...ELP 102: ADVANCED PRONUNCIATION II SYMBOLS AND NUMBERS KAISER 1 SYMBOLS AND NUMBERS IN ENGLISH ~ tilde /tldey/ Used in some web addresses and over the n in Spanish and over the a and o in Portuguese. ! exclamation point /ksklmeyn pynt/ Used at the ends of exclamatory sentences. @ at sign /æt sæyn/ Used in e-mail addresses and pronounced as “at.” # pound sign (or number sign) /pawnd sayn/ (/nmbr/) On the telephone it is always called the “pound sign.” dollar sign /dlr sayn/ Used in money expressions, when reading American prices, just say “dollar(s)” for the sign. $ % percent sign /prsnt sayn/ Used in percentages, when reading percentages, just say “percent.” & ampersand /æmprsænd/ But most people do not know this word so they call it the and symbol (/ænd smbl/.) In reading just say “and” unless you need to specify the symbol. * asterisk (or star on a phone) /æst()rsk/ (/str/) For the phone, always say “star” as in *69 “star sixty-nine,” in other cases you can say “asterisk.” ( ) parentheses /prnsiyz/ The first is called open parenthesis (/owpn prnss/) and the second close parenthesis (/klowz prnss/).) dash or hyphen /dæ/ or /hayfn/ When this symbol occurs within a word, it is called a hyphen. Hyphenation (/hayfneyn/) refers to when you write a document that allows longer words to be broken up at the end of the line (the first part of the word is written at the end of the line with a hyphen and...
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...MMLS NOTE: Spanish Level 1 ➢ Numbers Un and Uno (one) Uno and un are synonyms. Both of them refer to the number one, but “un” must be used before masculine words. Observe that “un” means “one” and “a” (the indefinite article). Study the examples below: Examples: • un coche – one car / a car • un hombre – one man / a man • un niño – one boy / a boy Una Una means “one” and a” (the indefinite article) and must be used along with feminine words. Study the examples: Examples: • una casa – one house / a house • una mujer – one woman / a woman • una niña – one girl / a girl Continue: Cardinal Numbers from 0 to 30 Numbers from 0 to 30 are written as one word. 0. cero 1. uno 2. dos 3. tres 4. cuatro 5. cinco 6. seis 7. siete 8. ocho 9. nueve 10. diez 11. once 12. doce 13. trece 14. catorce 15. quince 16. dieciséis 17. diecisiete 18. dieciocho 19. diecinueve 20. veinte 21. veintiuno 22. veintidós 23. veintitrés 24. veinticuatro 25. veinticinco 26. veintiséis 27. veintisiete 28. veintiocho 29. veintinueve 30. treinta Cardinal Numbers from 31 to 99 From 31 to 99 you have to add “y” (which means "and") between the tens and the unities. Examples: • 31. treinta y uno • 32. treinta y dos ...
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...alternative strategies against each individual objective; (iii) weighting of objectives for their relative importance to particular sections of the community; and (iv) Combining of scores to obtain relative measures of goals achievement for each alternative. Advantage of GAM: This method is highly participatory as it allows various sectors of the community to express their bias through the weighting of each objective according to their perception of its relative importance to their sector. The rating of each alternative strategy according to its perceived contribution to the achievement of each objective is determined by choosing an ordinal number within a given range. If no apparent relationship exists, then a rating of “0” is given. If a relationship exists (+ or -) then the degree of relationship is indicated by the ordinal numbers 1, 2 or 3 representing slight, moderate, or high degree respectively. The score of a particular spatial strategy with respect to a given goal/objective is the rating determined by the particular sector multiplied by the sector’s weight assigned to that objective. Finally, the aggregate (algebraic sum) of sectoral total scores is taken, and though the sectoral scores reflect biases, the grand total of scores shown in the...
