...Predictive Factor for Signing an Organ Donor Card” a Quantitative Research Study NUR 430 Excelsior College Abstract This paper is a critical analysis of the article “Spirituality as a Predictive Factor for Signing an Organ Donor Card”. The research was preformed by Anat Peles Bortz, RN, PhD, Tamar Ashkenazi, RN,PhD, and Semyon Melnikov, RN, PhD. The research was accepted for publication in 2014. The research was presented at the 25th International Nursing Research Congress Symposium in 2014 in Hong Kong. The research appears in Sigma Theta Tau International, Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2015. The research looked at two groups of people in Israel, those who signed an organ donor card and those who did not. The research examined differences of spirituality, purpose in life, and attitudes toward organ donation and explored the effects on signing an organ donation card. The article contains the research purpose, design, methodology, statistical findings, conclusions, clinical relevance, and references. Analysis of the article is from the perspective of its contents and it relative quantitative research methods. The article/research is broadly based on spirituality and organ donor procurement. Keywords: spirituality, purpose in life, attitudes toward organ donation, organ donor card “Spirituality as a Predictive Factor for Signing an Organ Donor Card” A Quantitative Research Study Quantitative Research Quantitative research is “The investigation of...
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...Organ Donation Proposal Paper Abstract In the last decade, the progress of post-transplant outcome and the increased organ failure has led to an increased need for organ transplant around the globe. Several factors such as the availability of guidelines for determining the eligibility influence this issue into more organ crisis. On the other hand, the need to meet the increased need for organ transplant has resulted in a rise in the number of people on the waiting list. According to Wendy (2005), in the year 2006 alone, the number of patients or Organ receivers on the waiting list was roughly around 95,000. Each year over 6,300 death cases reported due to unavailability of the organ in the United States (Gary, 2007). Due to the high shortage of organ, dozens of people life leading into a search for other alternative or pathway such as dialysis. Consequently, this kind of alternative methods has been able to provide practical solutions to this and other organ donation-related problems around the world (Wendy, 2005). The shortage of organs has deprived many patients of quality and better way of life. This paper provides a brief history of the organ donation, pros, and cons, statistics of organ donation, myths surrounding organ donation, organ donation-related issues and as well as the solutions and recommendations. Organ Donation Proposal History of Organ Donation Organ donations started back on 1954 Professor Joseph Murray surgeon who performed the first successful kidney...
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...[pic] Organ Donation Research Organ Donor Information Nareg Tarinian Health Research Paper • Professor Lorch • June 5, 2014 [pic] [pic] Everyday about 6,100 people die, 82, 951 people are waiting for organs to be donated, and ach day 17 people die because they do not receive a transplant since there is not enough people giving to be a donor. There are 100,000 people in the U.S in need of organ transplants, but the wait list is so long, unfortunately. Organ transplants are a significant tool for medical treatment today and the use of them will increase by this much 50%, there are significant issues with organ donation such as finding a wrong match or the transplant taking too long, and specific solutions by having more and more people become donors, which will start a future for them. Organ donation is when a person who died, has previously declared themselves as an organ donor and allowed permission for their organs to be transplanted into someone who need’s their specific organs because of some medical condition, can’t survive without the specific needed organ. When a person dies, it is said that their heart, intestine, kidneys, liver, lung, pancreas, heart valves, bone, skin, corneas, veins, cartilage, and tendons can all be used for transplants. Deciding to donate organs is beneficial to everyone, morally the right thing to do when you pass on if it is not against your religion,and is also one of the most best ways for survival. Transplants date from the 9th century...
