...Acute pancreatitis is a sudden and serious swelling of the pancreas. The amount of inflammation ranges from mild swelling/fluid buildup to extreme tissue death. This disease usually and equally affects middle-aged men and women; however, the percentage of African Americans with acute pancreatitis is three times higher than in Caucasians. Many factors make up the etiology of acute pancreatitis; gallbladder disease being the number one cause (most common in women) followed by chronic alcohol intake as the second most common cause (most common in men). Other causes of acute pancreatitis include vascular diseases, viral infections, abscesses, cystic fibrosis, trauma, penetrating duodenal ulcers, metabolic disorders, certain drugs, Kaposi sarcoma,...
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...The pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and next to the small intestine. The pancreas aids digestion by releasing digestive enzymes into the small intestine, and it releases insulin and glucagon hormones into the bloodstream to aid the body to use food for energy (Pancreatitis Causes, Symptoms, 2013). Pancreatitis is a serious disease in which the pancreas becomes inflamed. This occurs when the protein and lipid digesting enzymes become activated before they are released into the small intestine and begin attacking and digesting the pancreas itself (Zelman, 2010). This results in severe necrosis and edema of the pancreas. There are two types of pancreatitis: chronic and acute, which occur more often in women than in men (Zelman, 2010). In men, pancreatitis is often associated with alcoholism or peptic ulcers, while in women it’s associated with gallbladder disease (Zelman, 2010). Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation that only last a short time and most people recover completely after receiving proper treatment. If severe pancreatitis occurs, it may cause damage to vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys due to infection, serious tissue damage, and cyst formation (Pancreatitis Causes, Symptoms, 2013). Chronic pancreatic is a long lasting inflammation of the pancreas usually after an episode of acute pancreatitis. It may also occur due to heavy alcohol drinking, but damage to the pancreas may not cause symptoms for many years (Cuhna, 2014). Symptoms...
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...Maggie A. Balacua BOM25 Hormones secreted by the main Endocrine Glands: Endocrine Gland | Hormone(s) Secreted | Function(s) of Hormones | | | | (1) Hypothalamus | Part of the Brain: The Control and Relay Centre of the Endocrine System. | (2) Pituitary | Known as the "Master Gland", this part of the brain consists of three lobes called "anterior", "interior" and "posterior". | Posterior | * Oxytocin | * Stimulates utrine contraction and brest contraction for milk release. | Posterior | * Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH), also known as "vasopressin" | * Stimulates re-absorption of water from kidney tubules. * Hypo- causes Diabetes Insipidus (large amounts of urine produced). | Anterior | * Prolactin (PRL) | * Production of breast milk (works in men too). | Anterior | * Human Growth Hormone (HGH) | * Growth * Hypo- Dwarfism * Hyper- Gigantism | | * Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | * Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxin. | Anterior | * Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) | * Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce: Corticosteriods: * mineral corticoids * glucocorticoids * cortisol (natural anti-inflammatory) * androgens, e.g. acdosterone | Anterior | * Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | * Brings about ovulation and maintains the corpus luteum. | Anterior | * Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | * Stimulates growth/development of Graafin follicles (= a mature follicle in...
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...School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity...
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...of food. What can affect this purpose from running smoothly? Right now I would like to focus on one specific organ, its functions and a particular disease that can affect it. Function of the Pancreas The pancreas is a hollow organ located behind the stomach with two primary functions are (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013): to secrete enzymes into the small intestine and to release the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. What can prevent the pancreas from functioning properly? There are several diseases that can affect the pancreas but I want to focus mainly on one. What is Pancreatitis? Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is inflamed (Pancreatitis, 1988-2014). Damage occurs when the digestive enzymes are activated before they are secreted and begin attacking the pancreas (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). There are two types of pancreatitis: acute and chronic (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). Anyone can get this but it only happens to certain people with certain risk factors. Acute risk factors include: gallstone disease and heavy alcohol consumption (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). Chronic pancreatitis risk factors may include prolonged alcohol use; certain hereditary conditions and gallstones (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). What can we do? Controlling or Prevention Lifestyle Changes Understanding the disease and risk factors involved is important and as you can see some of the risk factors...
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...transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. Hormones are secreted by glands within the body. Together they define how a person acts. Parents that are biologically connected to their children pass on genes and traits that help determine things such as hair and eye color, height, weight, and skin color (Morris & Maisto, 2005). They also pass genes and traits through chromosomes that help form the psychological aspects within a person’s life. This type of genetics is behavioral genetics. Disorders like schizophrenia and depression are passed through genes as part of behavioral genetics(Morris & Maisto, 2005). The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete different hormones. Some glands regulate how specific organs function while other glands regulate how a person behaves these glands fall under two categories exocrine and endocrine. Glands that help regulate how a person behaves are thyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal body, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes (Turley, 2007). While most of these glands are influenced by the secretions of the pituitary gland, they all regulate specific bodily functions and release their hormones directly into the blood and not through ducts (Turley, 2007). A normally functioning body will have the appropriate amounts of hormones released into the body, if the glands malfunction then people would notice a difference in how they feel and behave. Psychologists also research the evolutionary...
