...School of Engineering and Design SED06: Examinations Cover Sheet SUBJECT AREA: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Module Code: Module Title: ME1301 THERMOFLUIDS Date-Month: MAY Year: 2011 Time allowed Hours: THREE Answer FOUR questions: TWO from Section A, TWO from Section B. Examiner(s): Dr T Megaritis and Dr R Kirby Special Stationery Requirements: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids, GFC Rogers and YR Mayhew. Only School approved calculators are allowed. Use a separate answer book for each section. If you submit answers to more questions than specified, final marks for the examination will be determined using the best marks which satisfy the rubric. - 1 ___________________________________________________________________________ SECTION A A1. (a) Define what is meant by a streamline, a pathline, a streakline and a streamtube. When are the streamlines, pathlines and streaklines identical? [25%] Write down Bernoulli’s equation and define all the terms that appear in the equation. [20%] Water flows vertically upwards through a pipe which tapers from a cross-sectional area of 0.3 m2 at section A to 0.15 m2 at section B. Section B is located 6 m above section A. At A the flow velocity is 1.8 m/s and the static pressure is 117 kN/m2. Neglecting all losses, determine: (i) (ii) (iii) The water volumetric and mass flow rates. The velocity of water at section B. The water static pressure at section B. [15%] [15%] [25%] (b) (c) DATA Gravitational...
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...velocities by measurement of differential pressures generated at the throat as fluid transverses the tube. It was by this method the venturi meter was develop by a scientist known as Clemens Herschel. [pic] Venturi meters can pass 25 – 50% more flow than an orifice meter. In a Venturi meter setup, a short, smaller diameter pipe is substituted into an existing flow line. In the Venturi Tube the fluid flow-rate is measured by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path, generating a pressure difference. After the constricted area, the fluid is passes through a pressure recovery exit section, where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the constricted area, is recovered. By Bernoulli’s principle the smaller cross-sectional area results in faster flow and therefore lower pressure. The Venturi meter measures the pressure drop between this constricted section of pipe and the non-constricted section. [pic] The discharge coefficient for the Venturi meter is generally higher than that used for the orifice, usually ranging from .94 to .99. Due to simplicity and dependability, the Venturi tube flow-meter is often used in applications where higher turndown ratios or lower pressure drops than orifice plates can provide are necessary. With proper instrumentation and flow calibrating the venturi meter flow-rate can be reduced to about 10% of its full scale range with proper accuracy. This provides a turndown ratio of around 10:1. Consider the flow of an incompressible...
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...experiment was conducted to obtain the flow rate measurement by utilizing three basic types of flow measuring technique which is rotameter, venturi meter and orifice meter and to investigate the loss coefficient of fluid through 90 degree elbow. The apparatus was placed on bench. The inlet pipe was connected to bench supply while the outlet pipe into volumetric tank. Pump supply was started up when bench valve was fully closed and the discharge valve was fully opened, then bench valve was slowly opened until it is fully opened. The reading on manometers (A-J) was recorded and the flowrate was measured. The steps were repeated for different rotameter. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Theory 4.0 Diagram and Description of Apparatus 5.0 Experimental Procedures 6.0 Results and Discussion 7.0 Sample calculations 8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 9.0 References 10.0 Appendices INTRODUCTION In the industries, flow meter is used to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids by introducing a constriction in the flow. The pressure difference caused by the constriction is correlated to the flow rate using Bernoulli’s theorem. In this experiment, SOLTEQ model FM101 is used to measure the different of pressure across the venture and orifice plate flow meter by measuring the value of indicated by the multi-tube manometer meniscus from A to J. if constriction is placed in the pipe carrying the fluid...