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...Ethics in Organ Transplant Name Course Tutor Date Ethics in Organ Transplant Organ transplant is done when an organ in the human body fails to operate normally or malfunctions. Conditions may arise where there are two or more patients with only one available organ to transplant. These scarce organ resources present ethical challenges and the need to use fair decisions helps to identify the one who deserves the organ. It is inappropriate to donate an organ to an addict whose conditions are unrecoverable. On the other hand, deciding who is fit to live in the society should not be on the hands of doctors. This paper suggests that organ allocation be rooted with justice, which demands that all equal patients with proper family reputation be treated equally and those unequal patients with bad family behavior be treated unequally. If patients do not have readily available living donor, they are placed into waiting pool where they the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) maintains their list (Orenstein, 2004). When donor organs become available, an organ procurement organization (OPO) matches it with the appropriate transplant patients using a computer program (NoAuthorFound, 1999). This program will then generate a ranked list of patients eligible to receive the donor organ. This ranked list is based on; organ size, organ type, blood type, distance from the patient to the donor organ, level of medical urgency, and time on the waiting list. In some cases, however, the first...
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...shortcomings” Saima Mushtaq,Ms Hua chuntai, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, China ABSTRACT Dead body donation is useful for medical research, education and also beneficial of needy (injured/diseased) living persons. In medical educational sector, usually medical students study anatomy, which deals with the study of composition of human body. Understanding of human anatomy requires indepth knowledge about human body organs, tissues, cells, which requires teaching based on cadaver dissection. Cadavers and donated bodies remain a principal teaching tool for anatomists and medical educators teaching gross anatomy. Hands on experience on dead body helps learn various medical concepts and nature of human body. There is ever increasing demand of cadavers for anatomy dissection. Apart from educational uses, dead body donation may also include specific organ donations which could be required for saving life of severaly injured or diseased living beings as well. Even then people are reluctant to donate their bodies after death due to various reasons. This research is made in order to know these factors which results in opposition to dead body donation. Study also suggests ways to actually increase awareness in our society about dead body donation. In this study report we present a survey (attached in Annex- A) regarding potential whole-body donors in china. 100 random people (age range 18-75 years) answered a questionnaire, giving information about themselves, their reasons for donation...
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...commercialization of organ transplants have been a subject of ethical debate amongst healthcare professionals, ethicists and economists alike. There have been arguments made for and against the sale of organs. This paper will examine the ethical arguments associated with purchasing organs and determine whether it is ethical to do so. Arguments for and against the commercialization of organ transplants Supporters of the commercialization of organ transplants argue that it could effectively assist in greatly reducing the organ donor waiting lists. Kidneys, for example has a waiting list of 99,201 people in the United States (kidney.org, 2014). Some supporters, such as Julio J Elias, an economist at the State University of New York, Buffalo believes that marketing organs can work, it is less a matter of morals than it is a matter of social cost (Ireland, 2008). He believes that once society sees the benefits of commercializing transplants, they will no longer view it as unethical. Arguers against the commercialization of organ transplants believe that the sale of organs will ultimately prompt the exploitation of the poor. In a bulletin of the World Health Organization, it states that the neediest in poorer countries are often exploited by countries with a thriving market for organs (Garwood, 2007). Arguers worry that by commercializing transplants, it will cause a mass decent on those poor countries for the willing, yet uninformed, agreeing to sell their organs. My position...
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... is a not-for-profit Organ Procurement Organization (OPO), which provides procurement services for the recovery of organs and tissues utilized for transplant purposes. Some individuals choose, while living, to become donors of these tissues upon their death. This is termed a “first-person authorization” and is a legal binding document that cannot be revoked by the family or legal next-of-kin. However, there are occasions where families fiercely object to donation and MTN must reflect on what path is the most ethical to pursue; follow the wishes of the donor or concede to the objection of the family. This paper will examine the three theories of ethics: utilitarian, principle-based, and virtue and discuss which theory applies to this ethical dilemma. Introduction Midwest Organ Bank was originally founded in 1973 with the sole purpose of providing organ transplant and procurement services to transplant centers and hospitals throughout Kansas and Western Missouri communities. Organs recovered for transplant included kidneys, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, and intestines. In 1990 Midwest Organ Bank added tissue recovery services to their scope of practice to enable the transplant of life-enhancing tissues. These tissues included heart valves, bone, skin, and blood vessels. In 1998 the addition of eye banking services was added in order to provide the opportunity for corneal transplants. With the expansion of services being provided, Midwest Organ Bank changed its name...