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...heredity as well because even though some behavior is inherited environmental factors can have a major influence on human behavior. The environment can mold human behavior and can also reinforce heredity which contributes to behavior. The heredity aspect of human behavior is so delicate and complex that is more difficult to understand or describe. Hormones approach on the influence of human behavior is not as subtle as heredity. Hormonal changes can cause physical changes especially in stages of adolescents for girls in boys. Hormones can cause changes in men and women. Hormonal changes can also cause certain behaviors to occur such as depression and aggression and a series of other things that can be responsible for causing psychological disorders. Hormones make it easier to measure the influences it has on behavior then heredity is. The endocrine system plays a major role on the secretion of hormones that have a complex role on psychological perspective of an individual and their behavior. The endocrine glands release hormones into the blood stream. The hormones released by the endocrine system activate behaviors like sleepiness, alertness, excitement, sexual behavior, aggressiveness, reaction to stress and accesses the ability to concentrate and even...
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...NRS-434V Kathy Karlberg August 01, 2013 Adult Client with Childhood Disease-Cystic Fibrosis CLC GROUP ASSIGNMENT-SPEAKER NOTES Candace Tiley #1- A clinical description and definition of the disease Definition: Cystic Fibrosis is one of the major life-threatening disorders that affect vital organs such as the lungs, pancreas, liver, and intestines. It is a genetic disorder of the exocrine glands, also called the secretory glands, which are the glands that produce and secrete mucus and sweat. CF affects all races but primarily affects Caucasians of European descent. This disease affects about 30,000 people in the United States and 70,000 people worldwide. In the U.S. nearly 5% of the population carries the defective CFTR gene. There are a high number of asymptomatic carriers. (Scott, 2013) Cystic Fibrosis causes severe damages to cells of the body that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. Under normal conditions, these secretions from the body are usually thin and slippery. However, in people diagnosed with CF, the defective gene causes the secretions to become thicker and stickier. This leads to a plugging up of tubes, ducts and passageways, particularly in the lungs, sinuses, pancreas, intestines, hepato-biliary tree, and the vas deferens. (Hopkin, 2009) Cystic Fibrosis is characterized by abnormal movement of chloride and sodium ions across the epithelial membrane. This leads to the formation of thick, viscous secretions along the tubes and passageways...
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...Acromegaly Causes. Demographic. Treatments. Research. Acromegaly is rare disorder of the endocrine system. It develops in the pituitary gland when too much of the growth hormone is produced. The pituitary glad is located in the bran and is the source of several hormones. Growth hormone is important in growth and regeneration of bones and other tissues by stimulating the liver to produce the hormone insulin – like growth factor. A tumor in adults is the most common cause of the excess growth hormone. Tumors can either be pituitary tumors or non-pituitary tumors. In most cases of acromegaly a beginning of noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland is the main cause. The tumors can press on near by tissues as they grow and the pressure can cause some acromegaly symptoms such as headaches, impaired vision in addition to producing an excess amount of the growth hormone. In some cases acromegaly is caused by benign of cancerous tumors in other parts of the body, lungs, pancreas or adrenal glands. The tumors may actually secrete growth hormone. In other cases the tumors produce a growth hormone releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to make more growth hormone. Acromegaly is relatively a rare disorder that occurs in about 6 out of every 100,000 people. Gigantism is even more rare and the onset occurs usually at puberty. Acromegaly can be treated with surgery, medications and radiation. The care plan depends on age, size and location of tumor and other medical...
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...The Gross Structure of Body Systems The Gross Structure of Body Systems Contents page: Cardiovascular: Page 1 Respiratory: Page 2 Digestive system: Page 3 Renal: Page 4 Nervous system: Page 5 Endocrine: Page 6, 7 Reproductive system (both genders): Page 8 Musculoskeletal: Page 9 Section through bone: Page 10 Skin: Page 11 Immune System: 12 Lymphatic System: 12 Cardiovascular: The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and about 5 litres of blood that the blood vessels transport. The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ, which is the heart. The heart: The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body’s circulatory pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the various arteries (which provide oxygen and nutrients to body tissues by transporting the blood throughout the body). The heart is located in the thoracic cavity medial to the lungs and posterior to the sternum. Arteries: The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: •The intima, is the inner layer lined...
