...Biodiversity Paper Bio/280 What is it that we think of when the words conservation biology is spoken? The meaning of this relates to the study of nature through scientific research and data. This is a part of science that relates to the status of earths biodiversities and the protection of ecosystems, species, and habitats. With protection being a key word that relates to keeping species from extinction. A human interaction that is put in place to help solve issues that arise in a scientific value of species and nature. Biodiversity is the number of species in a certain region, habitat, ecosystem, that includes plant life also. The overall data of organisms that are still within our regional ecosystems. A species it a group organism that thrives and lives in an ecosystem. Threaten species is a group of organisms that is a step below endangered, a species that is close to endangered. Such as the polar bears, as the global warming issue has implemented reasons to believe as part of the cause of this species for being on the threatened list (Jaymi Heimbuch, 2011). Judges have passed a provision to keep these animals on this list to see if humans can reduce and turn around the global warming affect in the ecosystem that polar bears reside. Endangered species are ones that are on the brink of extinction. The marine sea turtles have been on endangered species list due to the years it takes many of the new born turtles to mature. Many die off in the first year of life...
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...Every living thing on Earth has cells. Cells are made up of small pieces called proteins and organelles. The larger pieces are tissues and systems. Cells hold biological equipment that keeps them alive. A cells job is to organize. Each cell has a different function. Organisms grow and survive better when cells are present. If people were only made up of one cell they could only grow to one size. You also would not have a nervous system or muscles. A person’s body is made up of trillions of cells. Animal-like cells differ from plant-like cells. An animal-like cell could be a tiny microorganism or a nerve cell. Plant cells differ because they have protective structures with walls. Each organism has its own unique cell. People have hundreds of cells that are used to do different things in our bodies. All cells are surrounded by a membrane. Animals, people and insects have a nervous system. Some of the systems are more complex than others. A person’s nervous system consists of two parts: The central and the peripheral. The central nervous system is your spinal cord and your brain. The peripheral system makes up your organs, body and muscles. The reason people can react or take action is directly related to our nervous system. How people and animals smell, see and taste are related to our nervous system. Some of the things our nervous system does we don’t even think about. All of the systems in our bodies take direction from our nervous system. If we are eating our body starts to...
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...Generally speaking, there are numerous issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. To begin with, mutations (any change in the DNA sequence of an organism) introduce new genetic information into a population by altering alleles (a form of a gene usually arising through mutation) that are already present. Occasionally, a mutation introduces a new allele into the gene pool of species. On the other hand, a mutation may introduce an allele that was deficient in a local population. Meanwhile, it is present in other populations of species. All the different alleles for a trait originated as a result of mutations sometime in the past and have been maintained within the gene pool of the species as they have been passed from generation to generation during reproduction. Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism. If a mutation produces harmful allele, the allele will then remain uncommon in the population. For example, the “Anopheles” mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African counties. At some point in the past, mutations occurred in the DNA of these mosquitoes that made some individuals tolerant to the insecticide Pyrethrin, even before the chemical had been used. These alleles remained very rare in these insect populations until Pyrethrin was used. Then these alleles became very valuable to the mosquitoes that carried them. The mosquitoes...
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...There were some bugs that I found that looked like of what I saw in class. When I looked through the microscope I saw some things such as, legs on the side on it, its body was shaped like a little circle, it had one long end, one round end with a brown color. There was one that was broken and had a sort of glossy substance. That substance is likely to be cells that are inside the bug that have been broken and separated out of it. To me that seems like some sort of like a grass hopper. I looked up a few different bugs and one that I did look up grass hopper. Grass hoppers can be small, brown and they also have a long body and a long front. All this research I did, lead me to believe that this substance was indeed a living organism. For it to be a living organism it must at least have cells, use energy, develop, reproduce, or adapt to their environment. A grass hopper has at least one of these characteristics. This research helped me a lot to figure out whether it was a living or nonliving substance. By finding the characteristics, it helped me understand that it was. I discovered it was a grass hopper. I now understand how to figure out what a substance...