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...| | Comparison Between Indifference Curve Analysis and Marginal Utility Analysis: There is difference of opinion among economists about the superiority of indifference analysis over cardinal utility analysis. Professor Hicks is of the opinion that the indifference analysis is more objective and scientific. Professor D.H. Rebertson is of the view that the Hicksian indifference curve technique is simply “old wine in new bottle”. We give in brief the main points of similarly between these two types of analysis and then discuss the superiority of Hicksian indifference curve analysis over the Marshallian Utility Approach. Similarities Between the Two Approaches: (i) Rationality assumption: In the two approaches, it is assumed that the consumer behaves rationality for obtaining satisfaction from his expenditure on consumer goods. Marshall uses the term utility, and Hicks satisfaction. (ii) Proportionality rule: The equilibrium condition of the consumer in both the analysis is the proportionality rule. In cardinal utility analysis , the equilibrium condition of the consumer is: MUa / Pa = MUb / Pb = MUc / Pc …………. = MUn / Pn In the Hicksian analysis, this ratio of marginal utility has been substituted by marginal rate of substitution is: MRSxy = Px / Py (iii) Diminishing MU and MRS: Another similarity between the two types of analysis is that both assume that as the consumer gets more and more of a commodity, there is diminishing satisfaction...
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...CONSUMER EQUILIBRIUM The consumer is assumed to be rational, that is, given his income and market prices of the different commodities, he aims at attaining the highest possible satisfaction or utility. However in order to achieve this objective, he must be able to compare the satisfaction of the different baskets of goods he can buy with his income. Utility is the measure of personal satisfaction. Marginal utility is the additional satisfaction that a consumer derives from an additional unit of a commodity or service. Total utility is the total satisfaction derived from consumption of a given combination of commodities. Consumer equilibrium is attained when the consumer purchases a combination of commodities that achieves utility maximization, given his income and price of commodities. The theory of demand tries to analyse consumer behaviour during the process of utility maximization. Once utility maximization is achieved, a consumer cannot increase utility by consuming more of one good and less of another because the marginal utility-price ratio equated. That is to say, utility is maximised when the consumer equates utility to the last amount spent on each good consumed. A summary equation to explain this is as follows: Marginal Utility of Good 1 = Marginal Utility of Good 2 Price of Good 1 Price of Good 2 Sometimes, the rule of consumer equilibrium is not satisfied, which means that utility is not maximized. This utility can be increased by changing...
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...CHAPTER NINE Quantity, Logic, Time, Movement, and Velocity C H A P T E R 8 dealt with what might be called the first wave of Piaget's experimental assault on the development of intelligence in the postinfancy years. There was to be a second wave, of larger scale and longer duration. This second wave of research had a small beginning in the period 1935-1940 with a few scattered journal articles (e.g., Inhelder, 1936; Meyer, 1935; Szeminska, 1935; Piaget and Szeminska, 1939) and moved into high gear in 1941 with the publication of the first (Piaget, 1952b) of a long series of full-length books on various cognitive-developmental problems: number, quantity, logic, space, time, and so on. QUANTITY There are several studies which touch on one or another aspect of the child's grasp of quantity notions (Apostel, Morf, Mays, and Piaget, 1957; Fischer, 1955; Inhelder, 1936; Piaget, 1960a; Piaget and Szeminska, 1939; Szeminska, 1935). The earlier papers are primarily of historical interest, since their contents have for the most part been incorporated into the systematic book on the subject by Piaget and Inhelder, Le Developpement des quantites chez I'enfant (1941). This book is divided into four sections, each three chapters long. In addition, there is the customary chapter of summary and conclusions at the end of the book. The first section deals with what is probably the best-known segment of the quantity work: the so-called conservation of matter, weight, and volume of an object...
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...PART II PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, AND COMPETITIVE MARKETS CHAPTER 3 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ------------------------------------------------- QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 1. What are the four basic assumptions about individual preferences? Explain the significance or meaning of each. (1) Preferences are complete: this means that the consumer is able to compare and rank all possible baskets; (2) Preferences are transitive: this means that preferences are consistent, in that if bundle A is preferred to bundle B and bundle B is preferred to bundle C, then we should be able to conclude that bundle A is preferred to bundle C; (3) More is preferred to less: this means that all goods are desirable, and that the consumer will always prefer to have more of a good; (4) Diminishing marginal rate of substitution: this means that indifference curves are convex, and that the slope of the indifference curve increases (becomes less negative) as we move down along the curve. As a consumer moves down along her indifference curve she is willing to give up fewer units of the good on the vertical axis in exchange for one more unit of the good on the horizontal axis. This assumption also means that balanced market baskets are preferred to baskets that have a lot of one good and very little of the other good. 2. Can a set of indifference curves be upward sloping? If so, what would this tell you about the two goods? A set of indifference curves can be upward sloping if we violate assumption...