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...NE 402 Laboratory Pressure Losses in Pipes and Fittings Objective: The Cussons Hydraulic Bench is to be used to measure friction factors and local loss coefficients in selected piping arrangements. These include sudden expansions, sudden contractions and bends. Other flow components to be studied in this lab include a Venturi flow meter and an Orifice flow meter. The theory for using Venturi tubes and orifice plates for flow rate measurement will also be verified. The hydraulics bench can be operated in both the laminar flow (Re < 2300) and turbulent flow regimes by adjustment of the fluid velocity. At low flows, the velocity is controlled by maintaining level (and therefore pressure) in two constant head tanks. The flow rates are most easily measured in this arrangement by timing liquid accumulation in calibrated beakers. An alternative method (and likely more accurate) is to weigh the mass accumulated during a given time interval. This eliminates uncertainties in the calibration of the beaker. Higher mass flow rates can be obtained by pumping through a feed block and measuring the volume of liquid via the volume gauge mounted on the hydraulics bench. Care should be taken to take data at Reynolds numbers far from the Critical Region in both the laminar and turbulent flow regions. Theory: The frictional pressure drop in a straight pipe segment can be correlated in terms of the Darcy friction factor according to the equation ∆Pf = fL ρv 2 De 2 gc (1) where: f = L = De =...
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...the correct characteristics of primary and secondary variable sensors. Generalization: Cascade is possible only if it meets the cascade design criteria. For the first exercise, which is the furnace coil outlet temperature control, in fuel supply pressure, cascade is better. The flow controller will compensate for the disturbance. Whether the secondary corrects for the complete disturbance depends on the flow sensor. In an orifice meter, the density changes with pressure. Therefore, maintaining the flow measurement (ΔP) constant does not maintain the actual flow constant. The mass flow rate can be measured by a mass flow meter, such as a coriolos meter. The total heat release depends on the mass flow rate for light gas hydrocarbon fuels without hydrogen. Therefore, maintaining mass flow rate constant will completely compensate for pressure changes. Cascade control with mass flow control would perform better than with an orifice meter. However, the mass flow meter will be more costly. The density of the liquid does not depend on the pressure. Therefore, the orifice meter provides a good measurement. In terms of fuel density composition, cascade is better. In terms of feed temperature, cascade is neither better nor worse. For a cascade control design, the...
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...Pledge signature: Matthew Romano, Anthony Perugini, Joseph Kim, Sarah Hemler (by typing my name here, I am bound to the pledge as if the signature was written by hand.) 1. Objectives Objective 1: Calibrate an elbow flow meter. Objective 2: Determine the useful accuracy and range of commercial flow meters based on vortex generation, magnetic field, and ultrasonic sensing. Objective 3: Determine the “wheel map” for the centrifugal pump: the relationship between flow rate, shaft speed, and head across the pump. Objective 4: Determine the pump efficiency of the centrifugal pump as a function of shaft speed and flow rate. 2. Hypotheses Hypothesis 1: The elbow flow meter will be within 10% of the ASME reference standard orifice sensor reading at varying flow rates. Hypothesis 2: Using the magnetic flow meter as our base standard, the rotameter, elbow meter,...
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...Process Measurement Instrumentation API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 551 FIRST EDITION, MAY 1993 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C. 20005 Process Measurement Instrumentation Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 551 FIRST EDITION, MAY 1993 American Petroleum Institute SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAFFIRMED, OR...
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...OFF GAS KNOCK OUT DRUM DESIGN 1 2 AGENDA PROCESS VESSELS KNOCK OUT DRUM KNOCK OUT DRUM DESIGN 3 PROCESS VESSELS Constitute Smooth a major cost in a process plant. operation of several critical equipment in a process plant largely depends upon the performance and adequacy of process vessels. 4 CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESS VESSELS Two phase separator separator Vapor-liquid Liquid-liquid separator Three phase separator separator Vapor-liquid-liquid Hold up drums 5 GENERAL GUIDELINES Various factors taken into account while designing the vessel are as follows Type of Vessel: Vertical Horizontal Spherical 6 GENERAL GUIDELINES Selection guidelines for type of vessel (H or V) Large vapor to liquid loads by vol. Large liquid to vapor loads by vol. : Select vertical vessel : Select horizontal vessel Large liquid and large vapor loads by vol. : Select horizontal vessel with split flow (*) Liquid-liquid separation Liquid-solid separation : Select horizontal vessel : Select vertical vessel (*) Split flow vessel consist of single entry in center and two vapor outlets on each end. 7 GENERAL GUIDELINES Liquid hold up volume: The liquid hold up volume should be decided based on the type of service and flow rates. Height/ Length to Diameter Ratio Vessel diameter should always be as per standard dished end sizes...
