...Option Greeks When learning Option Greeks there are four words you need to know. These words are delta, gamma, theta and Vega. Option Greeks are measurements of risk that explain several variables that influence option prices. Before we can begin understanding what Option Greeks are, we should first understand the factors which influence the change in the price of an option. Then we can better understand how this fits in with the Option Greeks. Here are the 3 main factors that influence the change in the price of an option: Volatility Amount If you are long in the option, increases in volatility are normally positive for both calls and puts. However, an increase in volatility is typically negative if you are the writer of the option. Changes in the time to expiration If an option gets nearer to the expiration time it will become more and more negative and the profit potential will be become less and less. The nearer the option is to expiration, the faster the time value evaporates. Another way of saying this is that the rate of loss of time value for an option with three months left to expiration is faster than that of an option with six months remaining. Time is running out for the option to get in-the-money (when the strike price is less than the market price of the underlying security). The less time, the less value. The closer and closer options get to expiration, the less chance there is that it will happen, and there are generally fewer buyers and more sellers. ...
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...instruments and their applications in managing various types of financial risks. While doing so, students would understand the organizational aspects of those risk functions and their roles & responsibilities. The emphasis is on mechanics, properties and valuation of forwards, futures, options and swap instruments. In covering these instruments, cases, examples and notes would be sought from markets so as to provide a holistic view of the financial market structure i.e., currency, fixed income, equity and money markets. Cases discussed in the class would be contemporary in nature drawn from international experience. Pre-requisites: Students are advised to be through with Financial Management I, Financial Management II and Quantitative Methods. Students are expected to go through all the reading prescribed before every class and make a meaningful contribution through active class participation. The course is delivered through a combination of case discussions, problem solving, real life risk reports and simulation. The course would have an analytical and numerical flavor and hence students are required to bring their calculators/laptops to every class. Text Book: 1. Hull, John C. & Basu, S., Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 7th Edison, Prentice-Hall of India, 2008. (JCH) Suggested Text/References: Dubofsky, David A., Derivatives : Valuation and Risk Management, Oxford Publication Jorion, Phillip., Handbook of Financial Risk Management, John Willey Publication...
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...2: "Which of the following is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a fixed date in the future, for a fixed price? 1. Swaps 2. Futures 3. Forwards 4. Warrant 2: "_ Are derived by continuously computing the average of the most recent n day’s closing prices. 1. Moving Average 2. Quotes 3. Commodities plots 4. Plots 2: "What is the conversion factor of a US Treasury bond if securities coupon is 6 percent 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 6 2: "Which of the following are market instruments that are low risks, highly liquid, short term debt instruments issued by governments, financial institutions and corporations? 1. Derivatives 2. Financial Assets 3. Money Market Securities 4. None of the Above 2: "According to this theory, movement in financial markets depends on attitudes of investors on the business cycle. 1. Dow Theory 2. Cycle Theory 3. Elliot Wave Theory 4. None of the above 2: "Which of the following is a measure of the average change in prices of goods and represent inflation at the consumer level 1. Consumer price index 2. Implicit price deflator 3. Gross domestic product 4. None of the above 2: "What Happens when fiscal policy is paralyzed due to political statement of budget constraints 1. Revert to the economic policy established by the goverment 2. Monetary policy will be relied on 3. Opt to the financial policy 4. None of the above 2:...
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...An Introduction to VBA in Excel Robert L. McDonald† First draft: November, 1995 November 3, 2000 ∗ Abstract This is a tutorial showing how to use the macro facility in Microsoft Office—Visual Basic for Applications—to simplify analytical tasks in Excel. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Calculations without VBA 3 How to Learn VBA 4 Calculations with VBA 4.1 Creating a simple function . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 A Simple Example of a Subroutine . . . . . . . 4.3 Creating a Button to Invoke a Subroutine . . . 4.4 Functions can call functions . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Illegal Function Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Differences Between Functions and Subroutines 3 3 4 5 5 7 7 8 9 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ∗ Copyright c 1995-2000 Robert L. McDonald. Thanks to Jim Dana for asking stimulating questions about VBA. † Finance Dept, Kellogg School, Northwestern University, 2001 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, tel: 847-491-8344, fax: 847-491-5719, E-mail: r-mcdonald@northwestern.edu. CONTENTS 2 5 Storing and Retrieving Variables in a Worksheet 5.1 Using a named range to read and write numbers from spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Reading and Writing to Cells Which are not Named. . . 5.3 Using the “Cells” Function to Read and Write to Cells. 10 the . . . . . . . . . 11 12 13 6 Using Excel Functions 13 6.1 Using VBA to compute the Black-Scholes...
