Introduction
Modernists perceive organisations as tangibly factual bodies operating in the reality. When the organisation has been well designed and managed, the systems of actions and decisions made will be driven by the norms of rationality, efficiency and effectiveness to realize the organisation goals such as mission and vision. (Hatch, 1997) Critical Theorists view organisation as places where inequalities in power relations will dominate, resulting in the exploitation and estrangement of proletariat. Elements of authority and power of the dominant ideology will initiate decisions, laying constraints and oppression on the exploited parties. (Comstock, 1982)
Apple Inc. is one of the most successful multinational organisations in creating consumer electronics, computer software and commercial servers, which started out as the minority player in the industry. With the Macintosh, Apple slowly built upon its successes from the iMac to the iPod and to the iPhone, which eventually turns the industry to its ear. (O’Grady, 2009)
While Apple concentrates their headquarters’ activities on their core functions such as designing and developing of their products, as well as defining strategic direction and processes, outsourcing to regions will enable Apple to operate with greater cost-efficiently. (Schneiders, 2010) By engaging in global outsourcing, Apple was able to get cheaper overseas labour that were employed by third-party firms to lighten the labour load of their direct employees. Mastering global manufacturing, Apple has achieved a leap in innovation nearly unrivaled in modern history. (Duhigg & Barboza 2012) However at the same time, Apple’s outsourced factories are involved in scathing problems such as worker mistreatments, underage workers engagement, harsh working conditions and wage abuse. Effective organisations consists of various elements such as environment, goals, technology and people aligned, as well as managing the organisation in relation to the circumstances of which the organisation find itself. (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006)
In this essay, Modernist perspectives and Critical theorist perspectives will be used to explore the power, organization culture and structure of Apple in influencing their organisation environment as well as global networks.

Understanding Modernists and Critical Theorists’ Perspectives
Modernism and Critical Theory are two different perspectives brought about in organisational theory, which differs in ontology as well as epistemology. Objectivism is the modernist’s ontology approach, which relates that the objective realism of the world depends on our knowledge towards its existence. Whereas, the critical theory believes that the objective reality which was dependent on our knowledge of it was driven by the natural law of inequality. (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006)
In terms of epistemology, the modernist approach is in positivism, unfolding reality through methods of reliable measurement and by developing theories to challenge the knowledge against the experimental world. In contrast, Critical theory perceives its epistemology as interpretivism, comprehending reality as being morphed to realize the dominant ideology and values. (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006)
Modernism reads organisations being real individuals who come about using the five senses to determine its realistic existence, while critical theory analyzes organisation as capitalist class relations between the owners and the labourers. The modernists are concerned in growing of the organisation efficiency and effectiveness, driven from the rules of rationality (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006), whereas critical theorists are interested in unmasking the truth of domination in the organisation and to create a workplace democracy where oppression will not continue. (Edkins & Vaughan-Williams, 2009) It can be inferred that the critical theorists appears to challenge the ideology of the modernists, to develop a more appropriate practice that addresses the problem of domination and oppression.

Understanding Apple with Modernism and Critical Theory
Power and Control
In modern context, organisations are mostly hierarchical in nature, thus distributes power in relations to the hierarchy of the social structure. Modernists perceive power as authority to manage conflicts and resistance, as well as tools in achieving and improving organisational efficiency and effectiveness. The Bureaucratic Theory and Agency Theory can be associated with the modernist’s view to exercise power with control. (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006)
Bureaucracy theory controls rely on a combination of rules, procedures, regulations and behavioural monitoring with the existence of authority based on hierarchy to direct and manage subordinates. Agency theory controls uses mechanisms such as control of information and surveillance in protecting the owner’s interests,
In Apple, being a productive narcissistic leader, the founder and the Ex-CEO, Steve Jobs made most of the decisions and orders to his hierarchy of subordinates. Steve Jobs was obsessed with the rules and regulations of enforcing internal secrecy in Apple. Employees were liable for all concepts of disclosure that is related to Apple. They were warned that anything disclosed which void Apple regulations of internal secrecy will not only result in termination but also prosecution to the fullest extent of what the Apple’s lawyers are capable of achieving. Work spaces inside Apple are also monitored with security cameras, and employees whom are engaged in critical projects must go through a maze of security doors before they could reach their office. These are some of the measures taken by Apple in incorporating internal secrecy. (Lashinsky, 2012) Authority in Apple has been centralized at the top management, and basically with Steve Jobs before his death. With regulations such as legal entity involved, Apple is able to make their employees comply with their rules and procedures through their strict supervision which demonstrates how Apple integrated both the modernist’s approach of Bureaucratic theory and Agency theory of control.

In critical theorists’ aspects, they perceive power as a tool in exploiting the labour workers to achieve the outcomes which was desired by the capitalist. Critical theorists also believe that the dominant ideologies will eventually conformed people to the exploitative arrangements with the uses of power such as reward power.
Despite working in an environment which cultivates the employees to work harder and longer to meet the relentless pressure of deadlines and held compelling responsibilities that do not dedicates time for personal uses, employees have conformed to the point that they have adapted to the intense pressure of their work. Apple have presented the situation of which proven the theory of critical theorists that the owner will exploit the workers to the extent of which they can reached the outcome that was desired by the owner. Despite working beyond their limits, they were still paid salaries that were comparable within the jobs in the market which do not requires them to conform to the situation which was present in Apple.
Organisational Culture
The Modernists identify the need for organisational culture to be cultivated among the subordinates to warrant control on the employees as well as achieving outcomes such as organisational efficiency and effectiveness. The modernist’s objective is to develop and unify the organisational culture to align with its organisational goals.
Apple’s organisational culture was to stay incredibly disciplined and focused on their tasks. Apple has realized that to improve efficiency and effectiveness, their employees will need to stay in concentration and not get their attention distracted. Therefore, Apple kept their teams apart, so that each individual employee will only concentrate on their tasks and their area of expertise, which also refrain them from butting into another’s affair that will jeopardize the deadline that was intended. The culture of staying focus will be able to fully utilize the employee’s capability and improve efficiency, thus realizing the organisational goals of apple in attaining organisational efficiency and effectiveness.

Critical Theorists on the other hand, reads organisational culture as a manipulation to create consensus and to pacify the organisational members into accepting the dominance ideology. In Apple, the surveillance and internal secrecy has been known to be influential towards Apple’s organisation efficiency and effectiveness. That however, has cultured intimidation and fears throughout the organisation. The fear of accidental disclosure of information resulting with legal involvement and termination have manipulated the employees to cultivate the sworn of secrecy on their work they are responsible for. Compelled by fear, the employees of apple have been manipulated to conform into consensus with the culture of Apple to internalize the importance of information secrecy inside Apple which will influence Apple’s organisational goals. (Stone & Vance, 2009)