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...Exp # 7 Impact of Jet Objectives : • Study the relation between the force produced and the change of momentum when a jet strikes a vane. • Compare between force exerted by a jet on a flat plate and on a hemispherical surface. Abstract The deflectors used in this experiment can be categorised into three geometries. Flat, hemisphere and Vane deflectors are used for this experiment. Calculated force , Fth and the percentage of error will be calculated in this experiment. Theory : Let the mass flow rate in the jet be m . Imagine a control volume V, bounded by a control surface S which encloses the vane as shown. The velocity with which the jet enters the control volume is u1, in the x-direction. The jet is deflected by its impingement on the vane, so that it leaves the control volume with velocity u2, inclined at an angle β2 to the x-direction. Now the pressure over the whole surface of the jet, apart from that part where it flows over the surface of the vane, is atmospheric. Therefore, neglecting the effect of gravity, the changed direction of the jet is due solely the force generated by pressure and shear stress at the vane's surface. If this force on the jet in the direction of x be denoted by Fj , then the momentum equation in the x-direction is : F j = m(u2cos β2 − u1) The force F on the vane is equal and opposite to this, namely Fi = m (u1 − u2 cosβ2 ) For the case of a flat plate, β2 = 90°, so that cos β2 = 0. It follows that Fi = m * u1 ...
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...EXPERIMENT 1: PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN A VENTURI TUBE The graph below shows the comparison between the measured static pressure and the theoretical static pressure. From the graph, it can be seen that the measured static pressure was greater than the theoretical static pressure from tapping points n=1 to n=4 after which it is less than the theoretical static pressure after n=4 to n=11. There is a great pressure drop from n=1 to n=4 for both the measured static pressure (1850-421) and the theoretical static pressure (1850-338). This is because of the rapid change in diameter from 26mm at n=1 to 16mm at n=4. The decrease in diameter causes the velocity to increase and the pressure energy is converted to kinetic energy so that the volume flow rate is consistent. After n=4, the pressure increases gradually to approximately where it was initially. This is because of a gradual increase in diameter from 16mm at n=4 back to 26mm at n=11. This causes the velocity to decrease and the kinetic energy is converted back to pressure energy to maintain the volume flow rate. However the results are not very accurate due to errors in the experiment, one of which could be the parallax error as the pressure levels may not have been read accurately at eye level. The difference may have also been caused by a rounding error as the exact calculator values were not taken, just the rounded off ones. This is however negligible in relation to other errors. As for the value of the Discharge Coefficient...
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...Experiment #3 Venturi Meter Fluid Mechanics Lab Abstract Flow rate is a common measurement which often needs to be performed. A venturi meter allows the flow rate in a pipe to be determined from a pressure differential. A venturi narrows the diameter of the pipe for a short duration, converting pressure head to velocity head. Through this pressure differential, Bernoulli’s equation, and the known dimensions of the venturi, the flow rate of the incompressible fluid can be determined. I h1 hthroat ntroduction Q Figure 1: Venturi Meter Concept Pressure is measured at the point h1 and hthroat. As seen in Figure 1, the point hthroat is known as the vena contracta – this is where the velocity is at its maximum. Listed in Table 1 are the venturi dimensions. Athroat is the cross-sectional area of the throat, where hthroat is measured; A1 is the area at the point where h1 is measured. Table 1: Venturi Data A1 (d1) | Athroat (dthroat) | 0.0021 m2 (0.026 m) | 0.00080 m2 (0.016 m) | Because the amount of energy in the flowing fluid must be conserved, the pressure drop occurring is easily used to measure the velocity of the fluid in the throat. This is converted to volumetric flow rate by multiplying the cross-sectional area. Procedure The venturi meter experiment is initiated by closing the valves on the hydraulic bench, turning on the pump, and slowly opening them to ensure that water is flowing. Open the air valve atop the manometer bank and adjust...