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...Tuong Nguyen Professor Eneigho Bio 42 11 March 2014 Bio Lab Report #3 For Lab on Thursday Feb 28 Procedure 24.1 Question 2: What is the shape and size of each bacteria colony? * Shape: circular, irregular, filamentous, rhizoid * Size: The size of the colony can be a useful characteristic for identification. The diameter of a representative colony may be measured. Tiny colonies are referred to as punctiform. Procedure 24.8 Question 6: Do all cells of a trichome of Cillatoria appear similar? Yes Question 7: a. Do adjacent cells share a common sheath? Yes b. What do you suppose is the function of the sheath? To protect and to keep the colony together c. Do clusters of Gloeocapsa represent multicellular organism? Why or why not. No, because you can break down the cells without killing them d. What is the best stain for Gloeocapsa, India ink or methylene blue? Methylene blue Question 8: a. How is the shape of Merismopedia different from other cyanobacteria you studied in this exercise? Merismopedia is a flat, square colony one cell thick b. How would a colony attain this shape? Equal divisions in two planes Procedure 24.6 Question 4: a. Where are the bacteria? Are they between cells or inside cells? Inside the cells b. Why is this relationship between a plant and bacterium called a mutualism? Mutualism is any relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. For some plants their relationship...
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...development of current laws in the US and other nations. The US has fairly few laws in place when compared to other nations, and focused mainly on more evolved animals. Nations like Australia and New Zealand have more extensive laws, banning all commercial research and requiring in-depth justification reports and constant updates. Finally, in Japan, we see that there is only one law, and unlike other nations where activists or some similar organization pushed for it, the religious beliefs of society actually served as the basis. I also discussed the effectiveness of these laws. In the US, the laws focus mainly on primates, dogs, and cats, which are rarely used in modern research. Since most research uses rats, fish, or other less evolved organisms, researchers are less influenced by laws. Furthermore, if researchers are found to have broken the law, the bureaucracy of it all results in slow action, if any at all. Besides that, I also worked on how our group would integrate the EQ into our presentation. This project was based off of the chapter that looks at how psychologists perform research, and the EQ of how we experience the world and what affects it. The treatment and use of animals in research has been a major issue in current society. Some people view animals as being less than human, or that the benefits that animal testing provides to humans makes it all right. These people are strong proponents of animal testing, where as those who see them more as equals or have little...
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...“Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products and use biological systems to make and modify products”. It provides organisms to make food products such as meats and dairy products. It also provides as a breakthrough for certain disease. Although biotechnology has done well for society, it also stirs up controversy. One of the ethical issues in technology that is very controversial is cloning. Some people would say cloning is the future, while others including myself would say it is harming our futures. I am against cloning because of the unethical experimentations, procreations turn into manufactures, and it threatens individuality and identity. In this report you will be learning about what is cloning, the pros and cons of cloning, and how to fix this controversial issue. Cloning is a cell or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which is was derived from. Cloning can be done on animals, plants, food, and even humans. The three types of cloning are Gene, Reproductive, and Therapeutic Cloning. Gene cloning creates copies the DNA, Reproductive cloning involves copies of animals, and Therapeutic cloning deals with stem cells in human beings body. One of the pros from cloning is that it can replace internal organs and tissue. Embryonic stem cells can grow and produce new organs and tissue from the damaged one. When patients are in need of a transplant, instead of waiting for an organ donor, they would...
