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Palestina-Israel

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INTRODUCCIÓN

E l conflicto israel -­palestino es uno de los más complejos del escenario internacional y la principal clave de la inestabilidad en Oriente Medio. El territorio conocido como Palestina es motivo de una disputa desde hace casi un siglo, y especialmente a raíz de la creación del Estado de Israel en 1948 y el abortado nacimiento del Estado árabe palestino.
En este conflicto se conjugan elementos diversos. Nació como la disputa por un territorio entre dos movimientos nacionales con diferentes proyectos nacionales; provocó la intromisión de las potencias durante la Guerra Fría; con el tiempo implicó a otros actores regionales, ocasionando conflictos bélicos, y se complicó aún más las ideologías, religión y control de los recursos naturales… ANTECEDENTES
A fines del siglo XIX, en un contexto en el que interviene el desarrollo del nacionalismo y las persecuciones que sufre la población judía en la Europa del Este, nace el movimiento sionista. Su fundador Theodor Herzl defiendo el reagrupamiento de la población hebrea de la "diáspora" en
Palestina. Este territorio, cuna original del pueblo de Israel, estaba poblado mayoritariamente por árabes palestinas había sido parte del Imperio Turco desde el siglo XVI.
Desde 1882 se establecen las primeras aldeas de pioneros y cuando estalle la Primera Guerra
Mundial la población judía en Palestina alcanzará la cifra de 80.000 personas.
En noviembre de 1917, presionado por los grupos sionistas, el ministro de asuntos exteriores británico, Lord Balfour, emite la denominada Declaración Balfour: el gobierno de Londres se comprometía a respaldar la creación de un hogar nacional judío en esa parte del Imperio
Otomano. A la vez, los británicos hacían promesas de todo tipo a los líderes árabes para animarles a la rebelión contra el gobierno turco. Se puede afirmar que en gran medida el conflicto árabe­israelí deriva de la errática y demagógica política exterior británica.
Tras la guerra, y en virtud de los acuerdos Sykes­Picot, Palestina pasa como Mandato de la
Sociedad de Naciones a ser administrado por los británicos. El gobierno de Londres se mostró en adelante muy remiso a cumplir las promesas realizadas con anterioridad tanto a judíos como a árabes. Sin embargo, la llegada de colonos judíos con un alto nivel tecnológico y una enorme voluntad de pervivencia en el territorio hace que los enfrentamientos entre la población árabe más atrasada y los judíos que erigen los prósperos "kibutz" (colonias cooperativas) fueran en aumento.
Finalmente, el Reino Unido deja el tema en manos del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU que acuerda una plan de Partición de Palestina. No aceptado por los árabes, el 14 de mayo de 1948,
David Ben Gurion, proclama la independencia de Israel, estado que contó en un principio con la simpatía de los dos superpotencias.
Al abandonar los británicos la colonia, el desencadenamiento de la primera guerra árabe­israelí fue inevitable. Se iniciaba una serie trágica que se ha prolongado hasta el siglo XXI.

EVOLUCIÓN
La Declaración de independencia del Estado de Israel en el territorio asignado por el Plan de la
ONU para la partición de Palestina de 1947, los cinco estados árabes vecinos (Líbano, Siria,
Transjordania, Irak y Egipto), inconformes con dicho Plan, le declararon la guerra al naciente
Estado de Israel e intentaron invadirlo. En la guerra intermitente que tuvo lugar durante los siguientes 15 meses (con varias treguas promovidas por la ONU), Israel conquistó un 26% adicional del antiguo mandato británico, mientras que Transjordania y Egipto ocuparon la parte restante destinada por la ONU al Estado árabe­palestino: Egipto ocupó Gaza y Transjordania se anexionó Cisjordania y Jerusalén Este, refundando el país con el nombre de Jordania. La guerra provocó miles de desplazados en ambos sentidos: árabes de la zona israelí fueron obligados a desplazarse a las vecinas Gaza y Cisjordania, y también a otros países árabes más alejados, dando origen al problema de los refugiados palestinos, que todavía hoy perdura. En la zona israelí quedaron 100.000 árabes, que adquirieron la nacionalidad israelí y que, en general, gozaron de los derechos plenos de ciudadanía a partir de 1950, incluyendo su incorporación al ejército en el caso de los drusos.
La Guerra de los Seis Días
En 1967 el líder egipcio Nasser pidió a las Naciones Unidas que retirara a los Cascos Azules de
Gaza, el Sinaí, y de las islas de Tirán y Sanafir (a la entrada del Golfo de Eilat­Aqaba), solicitud que la ONU, en ese entonces presididas por U Thant, aceptó, pese a que eso significaba renunciar a su papel de interposición. Egipto movilizó 80.000 soldados en el Sinaí y ocupó las islas del golfo de Aqaba el 22 de mayo. Esto volvió a poner en peligro la salida de los barcos israelíes al Mar Rojo, y fue considerado un casus belli por parte del gobierno israelí. En ese mismo mes, Egipto, Siria e Iraq firmaron un pacto de defensa mutua. El 5 de junio de 1967, ante la negativa egipcia de desbloquear el Golfo de Aqaba, y ante la nueva realidad estratégica, Israel bombardeó la aviación egipcia situada en la península del Sinaí, dando comienzo de esta forma a la Guerra de los Seis Días. En los 6 días que duró la guerra, Israel conquistó la Franja de Gaza,
Cisjordania, Jerusalén Este, la península del Sinaí y los Altos del Golán (Siria). La oleada palestina de refugiados fue de unas 300.000 personas, de los que casi un tercio eran refugiados por segunda vez. La mayoría se exilió en Líbano, Jordania, Siria y los Estados del Golfo Pérsico.