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...Chapter 12 & 20 Chapter 21 The Black-Scholes Formula and Option Greeks Adapted from Black & Scholes (1973), The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 81, No. 3., pp. 637-654. 2 Black-Scholes Assumptions • Assumptions about stock return distribution Continuously compounded returns on the stock are normally distributed and there is no jumps in the stock price The volatility is a known constant Future dividends are known, either as discrete dollar amount or as a fixed dividend yield • Assumptions about the economic environment The risk-free rate is a known constant There are no transaction costs or taxes It is possible to short-sell costlessly and to borrow at the risk-free rate 3 Black-Scholes Assumptions • The original paper by Black and Scholes begins by assuming that the price of the underlying asset follows a process like the following dS (t ) ( )dt dZ (t ) S (t ) where (20. 1) S(t) is the stock price dS(t) is the instantaneous change in the stock price is the continuously compounded expected return on the stock δ is the dividend yield on the stock is the continuously compounded standard deviation (volatility) Z(t) is the standard Brownian motion dZ(t) is the change in Z(t) over a short period of time 4 Black-Scholes Assumptions • There are 2 important implications of equation (20.1) Suppose the stock price now is S(0). If the stock...
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...Document Analysis Historical Context: The author's name is Herodotus. The document was composed in 5th century B.C.E. The purpose of the document was a history piece to understand the Massagetae people and how they battled with the resources that were given to them and their customs of how they treated one another in marriage or when one died. Summary: The document says that Cyprus had intended to conquer Massagetae who were a powerful nation with an army that utilized in brass or gold to forge their weapons and fighting on horseback or on the ground. Weapons varied from ranged weapons, such as bows and lances, but more importantly with melee which would involve use of spears and battle-axes; their favorite weapon. Many compare them to the...
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...Flaws with Black Scholes & Exotic Greeks Treasury Perspectives Flaws with Black Scholes & Exotic Greeks 1 Flaws with Black Scholes & Exotic Greeks 2 Flaws with Black Scholes & Exotic Greeks Dear Readers:It’s been a difficult and volatile year for companies across the Globe. We have seen numerous risk management policies failures. To name a few... UBS, JPM Morgan, Libor manipulations by European, US and Japanese banks and prominent accounting scandals like Lehman… As rightly said by Albert Einstein “We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.” and when you can't solve the problem, then manage it and don’t be dependent upon science as Science is always wrong, it never solves a problem without creating ten more. The same is the case with Foreign Exchange Risk Management Policies (FXRM) which if can’t be managed properly then would lead to either systematic shocks or negative implications at the bottom line of the corporate, banks, FI and trading houses P&L A/cs. That is something risk management struggles with, say the experts. In Richard Meyers’ estimation, risk managers or traders do not socialize enough. “It’s all about visibility,” he said. Meyers, chairman and CEO of Richard Meyers & Associates, a talent acquisition and management firm in New Jersey, relates the story of a firm that decided to adopt an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) strategy. Instead of appointing its risk manager to head...