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... When Erica is presented with manipulatives and asked “How Many?” She is able to state the correct amount for 1, 100% of occurrences, 2, 100% of occurrences, 3, 80% of occurrences. For 4, 63% and for 5, 25%. There are times her attention gets pulled elsewhere causing her to lose the place she was counting. As the numbers get bigger, Erica has a little harder time keeping track of what number she previously hit and what number comes next. There are times when she will hit the button, but it will not work, so she will skip that number or she will touch it again. But she has already moved her finger to the next manipulative, which throws her off. When Erica is asked to identify her numbers in order without any number cards from 1-10, she is able to complete the task with 90% accuracy. When Erica is presented with number cards and asked to match the numbers to the number on her communication device, she is able to complete the task with 80% accuracy. When Erica is asked to find a specific number on her communication device, she is able to complete the task with 40% accuracy. Erica is still at the tracing stage of her numbers. If she is presented with a number that is written in highlighter and asked to trace it, she is a be to complete the task. When Erica is asked to give a specific number of manipulatives, she hands the teacher the manipulative and then touches the correct number on her communication device. For 1, she is able to complete the task with 100% accuracy...
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...Cardinal and Ordinal Utility Introduction: Utility refers to the satisfaction that a consumer obtains from the purchase and use of commodities and services. According to economics there are two theories that are able to measure the satisfaction of individuals. These are the cardinal utility theory and the ordinal utility theory. There are a number of differences between the two in the methodologies that they use to measure consumption satisfaction Cardinal Utility Cardinal utility states that the satisfaction the consumer derives by consuming goods and services can be measured with numbers. Cardinal utility is measured in terms of utils (the units on a scale of utility or satisfaction). Goods and services that are able to derive a higher level of satisfaction to the customer will be assigned higher utils and goods that result in a lower level of satisfaction will be assigned lower utils. Cardinal utility is a quantitative method that is used to measure consumption satisfaction. Ordinal Utility Ordinal utility states that the satisfaction the consumer derives from the consumption of goods and services cannot be measured in numbers. Ordinal utility uses a ranking system in which a ranking is provided to the satisfaction that is derived from consumption. Goods and services that offer the customer a higher level of satisfaction will be assigned higher ranks and the opposite for goods and services that offer a lower level of satisfaction. Ordinal utility is a qualitative method that...
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...based on a sample are referred to as descriptive statistics. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Goal: 2 AACSB: MD 5. There are four levels of measurement-qualitative, quantitative, discrete, and continuous. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Goal: 5 6. Ordinal level of measurement is considered the "lowest" level of measurement. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Goal: 5 7. A store asks shoppers for their zip code to identify market areas. Zip codes are an example of ratio data. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Goal: 5 AACSB: REF 8. Ordinal level of measurement implies some sort of ranking. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Goal: 5 9. Data that can only be classified into categories is nominal data. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Goal: 5 10. The words descriptive statistics and inferential statistics can be used interchangeably. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Goal: 2 11. A marketing research agency was hired to test a new DVD player. Consumers rated it outstanding, very good, fair or poor. The level of measurement for this experiment is ordinal. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Goal: 5 AACSB: AS 12. The Union of Electrical Workers of America...
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...vital key to the human body. Most people don’t even give the brain a second thought. Though, there are people in this world who see it in extra detail. Those with synesthesia, like the scarce amount of people who have Ordinal Linguistic Personification, see the world in high definition. “Synesthesia is a perceptual experience in which stimuli presented through one modality will spontaneously evoke sensations in an unrelated modality. The condition occurs from increased communication between sensory regions and is involuntary, automatic, and stable over time.” (Brang 2011) My research shows how people with Ordinal Linguistic Personification struggle in math, grow up thinking it’s normal, and how they differ from other people with Ordinal Linguistic Personification. Because people with Ordinal Linguistic Personification see numbers as people, when certain numbers combine, it can lead to disaster in their mind (“10 Disadvantages…” 2014). For example, if two is a sweet little girl who wouldn’t harm a fly, and one is an arrogant bully of a boy, then, if those two numbers don’t go together, multiplying them together would just distract that person and they will mess up, leading to a poor grade (“10 Disadvantages…” 2014). Some people may think that people with Ordinal Linguistic Personification can control...