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...Subject: Converging-diverging nozzle experiment In this experiment, we used manometers to measure the pressures in the nozzle relative to atmospheric pressure. A water manometer is connected to the inlet pressure tap (P0-P1) and also connected to the throat (P0-P2) and downstream (P0-P3) pressure taps as well. To start this lab we adjusted the flow rate to increase (P0-P3) in equal steps of 2.5 inches of water until the nozzle is choked, which means there is no further increases in (P0-P2) and (P0-P1). For each step, we recorded the readings from all manometers. We did this experiment twice and averaged all readings and calculated the mass flow rate from (P0-P1) assuming incompressible flow in this region and a discharge coefficient of 0.96 after collecting all the data. Then we plotted the mass flow rate vs. (P0-P3) and plot (P0-P2) vs. (P0-P3). This allowed us to compare the limiting values of throat velocity and pressure ratio (P2/P0) with theoretical values based on isentropic flow and also to find conditions that gave choked flow. We needed to use critical pressure ratio, theoretical critical pressure ratio, and theoretical velocity to help us to find choked flow. The purpose of this lab is to simulate the operation of a converging diverging nozzle, which perhaps is one of the most important and basic pieces of engineering hardware associated with the high speed flow of gases. This experiment is intended to help engineers of compressible aerodynamics visualize the flow...
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...THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. COPYRIGHT It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Brunel University, Copyright 2012 SAE International Saturday, January 21, 2012 01:04:43 PM SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2008-01-0892 An Optimization of Dual Continuously Variable Valve Timing for Reducing Intake Orifice Noise of a SI Engine Teockhyeong Cho, Youngki Kim, Jaeheon Kim and Koo-tae Kang Hyundai Motor Company Reprinted From: Noise and Vibration, 2008 (SP-2158) 2008 World Congress Detroit, Michigan April 14-17, 2008 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-0790 Web: www.sae.org THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. COPYRIGHT It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Brunel University, Copyright 2012 SAE International Saturday, January 21, 2012 01:04:43 PM By mandate of the Engineering Meetings Board, this paper has been approved for SAE publication upon completion of a peer review process by a minimum of three (3) industry experts under the supervision of the session organizer. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording...
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...CAE Software of Twin-Tubes Shock Absorber Outer-Characteristic Changcheng Zhou, Jie Meng School of Traffic and Vehicle Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255049, China greatwall@sdut.edu.cn Abstract The pathway throttle and local throttle loss of oil flow in telescopic shock absorber were analyzed, and the pathway loss coefficient and equivalent length of piston holes were studied. According to the thickness and the pre-deformation of throttle slice, and the throttle holes area, the velocity points of valve opening were researched and the analytic formulas of shock absorber velocity when valve opening were given. With the velocity points of valve opening, the model of shock absorber outer characteristic was established by piecewise linear math function. Based on this, the CAE software for shock absorber outer characteristic was developed. A practical example of simulation of shock absorber outer characteristic was given with this CAE software, and the performance test was conducted to verify the CAE software. The results show that the CAE software is reliable, and the values simulated is close to that tested. 1. Introduction The shock absorber of automobile is one of the most important components of suspension system, and plays a vital role in the driving process of vehicles[1,2]. The characteristic of shock absorber influences driving smoothness and ride comfortableness of vehicles[3]. The shock absorber used most commonly on ...
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...characteristic analysis of the performance of a counter flow RHVT with regard to control valve angle. Kırmacı [5], examined the influence of orifice nozzle number and inlet pressure on heating and cooling performance of vortex tube using air and oxygen as test fluids. His results indicated that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluid decreases with increasing nozzle...
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