% of reversible blindness worldwide, which translates to about 18 million people. Cataracts affect slightly more women than men. The Beaver Dam Eye Study in the US found that 23.5% of women and 14.3% of men had a visually significant cataract by the age of 65 years. Although cataracts can be surgically removed, in many countries surgical services are inadequate, and cataract remains the leading cause of blindness. Age is the greatest risk factor in the occurrence of cataracts. Cataract, though with unclear links, may be acquired through heredity and genetics (e.g., Wilson's disease, galactosaemia, myotonic dystrophy). Early formation of cataracts is associated with the following risk factors: ...
Words: 10994 - Pages: 44
...A CLINICAL CASE STUDY: CHEMICAL ERIC ERIC: Age 15, 6’ tall, 150 lbs, size 13 shoes. Swelling presents on right knee and ulcerated sores on his lower left leg with prolonged healing. Doctor’s test results reveal lowered levels of thyroid hormone and low levels of cortisone and testosterone but high growth hormone. Treatment is administered to remove fluid from knee. Shortly after Doctor visit, Eric breaks left hip. PROBLEM: What hormonal problem could be causing these symptoms? A: Hypopituitarism. Based on the symptoms the patient presented it appears there was a deficiency in FSH/LH due the decreased muscle mass (skinny), increase osteoporosis (bone fragility), ACTH deficiency due to the low cortisol in the adrenal glands which reveals symptoms of fatigue, weight loss, can have delayed puberty in children, affects in the immune system. CQ1: What hormonal problem could be causing these symptoms? A: Pituitary gland has problems. CQ2: Based on the diagram in Slide 10 (pituitary gland) choose the correct answer. A: The posterior pituitary probably collects hormones made by the hypothalamus, and the anterior pituitary probably makes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus. ERIC: Upon test results, it appears a benign pituitary tumor has placed pressure on the pituitary gland and disrupted functions. TREATMENT: Irradiation to kill the pituitary and tumor associated with it. Post irradiation...
Words: 891 - Pages: 4
...Anatomy and Physiology: * Cornea - It is the outermost lens of the eye, controlling and focusing incoming light. It shields the rest of the eye from dust, germs and other harmful foreign matter. * Sclera - The visible white part of the eye.The sclera is a protective layer that maintains the global shape of the eye and offers resistance to internal and external forces. * Iris - The part of the eye which is colored. The iris is a diaphragm that regulates the expansion and contraction of the pupil to allow in the required amount of light. * Choroid – contains blood vessels and supplies nutrients to the retina. * Ciliary Body - Connects the choroids with the iris and secretes aqueous humor that helps the eye its shape. * Retina - The retina is the link between the brain and the light entering the eye. The retina is a complex structure able to convert the impacting light into nerve impulses that are then sent to the brain along the optic nerve. * Rods are photoreceptors responsible for peripheral vision and function at reduced levels of illumination. * Cones function at bright levels of illumination and are responsible for color vision and central vision. * Vitreous body – transmits light and gives shape to the posterior eye. * Vitreous (behind the lens) – gel-like substance that maintains the shape of the eye that provides additional support to the retina. * Optic disk – “blind spot”; it contains nerve fibers, lacks photoreceptor cells...
Words: 1638 - Pages: 7
...Running head: Magic Eye Marketing Plan Course Project: Magic Eye Marketing Plan Patrick D Wattles MM522 Marketing Management Course Project: Magic Eye Marketing Plan 2.0 Situational Analysis The Magic Eye represents a technology that is yet to exist in the construction optics industry. Camero has come to the realization that it’s military and law enforcement Through the Wall Radar Imaging (TWRI) optics can be applied to the construction industry. Camero likewise understands that the construction industry could help the organization to diversify its product offerings and increase revenue. SWOT Analysis 2.1 Strengths 2.1.1 Experience with military and law enforcement Through the Wall Radar Imaging (TWRI) optics. 2.1.2 Product uses parts within existing supply chain. 2.1.3 Strategic partnership with FLIR® (Forward Looking Infra-Red) to supply thermographic optics. 2.1.4 Technology does not currently exist within the construction optics industry. (New market segment) 2.2 Weaknesses 2.2.1 No market share in the construction optics industry. 2.2.2 Construction industry is a shrinking market. 2.2.3 Construction industry lack of familiarity TWRI technology 2.3 Opportunities Course Project: Magic Eye Marketing Plan 2.3.1 Increased sales to markets in Europe, India, and China. 2.3.2 Diversification of Camero® brand. 2.3.3 Continued development of Camero® product lines. 2.4 Threats 2.4.1 Competition in military and law enforcement TWRI technology...