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...Disclaimer This PDF is a section of the Unilever Annual Report & Accounts and Form 20-F 2003 provided to Unilever's shareholders. It does not contain sufficient information to allow a full understanding of the results of the Unilever Group and the state of affairs of Unilever N.V., Unilever PLC or the Unilever Group. For further information the Unilever Annual Report & Accounts and Form 20-F 2003 should be consulted. Certain sections of the Unilever Annual Report & Accounts and Form 20-F 2003 have been audited. Sections that have been audited are set out on pages 73 to 125, 131 to 147 and 149 to 150. The auditable part of the Directors' Remuneration report as set out on page 68 has also been audited. The maintenance and integrity of the Unilever website is the responsibility of the Directors; the work carried out by the auditors does not involve consideration of these matters. Accordingly, the auditors accept no responsibility for any changes that may have occurred to the financial statements since they were initially placed on the website. Legislation in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions. Disclaimer Except where you are a shareholder, this material is provided for information purposes only and is not, in particular, intended to confer any legal rights on you. The Annual Report & Accounts and Form 20-F does not constitute an invitation to invest in Unilever...
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...To explain the roll cost, every day roughly one twentieth of VXX holdings in the near month futures contracts are sold and replaced with the same amount of next month futures. Most of the time, the near month future is at a lower value than the next month because investors tend to expect hell to break loose in the future, not tomorrow. For example, today, July expiration future is $20.21 and August expiration future is $21.69 so there is a 7.3% premium on August. Since every day we pay more to replace the futures contracts with new futures contracts, we are paying this roll cost. Futures prices change wildly every day but imagine If the futures values did not change for an entire month, you would lose 7% of your investment. If you don't know anything about it, that's an excellent reason not to own it. "Invest in what you know" is pretty universal investment advice. I'll do the same, copy and paste to my MS Word and then try to comprehend. To think that I averaged a 3.78 GPA and actually two 4.0s in my micro/macro economy & Global Economy, and to find that I need more time to remember and understand alll these, it's depressing. My mental judgment tells me that you know what you are saying. Thank you. (That still I´m not) you don´t need to be a PhD in Economics (even as having one can help): you DO need a lot of PATIENCE, you need a discipline of reading everyday A LOT about global economic & political news (discarding the garbage from real-value information), you...
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...Grade Details - All Questions | 1. | Question : | (TCO C) Blease Inc. has a capital budget of $625,000, and it wants to maintain a target capital structure of 60 percent debt and 40 percent equity. The company forecasts a net income of $475,000. If it follows the residual dividend policy, what is its forecasted dividend payout ratio? (a) 40.61% (b) 42.75% (c) 45.00% (d) 47.37% (e) 49.74% | | | | Instructor Explanation: | Answer is: d Text: pp. 570-572 - Residual Dividends, Chapter 14 Capital budget $625,000 Equity ratio 40% Net income (NI) $475,000 Dividends paid = NI - (Equity ratio)(Capital budget) $225,000 Dividend payout ratio = Dividends paid/NI 47.37% | | | | Points Received: | 10 of 10 | | Comments: | | | | 2. | Question : | (TCO F) Chocolate Factory's convertible debentures were issued at their $1,000 par value in 2009. At any time prior to maturity on February 1, 2029, a debenture holder can exchange a bond for 25 shares of common stock. What is the conversion price, Pc? (a) $40.00 (b) $42.00 (c) $44.10 (d) $46.31 (e) $48.62 | | | | Instructor Explanation: | Answer is: a Chapter 19: pp. 770-774 Par value: $1,000.00 Conversion ratio: 25.00 Conversion price = Par value/Conversion ratio = $40.00 | | | | Points Received: | 10 of 10 | | Comments: | | | | 3. | Question : | (TCO B) Ang Enterprises has a levered beta of 1.10, its capital structure consists of 40 percent debt...
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...|15. |Binomial valuation You have an option to purchase all of the assets of the Overland Railroad for $2.5 billion. The option expires| | |in nine months. You estimate Overland's current (month 0) present value (PV) as $2.7 billion. Overland generates after-tax free | | |cash flow (FCF) of $50 million at the end of each quarter (i.e., at the end of each three-month period). If you exercise your | | |option at the start of the quarter, that quarter's cash flow is paid out to you. If you do not exercise, the cash flow goes to | | |Overland's current owners. | | |In each quarter, Overland's PV either increases by 10% or decreases by 9.09%. This PV includes the quarterly FCF of $50 million. | | |After the $50 million is paid out, PV drops by $50 million. Thus the binomial tree for the first quarter is (figures in | | |millions): | | |[pic] | | |The risk-free interest rate is 2% per quarter. | | |Build a binomial tree for Overland, with one up or down change for each three-month period (three steps...