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...presented. Describe the properties of life on Earth Properties of life on Earth are what define the word life. The properties of life consist of cells and reproduction, responses to the environment, growth and development, and evolution. Every living thing is collected through cells which make tissues and organs that make a living organism. All living organisms can produce such as humans, animals, bacteria, and plants called asexual reproduction. The responses of the living in the environment are through any changes occurring in “light, sound, heat, and chemical contact” through “eyes, ears, and taste buds” (Cliff’s notes, 2011, para. 3). Behavior is one way that all living organisms changes through the environment such as the food chain for one’s survival. Growth and development of an organism takes in all substantial amount of information through energy of building growth structures for survival. An example of this would be a living organism taking in the environment and making sure that all physical needs are taken care of such as eating. Passing down inherited traits change over time with Evolution are organisms that are in a population that is constantly changing over time. Inherited traits are passed through genetics and genes through living...
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...Plants, as we know, are just simple living organisms around us. Yes, we know that they grow, they reproduce, they go through photosynthesis, they produce oxygen, they produce fruits, they may have flowers, they serves as a home for other small creatures and so on… but we never knew that they travel and explore the world just like we what do. We also never really see how they grow from being a seed to a gigantic tree and it is amazing how technology and science combined can do As we watched The Private Life of Plants, it was like revealing the most kept secrets of different plants. It was nice to know how they survive in this cruel world. Just like the Bramble, it uses other animals, like the birds, to grow more of their kind. The bird will eat it’s fruit but eventually it will feel full so the bird will dig a hole on the ground and will keep the seed inside. In that way, the bird did not just ate the fruit of the Bramble but it also help the plant grow another of its kind. Lots of plants and trees were featured and each and one of them has different trait that is different from another but what really amazed me is how they travel… The Dandelion is a flower that lets it’s “parachute” to dance in the wind. The Liana is also an example which uses its airplane-wings-leaves to glide. Lots of things around us are simple beautiful in their own way but sadly, only few are appreciated by almost everyone. The Earth is a place not only for us but for all living creature, it may be...
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...provide back to the earth. Biocentric is the contrast to anthropocentric. Biocentric is the belief that no one organism is more important than another. Life is a cycle that all things are equal and nothing survives without the benefit from another species. People that believe in the biocentric school of thought believe that humans are just another species walking the earth and are no more important than any other organism. While it is true that each species feeds off of another, would every species be alive if humans were not? But the same is true if there were no plants. Would animals adapt, or would they die off? There is a large debate over the two different views of humanity existence in the environment. One being from a religious viewpoint of God's declaration that "man is to rule over the earth and subdue it." If God said that, has not all of nature made things specifically for man? But what about people that have no faith based doctrine? Most others would argue that humans cannot survive without plants. So are humans more important than plants. The earth is a revolving cycle of life where each organism feeds from another. Ethically, some people believe that humans are at the top of the food chain giving humanity the right to all. In contrast, some cultures worship certain organisms for the things they produce for their culture giving that organism a higher value than humanity. The belief in...
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...to feed the hungry. In this paper we will discuss the pros and cons about having genetically engineered foods, is it safe and an even bigger question do we need genetically engineered food? Before weighing the pros and cons of genetically engineered food, people of today’s society need to know what it is. Genetic engineering is a laboratory technique used by scientists to change DNA of living organisms. Scientists have learned and tested that there are ways of changing the structure of DNA in an organisms and customize its DNA. Genetically engineered food is commonly used in crop plants which in turn are used for feeding humans or animals. These engineered plants have been modified to resist herbicides or to improve their nutritional content. Millions of people all over the planet suffer from poverty and starvation. One very interesting but experimental solution to this problem of world hunger is genetically engineered food. The process involves the crossbreeding of crops in a laboratory with species that are not plant like. By mixing these two different organisms together is supposed to give hybrid crop special characteristics. This means that the crop could be resistant to disease, have the ability to live in very harsh...