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...University of Phoenix Material Body Systems and Diseases Complete the table below for the required systems listed. You are required to list four to six of the main organs of each body system, one or two sentences explaining the function of the system itself in your own words, and a short list of five to six major diseases that afflict each system. This assignment is due in Week One. |System |Organs in the System |Function of the System |Major Diseases Afflicting the System | |Nervous System |Brain |The most impost important |Alzheimer | | |Spinal Cord |system in our body which |Parkinson | | |Peripheral System |assist the nerve impulses to |Epilepsy | | | |control what is receive and |Stroke | | | |process. |Multiple sclerosis | |Cardiovascular System |Heart |The cardiovascular system |Coronary artery | | |Blood Vessels |helps food and air (oxygen) to|Heart...
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...islet-cell phenotype Arif Abed1, Charlotte Critchlow2, Peter R Flatt3, Neville H McClenaghan3, Catriona Kelly1 The Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology, Keele University, UK; 2Keele Medical School, Keele University, UK; 3Diabetes Research Group, SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK 1 Received August 3, 2012; Accepted November 9, 2012; Epub November 30, 2012; Published December 10, 2012 Abstract: Exogenous insulin administration and oral anti-diabetic drugs are the primary means of treating diabetes. However, tight glycaemic control, with its inherent risk of hypoglycaemia, is required to prevent the microvascular and macrovascular complications of the disease. While islet or pancreas transplantations offer a longer-term cure, their widespread application is not possible, primarily because of a lack of donor tissue, the burden of life-long immunosuppression, and eventual graft rejection. The rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes has promoted the search for alternative cell-based therapies. Here we review recent advances in the directed differentiation of both endocrine and non-endocrine progenitors towards an islet-like phenotype. Keywords: Endocrine, progenitor cells, islet cells, insulin production, diabetes mellitus The need for cell-based therapies for diabetes The pancreatic islet is a complex microorganism, secreting insulin under tight physiological control. Insulin deficiency due to disturbances of insulin...
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...Hormone function a.) Describe how agonists and antagonists act to disrupt normal hormone function. Use examples and describe the resulting disease states that may result Humans are exposed to thousands of chemicals during their lifetime, through the air, food, and water. A significant number of these chemicals can be toxic since they can disrupt the endocrine system. Over the past decade, the list of chemicals with endocrine disrupting activity has dramatically increased. Natural hormones are themselves agonists and, in many cases, more than one distinct hormone binds to the same receptor. For a given receptor, different agonists can have dramatically different potencies. Antagonists are molecules that bind the receptor and block binding of the agonist, but fail to trigger intracellular signalling events. Receptors can be activated or inactivated by either endogenous (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) or exogenous (such as drugs) agonists and antagonists, resulting in the stimulation or inhibition of a biological response. A physiological agonist is a substance that creates the same bodily responses but does not bind to the same receptor. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial compound and a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic activity. The widespread exposure of individuals to BPA is suspected to affect a variety of physiological functions, including reproduction, development, and metabolism. Many known obesogens are Endocrine disrupting chemicals...
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...they are passed down from parent to child. The environment can cause our genes to change, or mutate. The way that heredity influences behavior over time may change and it may not always have an influence in the future. The endocrine system is a vital part of coordinating and integrating the many complex reactions that make up the human psyche. Hormones are chemicals released by the endocrine glands. After being released from the endocrine glands, hormones then travel to the rest of the body via the blood stream. Hormones carry messages and help regulate bodily activities. Hormones are activators for different behaviors. Hormones can affect mood, emotional reactions, and learning ability. Changes in hormones can contribute to mental disorders like depression. The pituitary gland, often called the master gland, is located on the underside of the brain and is connected to the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland produces the largest number of different hormones and has the widest range of effects on bodily functions. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that produces thyroxin and is located just below the larynx. Thyroxin is a hormone that controls the body’s metabolism, how alert or energetic a person is, and how fat or thin that they tend to be. Too much of the hormone thyroxin, and it can result in insomnia, overexcitablity and a reduced attention span. At the other end of the spectrum, a person with too little of the hormone can result in feeling fatigued. Within the...
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...Keara Williams Carol Ann Jenkins Master Student 22 April 2008 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 When some children are born, they have a disorder that is passed from one parent or both through the genes that are the basis for their being alive. These diseases are called genetic disorders. Some of these disorders are rare and don’t have a cure. One such disease or disorder is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, or MEN1. I will explain what this disorder is and what body systems it affects. MEN1 is a relatively uncommon inherited disorder where less than 1 person in 20,000 will carry the gene. It is passed down in families from 1 generation to the next and affects males and females equally, it occurs in all racial groups. This disease can be inherited if only one parent has MEN1. Diagnosis of the disease is done through genetic testing or following a patient medically over several years and seeing if the patient has symptoms of the disease. MEN1 affects the endocrine glands: the pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas glands that regulate different hormones that control the functions of various tissues throughout the body. Normally, the hormones released by endocrine glands ore carefully balanced to meet a body’s needs. In patients with MEN1, the endocrine glands may become overactive at the same time or throughout a lifetime. Similarly, different areas of within the endocrine glands may become overactive at different times during life. By age 30 most people who...
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