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...An analysis of the results of For the year ended 2nd April 2006 Report devised and prepared by Duncan Williamson www.duncanwil.co.uk May, June and July 2006 3rd Edition Marks and Spencer Analysis Introduction This article concerns Marks and Spencer and came about following the publication of their annual financial results. There is nothing extraordinary about the results apart from two things! • • They were very big news in the business and ordinary press They have been prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards rather than under UK Financial Reporting Standards The second point took me a little by surprise for the simple reason that it didn’t seem to cause a fuss. I expected a few more explanations by accountants and analysts over the restatement of 2005’s results and the potential impact on 2005 and 2006 and beyond of the application of IFRS. Of course, M&S published comparative figures for the IFRS based results for the latest year and they restated the previous year as they should. However, I seem to be the only person who is worried or concerned or bothered in the slightest about the potential for smoke and mirrors lying behind some or all of what was revealed. Why am I worried? Well, M&S is still trying to work its way out of a fairly tough trading period and coming at the end of the transition to IFRS I wanted to hear what analysts thought about what I was worried about. This is the second edition of this article and the final section...
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...Unit 6 Assignment GB550: Financial Management Alberto Silveira Kaplan University Prof: Ana Machuca April 11, 2011 Chapter 13: Problem 13-5: How is it possible for an employee stock option to be valuable even if the firm's stock price fails to meet shareholders' expectations? Solution: Employees are given the option of buying stocks at a specified time at a specified price without investing any money. For example, if the price of stock is $10 today and the employee is given the option to buy 1000 shares at the price of $10 per share two years from now. If the stock price increases to $12 per share in two years, then the employee will gain $2,000 ($2 x 1000) from these stock options. Let’s say that the expected capital appreciation was 20%, the value of the stock would have increased to $14.4 per stock. Even though the stock price fell short of the expected value, it still created additional income of $2,000 for the employee. The options pay off if, at the time of option expiration, the stock price is higher than the option’s strike price, even if the company failed to meet shareholders’ expectations. Chapter 15: Problem 15-8: The Rivoli Company has no outstanding debt and its financial position is given with the following data: Assets (book=market) $3,000,000 EBIT $500,000 Cost of equity, rs 10% Stock price, P0 $15 Shares outstanding n0 200,000 Tax rate, T (federal plus...
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...Traditional VS Islamic Financial Derivatives To: Prof. Naser Abu Mustafa By: Mwaffaq Al Jayousi & Mohammad Al Shdooh Abstract This study focuses the light on defining financial derivatives and briefly describe their different types (Options, Forwards, Futures, Swaps, etc.). At the same time it tries to find if these financial derivatives exists in the Arab world, how they are implemented, and if we have an Islamic alternatives for them. Introduction There is a big debate in the Arab world regarding the usage of financial derivatives, Wither they are legal according to Islam or not, and If they are illegal in Islam; are there any Islamic alternatives to them. First we have to ask our self: Is there any need to use derivatives? And why they recently became so popular in the western countries? The need for financial derivatives emerges when people realize that there must be a way to reduce the risk associated with the trading of different kinds of goods. Risks such as price fluctuations and the uncertainty about the future market conditions. And since there are some people who are willing to bear this risk instead of us, this market took off and recently because of the communications revolution it flourished. Then why these financial derivatives did not reach the Arab world? The answer is simply because they hugely rely on speculations and anticipation; which are considered illegal according to Islam. But someone can ask: if it is illegal in Islam, then how come we...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.9 Solutions to Selected Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5 Random Walk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.8 Solutions to Selected Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6 Interest-Rate-Dependent Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.9 Solutions to Selected Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1 The Binomial No-Arbitrage Pricing Model 1.7 Solutions to Selected Exercises Exercise 1.2. Suppose in the situation of Example 1.1.1 that the option sells for 1.20 at time zero. Consider an agent who begins with wealth X0 = 0 and at time zero buys ∆0 shares of stock and Γ0 options....
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