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...CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIFE ON EARTH What is Biology? --- The science of living organisms and life processes. O.K., so what is science? And If biology is the science of “life,” what exactly is life? We all recognize what life is, but it’s difficult to define. The characteristics of life: 1) -Complex, organized structure 2) -Response to stimuli - a change outside (or inside) leads to another change 3) -Homeostasis - the ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. 4) -Ability to acquire material and energy >The material and energy are often transformed< 5) -Growth 6) -Reproduction - either sexual or asexual >DNA is genetic information, the “blueprint” for the offspring< 7) -Ability to evolve - to change to fit the environment Complex, organized structure The complexity of life is built in levels. (see fig 1-2) Each level has ingredients or components which interact to make something greater than the sum of the parts. -Subatomic particles -Atoms -Molecules -Organelles (not present in prokaryotes) -Cells -Tissues (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organs (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organ systems (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Multicelled organisms -Populations -Community -Ecosystem -Biosphere Response to stimuli Organisms react to external and internal stimuli. Some reactions are slow and some reactions...
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...Basic Processes of Reproduction Bacteria: Bacteria reproduce asexually, under positive environment settings this process is carried out through the method binary fission, where the most bacterial reproduction occurs in prokaryotic cells. The second method is through mitosis in eukaryotic cells except gametes (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Binary fission is asexual by nature and involves the splitting of the parent cells into two equal parts which once the split can be capable of independent existence (MediLexicon, 2004-2011). Grasshopper: Grasshoppers sexually reproduce when the male grasshopper introduces his spermatozoa through his aedeagus (reproductive organ) into the females ovipositor. The sperm sack contains a large packet of proteins known as spermatophylax that helps keep the eggs properly nourished (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Once fertilized the female lays the eggs with her ovipositor and stomach one to two inches underground to keep them protected during the winter months until they hatch in warmer weather (New World Encyclopedia). Fish: Fish reproduce is, based on the location, time of year, and the presence of a proper mate (Pruitt & Underwood, 2006). Depending on the type of fish they gather in huge schools, and females expel eggs and the males follow behind discharging Milt (sperm) into the water. Some of the eggs float some sink to the bottom, and others are, laid in nests. Once the eggs are laid, they are commonly...
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...often take for granted. The ecological systems support plants and animals; they also provide vital services to people that improve well-being. Ecosystems purify water and air, reduce flood and drought risks, provide food and fuel, and support recreation, there are many benefits. To ensure there valuable services continue, our natural areas must be healthy. Ecosystem is a community of animals and plants interacting with one another and with their physical environment. Ecosystems include physical and chemical components, such as soils, water, and nutrients that support the organisms living with them. Those organisms may range from large animals and plants to microscopic bacteria. Ecosystem includes the interactions among all organisms in a given habitat. People are part of ecosystems. The health and wellbeing of human populations depends upon the services provided by ecosystems and their components organisms’ soil, water, and nutrients. The natural ecosystems and the plants and animals within them provide humans with services that would be very difficult to duplicate. While it is often impossible to place an accurate monetary amount on ecosystem services we can calculate some of the financial values. According to the ecological society of American many of these services are performed seemingly for free yet are worth many trillions of dollars, for example: much of the Mississippi River valley’s natural flood protection...
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...Good Morning and class. Let’s look at what an average person’s morning may consist of. It may include washing their hair, washing themself with soap, brushing their teeth, applying makeup or freshening up with some perfume. Well, all these products I just named we all use daily and are in fact all tested on innocent, defenceless animals. How does it make you feel when I tell you that in 2011 3.71 million animals were killed in British laboratories? Not good I bet and to think this is just one country out of many where this is occurring. In Australia testing consumer products on animals is illegal. Although, it doesn’t stop big companies from torturing animals in other countries such as India, Indonesia, US or the UK and sending their products to shelf here. These tests are not required by law, so companies are basically killing animals so no reason. So I am here today to make you all aware of the abuse and torture animals are put through daily and the need for a major change against animal testing. Is it fair that animals are treated this way? Apparently so Millions of animals are poisoned, blinded and killed every year in out-dated product tests for cosmetics, household-cleaning products, personal-care products, and even fruit juices. Imagine being an animal in a laboratory, having no control over any aspect of your life, living inside a locked closet, not choosing when and what you eat, what you do with your time or even deciding when the lights go on and off. This would...
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