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...Should Organ Market be legalized? Many people die each year while waiting on the list for an organ. The National Organ Transplant Act was founded to address the organ donation shortage and improve the organ matching. The National Organ Transplant Act is responsible for the placement process and the managing of the waitlist. But in title three section one of the National Organ Transplant Act the federal government bans the buying and selling of organs in the United States. The growth in population and the decrease in organ donation has resulted in organs deficit. There is a growing supply and demand gap in the United States. The non-legalization of organ markets goes against the concept of choice and individual rights which is part of the foundation of the United States. The body is a private property and people should have the right to do as they please with their body. By having an organ market there will be many economic and personal benefits. Some arguments that are proposed by people against the organ market are that the legalization of the sale of human organs would create a black market. A black market that might increase crime in the illegal pursuit of organs. It is also believed that organ market will result in many negative externalities; a negative externality is a cost that is suffered by a third party that was not included in the original plans. An example of a negative externality that would arise from the legalization of organ market would be an increasing child...
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...Resolved: A just society ought to presume consent for organ procurement from the deceased Opt-out systems presume consent for organ procurement from the deceased. While opt-in systems require expressed consent from the individual for organ procurement. Both methods don’t strip any personal rights but opt-out systems create complications. First, the opt-out policy raises very serious ethical questions. Second, opt-out systems have been shown to do little change. Third, alternatives to both systems have been introduced with promise. Organ procurement from an uninformed donor can be a predicament. From both the recipient and donor point of view, the current opt-in system ensures organs are from consenting individuals and prevents false positives...
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...Commercialization of Transplants Introduction The 1983 Human Tissue Act 65 regulates every aspect concerning organ transplants (Schicktanz, and Chair in Bioethics (Ḥefah), 2013). Since its last amendment in 1989, there have been tremendous developments in medical science. Presently, organ transplants are nearly routine operations in various hospitals. Commercializing human part for transplantation has also seen an increase in demand for sperms, hair, plasma, eggs, among others. Even so, there are arguments for and against the commercialization of human organs such as marrow, kidney, and sundry, with both sides of the arguments facing criticism. It is imperative to investigate ethical aspects regarding commercialization of human organs. To reach a conclusion on whether it is ethical or unethical, this paper summarizes both sides of the argument and later presents a moral argument and rationale for commercialization of transplants. Without commercialization, there would be few potential donors willing to give out their organs to a dying patient who needs the specific organ urgently, which is contrary to human dignity. This is the moral argument in this report. Arguments for commercialization In 2009, a group of cancer patients, bone-marrow donation advocates, and parents filled a lawsuit against the US government. The federal law had banned buying and selling of human organs. One of the parents had three daughters suffering from a blood disorder called Fanconi anemia, whose treatment...
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...is a welcome event that can alleviate pain and suffering and can sometimes save the life of another. A simple decision to become an organ donor can save lives and improve the quality of life of recipients. Receiving a needed organ facilitates a restoration of physiological functioning and often means the difference between life and death. Many people have misconceptions regarding organ donation and simply do not understand the facts. Some do not realize the vast numbers on waiting lists and how simply becoming a donor could save the life of another. Others may be apprehensive about making a decision about their bodies after death. In this paper we explain the origins and history of organ donation, the process by which organs are donated, the ethical implications behind organ donation and discuss many of the proposed solutions to solve the organ shortage issue. HISTORY OF ORGAN DONATION The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver. (14) Experimentally, bone marrow transplants began by giving patients bone marrow orally after meals to cure leukemia. This had no effect, but later when they used intravenous injections to treat aplastic anemia, there was some effect (14). One development that largely aided organ donation was the discovery of blood groups in the early 20th century. The first recorded kidney transplant was in 1909 and was a rabbit...