Words: 2338 - Pages: 10
...There are two main types of categories of visual problems: (1) blindness and (2) low vision (Carney, Engbretson, Scammell, & Sheppard, 2003). “Blindness ranges from being totally without sight to unreliable vision and primary reliance on other senses” [while] “low Vision is reduced central acuity of 20/70 or less in the better eye after correction” (Carney, Engbretson, Scammell, & Sheppard, 2003,...
Words: 795 - Pages: 4
...What is a fiber optical Microscope used for? | Finding Dirty, cracked or scratched connectors | 3. What is not the cause of crosstalk issues? | Short | 4. What information is not needed in a request for proposal? | Where the material was purchased | 5. What is important during vendor selection phase after creating RFP? | 1.Selecting a vendor who balance between cost and performance 2. Proven expertise in projects of similar scope, size, and complexity3. Conformance with all appropriate codes, articles, and regulations. D.)All the above | 6. What is refraction? | The bending of light as it passes from one material into another | 7. What was the first full scale commercial app of fiber-optic communication? | AT&T & GTE’s phone systems (1977) | 8. How are optic fiber and copper different? | Optical Fiber cannot send binary dataCopper cannot send binary dataCopper cannot be used for communication Answer: None of the Above | 9. How is digital data transmission superior to analog data transmission? | - Digital transmission is not effect by noise nor attenuation c) All the above | 10. Which is not part of typical optical fiber? | Copper | 11. Optical Fiber has a high tensile strength because | It resists stretching | 12. Which of the following are methods commonly used to make optical fiber? | - Modified Chemical Vapor deposition - Vapor axial deposition | 13. How does dispersion affect optical fiber? | - Blur & blends digital signals...
Words: 1040 - Pages: 5
...Aside from the face and the tongue, it also supplies parts of the ear canal, the salivary glands, the lacrimal (tear) glands, the nasal cavity and the palate. Depending on the extent and point of injury to the facial nerve, you may experience facial paralysis, loss of eye blinking, and drooling. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) This is a motor nerve that gives you the sense of hearing as well as balance. Its two components consist of the vestibular and the cochlear nerves. The vestibular nerve helps you maintain a sense of balance while the cochlear nerve enables you to hear sounds. Injury to the vestibular nerve will cause dizziness and loss of balance while injury to the cochlear nerve may result in deafness. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) This sensory nerve carries information from throat (pharynx) and some areas of the palate and tongue. It also innervates the salivary glands and performs motor function that helps you swallow food. The glossopharyngeal nerve is derived from the third branchial arch. It has...
Words: 1338 - Pages: 6
...Introduction The human eye is one of the most important things to a person and thus has many forms and protection. Do you know that there is also physics in your eyes. The human eye is a complex anatomical device that remarkably demonstrates the architectural wonders of the human body. Like a camera, the eye is able to refract light and produce a focused image that can stimulate neural responses and enable the ability to see. The human eye is an adjustable lens system consisting out of two focussing elements and a light receptor sysytem. In this term paper, we will focus on the physics of sight. We will use our understanding of refraction and image formation to understand the means by which the human eye produces images of distant and nearby objects. Additionally, we will investigate some of the common vision problems that plague humans and the customary solutions to those problems. Each part of the eye plays a distinct part in enabling humans to see. In the body of my term paper, we will know the important parts of our eye. And how they are related with each other. We will also know the relation of the human eye with the camera. II. Body There are imporant parts of the eye, if they will be damaged, your eyesight will not function. The eye is essentially an opaque eyeball filled with a water-like fluid. These are the parts that can be located in our eyes: the cornea, the iris and pupil, the lens, the retina, the fovea centralis, and the optic nerve. In the front of...
Words: 2195 - Pages: 9