SITUACIÓN ACTUAL La Autoridad Nacional Palestina (ANP) ha responsabilizado al primer ministro israelí, Benjamín
Netanyahu, del fracaso del proceso de paz en Oriente Medio, en un comunicado del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores palestino. La denuncia palestina se produce después de que el jefe del
Ejecutivo israelí se había retractado del apoyo que había manifestado en 2009 a la idea de un
Estado palestino al lado de Israel, y que considera en la actualidad esa visión "simplemente irrelevante". "En la situación actual creada en Oriente Medio, cualquier territorio que evacuemos será tomado por el islam radical y las organizaciones terroristas apoyadas por Irán", dijo
Netanyahu, según reveló el diario "The Jerusalem Post". Desde el 2009 ha habido varios intentos de retomar el diálogo de paz, pero siempre han acabado en fracaso. A partir de 2011, Netanyahu se fue mostrando cada vez más reacio a la creación de un Estado palestino debido al estallido de las llamadas Primaveras Árabes y el deterioro de la situación regional, pero hasta ahora nunca ha confirmado oficialmente que retire su apoyo a la solución de dos estados. Las negociaciones directas entre israelíes y palestinos, patrocinadas por Washington, permanecen totalmente paralizadas tras el último proceso interrumpido hace casi un año y la reticencia de Israel a interrumpir su actividad colonizadora en los territorios que ocupó en 1967. CLIMA DE NEGOCIOS EN LA REGIÓN
Líderes de negocios palestinos están dando la espalda a sus homólogos israelíes tras la guerra en
Gaza y el colapso del proceso de paz. Superando el percance, un grupo de destacados líderes empresariales israelíes y palestinos formado el año pasado con el objetivo de presionar a sus respectivos líderes políticos para hacer la paz, se ha puesto en espera indefinidamente a causa de las emociones inflamadas por la guerra y lo que algunos de los participantes dicen que es un fracaso. En una declaración conjunta hecha en una reunión regional del Foro Económico
Mundial en Jordania en mayo de 2013, cerca de 200 líderes de negocios israelíes y palestinos instaron a sus líderes para mostrar "audacia" en hacer la paz, diciendo que el estancamiento en los esfuerzos para crear dos estados "pone en peligro la economía y el tejido social de ambas naciones ".

CONCLUSIONES

Dos décadas de negociaciones políticas entre israelíes y palestinos han dado pocos resultados tangibles. Las conversaciones se han eternizado y el escepticismo impera en ambas partes. Los territorios palestinos son cada año más dependientes de Israel y de la comunidad internacional, mientras los asentamientos residenciales y empresariales de colonos judíos en Cisjordania se expanden sin excesivas trabas y comen tierra y recursos. La resolución de la cuestión palestina es la pieza clave para la pacificación de la región. Por ello el proceso de paz en Oriente Medio puesto en marcha en 1991 ha girado en gran parte en torno a ella. Algunos países europeos tales como Italia, Francia y Alemania exhortan a sus ciudadanos a no implicarse en actividades financieras ni invertir en los asentamientos israelíes en
Cisjordania.También se advirtió a sus ciudadanos y empresas sobre los riesgos de hacer negocios con estas colonias israelíes. Cisjordania, Jerusalén Este, Gaza y los Altos del Golán son territorios ocupados por Israel desde 1967. Las colonias construidas en estos territorios ocupados son ilegales según el derecho internacional.

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