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...Organ Transplant in the United States Stephanie Daniels UCA Certificate of Authorship I hereby certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in preparing this report is fully acknowledged. I have also cited in APA format all sources of data, data analysis, ideas, words, phrases, or sentences. I also hereby certify that I have not submitted this paper to any other professor, at Webster University or elsewhere, during the course of my educational career. I have properly cited and acknowledged material that was presented in previous papers of my authorship. Signature: __________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3 Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………………………..4 What Organs and Tissues Can Be Donated……………………………………………….6 Organ Transplant Cost…………………………………………………………………….10 Ethical Issues: Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………..11 Strength and Weaknesses……………………………………………………………….....14 Alternatives and Key Challenges: Organ/Tissue Transplant……………………………...15 Summary and recommendations…………………………………………………………...17 References…………………………………………………………………………………19 Abstract Organ transplant experiments began in the 1800’s on animals and humans as a need...
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...Karra Bryant ENG 1020-011 Mrs. Shiner-Swanson Final Research Paper The Sale of Human Organs In the US recently the issue of human organ trafficking has become a bigger and bigger problem. When people hear that human organs are being bought and sold on the black market, they think that kind of thing only happens in third world countries, but it is quickly becoming one of America's biggest issues. People spend years of their lives on the transplant list waiting for a life saving operation, and they think that if they just buy whatever they need, it will solve all their problems. What most people don’t understand is how corrupt and dangerous organ trafficking is. The sale of human organs either facilitated through a doctor or on the black market, will soon be a huge problem in the near future. People on one hand are becoming so desperate for life saving transplants, and on the other hand people are looking to make a profit from buying or stealing organs and selling them on the black market. Organ trafficking is already an issue in third world countries, and will become a problem in the United States before we know it. The history of human organ transplant dates back further than most people would think. The curiosity of transplant dates back before modern medicine, in 9th century BC where individuals sewed animal parts together. In 4th century BC, Chinese texts describe Tsin Yue-Jen, a surgeon who switches the hearts of two people. This is the first documentation...
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...survival, the law prohibiting the widespread of trading human organs in numerous nations is being a controversial issue. The information from “Topics for today” (Smith and Mare, 2004) as well as reference of other resources presenting in this paper does express two different perceptions. While most of ethical and political organisations oppose to transaction human organs, I still belive that it is necessary to legalize that business with the purpose of making the best endeavor in regaining the subsistence of millions patients. Revoking the law which does forbid the patient has the right to buy flesh and people has authority to sell their organs would be beneficial besides merely saving a person’s life. First of all, both dealers are beneficiaries from the business transaction. Ross Taylor, president of the British Transplantation Society revealed a tremendous view of the people who prepare to martyr themselves. Their desperate circumstances are motivations for them to sell their body organs for justifiable even lofty intention as paying off of debts, college tuitions or even saving their families. While their donations are considered as a gift for patients’ life, they are also rescued from the impoverished situation. Simultaneously, legalization of human organs trading facilitates for the available flesh to reach the expectation of people who are waiting for transplantation. The adequate resource of human organs synonyms with millions patients are saving. By contrast, the...
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...Allografting 2.2.3 Xenografting 2.2.4 Bioartificial Devices 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 In Vitro 2.3.2 In Vivo 3.0 Conclusion Tissue Engineering, a scientific field that is focused on the creation of new tissue in replacement of those deteriorated by age, sickness or injury, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the afflicted area (Johnson, 2010). It is a continuously expanding field, due to being a study that affects proliferation of cells and prolonging the life of a human organ (Vacanti, 2006). Tissue Engineering is not limited to medicine, but also includes several branches of sciences, such as molecular biology, bioengineering, nanotechnology; this is because of the different characteristics of different tissues. For example, recreating a pancreas means a tissue must be constructed to make insulin; this is a special function that is carried by the original organ (Johnson, 2010). Tissue engineering is seen as the answer to degenerating cells and malfunctioning organs, yet there are still many risks to consider, before it is widely promulgated. Although Tissue Engineering had been seen as the solution to the increasing mortality rate, the mortality rate is the death rate among human lives; there have been past...
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