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...experience with computers, an average amount of experience with computers, or extensive experience with computers. No data is captured that can place the measured object on any kind of scale say, for example, on a continuum from one to ten. Coding of nominal scale data can be accomplished using numbers, letters, labels, or any symbol that represents a category into which an object can either belong or not belong. Ordinal Scale The ordinal scale has at least one major advantage over the nominal scale. The ordinal scale contains all of the information captured in the nominal scale but it also ranks data from lowest to highest. Rather than simply categorize data by placing an object either into or not into a category, ordinal data give you some idea of where data lie in relation to each other. For example, suppose you are conducting a study on cigarette smoking and you capture how many packs of cigarettes three smokers consume in a day. It turns out that the first subject smokes one pack a day, the second smokes two packs a day, and the third smokes ten packs a day. Using an ordinal scale, your...
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...population, we usually take a sample from the population. True False 4. The techniques used to find out something about a population, such as their average weight, based on a sample are referred to as descriptive statistics. True False 5. There are four levels of measurement-qualitative, quantitative, discrete, and continuous. True False 6. The ordinal level of measurement is considered the "lowest" level of measurement. True False 7. A store asks shoppers for their zip code to identify market areas. Zip codes are an example of ratio data. True False 8. An ordinal level of measurement implies some sort of ranking. True False 9. Data that can only be classified into categories is measured with a nominal scale. True False 10. The terms descriptive statistics and inferential statistics can be used interchangeably. True False 11. A marketing research agency was hired to test a new DVD player. Consumers rated it outstanding, very good, fair or poor. The level of measurement for this experiment is ordinal. True False 12. The Union of Electrical Workers of America with 9,128 members polled 362 members about a new wage package that will be submitted to management. The population is the 362 members. True False 13. The CIA World Factbook cited these numbers for the U.S: ( Birthrate is 14.14 births per 1,000 population ( Average life expectancy for females is...
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...powered set of data. * Nominal * Ordinal * Interval * Ratio Nominal The lowest measurement level you can use, from a statistical point of view, is a nominal scale. A nominal scale, as the name implies, is simply some placing of data into categories, without any order or structure. A physical example of a nominal scale is the terms we use for colours. The underlying spectrum is ordered but the names are nominal. In research activities a YES/NO scale is nominal. It has no order and there is no distance between YES and NO. and statistics The statistics which can be used with nominal scales are in the non-parametric group. The most likely ones would be: mode crosstabulation - with chi-square There are also highly sophisticated modelling techniques available for nominal data. Ordinal An ordinal scale is next up the list in terms of power of measurement. The simplest ordinal scale is a ranking. When a market researcher asks you to rank 5 types of beer from most flavourful to least flavourful, he/she is asking you to create an ordinal scale of preference. There is no objective distance between any two points on your subjective scale. For you the top beer may be far superior to the second prefered beer but, to another respondant with the same top and second beer, the distance may be subjectively small. An ordinal scale only lets you interpret gross order and not the relative positional distances. and statistics Ordinal data would use...
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...numbers, (2) ordinal numbers, (3) intervally scaled numbers, and (4) ratio-scaled numbers. This paper will examine each briefly and how they can be used effectively in the design of a survey questionnaire. Qualitative Data Data that can be categorized into one of several non-numerical categories is qualitative. You are recording some quality that the data possesses. Care needs to be taken to avoid assigning numbers to the categories then computing with them. This type of data is either nominal or ordinal. Nominal The number we assign to some object, idea, or behavior is entirely arbitrary, although in some cases a tradition may establish the rules of assignment. If measurements are assigned arbitrary numbers, they are called nominal numbers, and their sole purpose in the analysis is to differentiate an item possessing one characteristic from an item possessing a different characteristic. Nominal data is a type of categorical data in which objects do not have a natural, meaningful order. You can count but not order or measure nominal data. Only calculations based on the frequencies of occurrence are valid. Nominal scales have no numeric properties. Qualitative information is obtained from a nominal scale. This means objects are classified by name only. Counting is the only operation that can be performed on a nominal scale. Examples of nominal questions that may be used are: state of residence; gender; or hair color: blonde, brown, red, black. Ordinal Ordinal...
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